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Introductory Robotics - Prentice Hall P2
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8/29/2018 5:20:11 PM +00:00
AC Induction Motor Fundamentals
Author: Rakesh Parekh Microchip Technology Inc. created naturally in the stator because of the nature of the supply. DC motors depend either on mechanical or electronic commutation to create rotating magnetic fields. A single-phase AC induction motor depends on extra electrical components to produce this rotating magnetic field. Two sets of electromagnets are formed inside any motor. In an AC induction motor, one set of electromagnets is formed in the stator because of the AC supply connected to the stator windings. The alternating nature of the supply voltage induces an Electromagnetic Force (EMF) in the rotor (just like the voltage...
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An Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems Engineering P1
For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Series, turn to the back of this book. .An Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems Engineering Second Edition Nadim Maluf Kirt Williams Artech House, Inc. Boston • London www.artechhouse.com .Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Maluf, Nadim. An Introduction to microelectromechanical systems engineering–2nd ed. –(Artech House microelectromechanical library) 1. Microelectromechanical systems I. Title II. Williams, Kirt 621.3’81 ISBN 1-58053-590-9 Cover design by Igor Valdman © 2004 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights...
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An Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems Engineering P2
List of a Few Government and Nongovernment Organizations with Useful On-line Resources Organization Address Description Web Site MEMSnet Reston, VA U.S. information www.memsnet.org clearinghouse MEMS Exchange Reston, VA Intermediary broker for www.mems-exchange.org foundry services MEMS Industry Group Pittsburgh, PA Industrial consortium www.memsindustrygroup.org NIST Gaithersburg, MD Sponsored U.S. www.atp.nist.gov government projects DARPA Arlington, VA Sponsored U.S. www.darpa.mil government projects IDA Alexandria, VA Insertion in military mems.ida.org applications NEXUS Grenoble, France European MST network www.nexus-mems.com VDI/VDE – IT Teltow, Germany Association of German www.mstonline.de Engineers AIST – MITI Tokyo, Japan The “Micromachine Project” www.aist.go.jp in Japan ATIP Albuquerque, NM Asian Technology www.atip.org...
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Computational Prototyping of the Programmable Fluid Processor
Jun Zeng and Tom Korsmeyer Coventor, Inc. The Programmable Fluid Processor (PFP), currently under development at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, will have applications in disease screening, environmental monitoring, and battlefield detection of biochemical agents [1]. In this device, an electrostatic field exerts forces on dielectric droplets suspended in an immiscible insulating liquid medium. This phenomenon is known as dielectrophoresis (DEP). The electrostatic field is generated by an array of electrodes, each of which is addressable so that a droplet, or a group of droplets, can be directed to desired locations, where the droplets can merge, mix, and split. The droplets...
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THE MECHATRONICS HANDBOOK P1
This reference text is published in cooperation with ISA Press, the publishing division of ISA–The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society. ISA is an international, nonprofit, technical organization that fosters advancement in the theory, design, manufacture, and use of sensors, instruments, computers, and systems for measurement and control in a wide variety of applications. For more information, visit www.isa.org or call (919) 549-8411. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are...
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THE MECHATRONICS HANDBOOK P2
A further considerable simplification in the mechanics resulted from introducing microcomputers in connection with decentralized electrical drives, as can be seen from electronic typewriters, sewing machines, multi-axis handling systems, and automatic gears. The design of lightweight constructions leads to elastic systems which are weakly damped through the material. An electronic damping through position, speed, or vibration sensors and electronic feedback can be realized with the additional advantage of an adjustable damping through the algorithms. Examples are elastic drive chains of vehicles with damping algorithms in the engine electronics, elastic robots, hydraulic systems, far reaching cranes, and space constructions (with,...
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Multimedia Image and Video Processing P1
Forthcoming Titles Adaptive Image Processing: A Computational Intelligence Perspective Ling Guan, Hau-San Wong, and Stuart William Perry Shape Analysis and Classification: Theory and Practice Luciano da Fontoura Costa and Roberto Marcondes Cesar, Jr. .MULTIMEDIA IMAGE and VIDEO PROCESSING Ling Guan Sun-Yuan Kung Jan Larsen Edited by CRC Press Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. .Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Multimedia image and video processing / edited by Ling Guan, Sun-Yuan Kung, Jan Larsen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-3492-6 (alk.) 1. Multimedia systems. 2. Image processing—Digital...
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Multimedia Image and Video Processing P2
MPEG-7 will define a certain set of descriptors to describe these features. For example, the color histogram can be a very suitable descriptor for color characteristics of an image, and motion vectors (commonly available in compressed video bitstreams) form a useful descriptor for motion characteristics of a video clip. MPEG-7 also uses the concept of description scheme (DS), which means a framework that defines the descriptors and their relationships. Hence, the descriptors are the basis of a description scheme. Description then implies an instantiation of a description scheme. MPEG-7 not only wants to standardize the description, but it also...
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Rajashekara, K., Bhat, A.K.S., Bose, B.K. “Power Electronics” The Electrical Engineering
Rajashekara, K., Bhat, A.K.S., Bose, B.K. “Power Electronics” The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed. Richard C. Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000 .30 Power Electronics 30.1 Power Semiconductor Devices Thyristor and Triac • Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) • ReverseConducting Thyristor (RCT) and Asymmetrical Silicon- Controlled Rectifier (ASCR) • Power Transistor • Power MOSFET • Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) • MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT) Kaushik Rajashekara Delphi Energy & Engine Management Systems 30.2 30.3 30.4 Power Conversion AC-DC Converters • Cycloconverters • DC-to-AC Converters • DC-DC Converters Ashoka K. S. Bhat University of Victoria Power Supplies DC Power Supplies • AC Power Supplies • Special Power Supplies Bimal K. Bose University of Tennessee Converter Control of Machines Converter...
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Robotics Mechanical Engineering Handbook
The word “robot” was introduced by the Czech playright Karel ˇ Capek in his 1920 play Rossum’s Universal Robots. The word “robota” in Czech means simply “work.” In spite of such practical beginnings, science fiction writers and early Hollywood movies have given us a romantic notion of robots. Thus, in the 1960s robots held out great promises for miraculously revolutionizing industry overnight. In fact, many of the more far-fetched expectations from robots have failed to materialize. ...
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Digital Control of Switching Power Supply - Power Factor Correction
Abstract: Industry standard for the control of switch mode power supply (SMPS) systems has been analog control. Now with the advent of high speed, lower cost digital signal processing (DSP) ICs, digital control there has been an increased interest in digital control of SMPS. The Power Electronics & Power Quality Laboratory of Texas A&M University is currently exploring several implementation aspects of digital control of power factor correction (PFC) stage of SMPS. Two low cost digital controllers: TMS320LF2407 and ST52x420 are evaluated for implementing PFC function. Simulation and experimental results are shown to demonstrate PFC control of SMPS to meet...
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Applications of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence to Reduce Risk and Improve Effectiveness
Throughout its history, the Army has been manpower-intensive in most of its systems. The combination of demographic changes (fewer young men), changed battlefield scenarios, and advanced technologies in improved robotics, computers, and artificial intelligence (AI) suggests both a need and an opportunity to multiply the effectiveness of Army personnel.
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Fundamentals Handbook - Instrumentation and Control
The hotness or coldness of a piece of plastic, wood, metal, or other material depends upon the molecular activity of the material. Kinetic energy is a measure of the activity of the atoms which make up the molecules of any material. Therefore, temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of the material in question.
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Idea Group - Information Management Support Systems And Multimedia Technology P1
With the rapid development of new and high information technologies, such as distributed artificial intelligence, data ware, data mining, and computer supported cooperating work, the cooperative information systems appear more and more in various aspects in man’s work and management. Establishing a cooperative information system on the Internet or Intranet can unify the different organizations, personnel, cultures, and machines on a virtual platform; therefore, it plays an important role for modern business enterprises to manage their information and knowledge....
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Idea Group - Information Management Support Systems And Multimedia Technology P2
The selected results may be incorrect, but as the evidences are accumulated, the true facts can be found eventually. Thus, the uncertainties are decreasing. The experienced rules and strategies to implement the selecting mechanism of a BOS are extremely important for improving the efficiencies. The main tasks of the reasoning mechanism are to realize the cooperative problem solving, and according to the current defeasible logic structure (Ki, Ai), to carry out the assumption-based reasoning. That a heuristic conclusion P is derived from BOSi means the conjunction of Ki and Ai can derive P, and when contradiction is induced, Ai is...
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Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking
Communication products are characterized by the fact that the benefit that results from their use is mainly dependent on the number of users of the product, the so-called installed base, and only dependent to a minor degree on the actual product characteristics. The utility of a videoconferencing system, for example, is quite small at the product launch because only a few users are present with whom adopters can communicate. Only the increase in the number of users leads to an enhancement of the utility for each user....
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Image and Videl Comoression P1
Image and video data compression* refers to a process in which the amount of data used to represent image and video is reduced to meet a bit rate requirement (below or at most equal to the maximum available bit rate), while the quality of the reconstructed image or video satisfies a requirement for a certain application and the complexity of computation involved is affordable for the application. The block diagram in Figure 1.1 shows the functionality of image and video data compression in visual transmission and storage. Image and video data compression has been found to be necessary in these...
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Image and Videl Comoression P2
After the introduction to image and video compression presented in Chapter 1, we now address several fundamental aspects of image and video compression in the remaining chapters of Section I. Chapter 2, the first chapter in the series, concerns quantization. Quantization is a necessary component in lossy coding and has a direct impact on the bit rate and the distortion of reconstructed images or videos. We discuss concepts, principles and various quantization techniques which include uniform and nonuniform quantization, optimum quantization, and adaptive quantization. 2.1 QUANTIZATION AND THE SOURCE ENCODER Recall Figure 1.1, in which the functionality of image and video compression...
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Image and Videl Comoression P3
Instead of encoding a signal directly, the differential coding technique codes the difference between the signal itself and its prediction. Therefore it is also known as predictive coding. By utilizing spatial and/or temporal interpixel correlation, differential coding is an efficient and yet computationally simple coding technique. In this chapter, we first describe the differential technique in general. Two components of differential coding, prediction and quantization, are discussed. There is an emphasis on (optimum) prediction, since quantization was discussed in Chapter 2. When the difference signal (also known as prediction error) is quantized, the differential coding is called differential pulse code...
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Image and Videl Comoression P4
As introduced in the previous chapter, differential coding achieves high coding efficiency by utilizing the correlation between pixels existing in image frames. Transform coding (TC), the focus of this chapter, is another efficient coding scheme based on utilization of interpixel correlation. As we will see in Chapter 7, TC has become a fundamental technique recommended by the international still image coding standard, JPEG. Moreover, TC has been found to be efficient in coding prediction error in motion-compensated predictive coding. As a result, TC was also adopted by the international video coding standards such as H.261, H.263, and MPEG 1, 2,...
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Image and Videl Comoression P5
Recall the block diagram of encoders shown in Figure 2.3. There are three stages that take place in an encoder: transformation, quantization, and codeword assignment. Quantization was discussed in Chapter 2. Differential coding and transform coding using two different transformation components were covered in Chapters 3 and 4, respectively. In differential coding it is the difference signal that is quantized and encoded, while in transform coding it is the transformed signal that is quantized and encoded. In this chapter and the next chapter, we discuss several codeword assignment (encoding) techniques. In this chapter we cover two types of variable-length coding:...
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Image and Videl Comoression P6
As mentioned at the beginning of Chapter 5, we are studying some codeword assignment (encoding) techniques in Chapters 5 and 6. In this chapter, we focus on run-length and dictionary-based coding techniques. We first introduce Markov models as a type of dependent source model in contrast to the memoryless source model discussed in Chapter 5. Based on the Markov model, run-length coding is suitable for facsimile encoding. Its principle and application to facsimile encoding are discussed, followed by an introduction to dictionary-based coding, which is quite different from Huffman and arithmetic coding techniques covered in Chapter 5. Two types of...
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Image and Videl Comoression P7
In this chapter, the JPEG standard is introduced. This standard allows for lossy and lossless encoding of still images and four distinct modes of operation are supported: sequential DCT-based mode, progressive DCT-based mode, lossless mode and hierarchical mode. 7.1 INTRODUCTION Still image coding is an important application of data compression. When an analog image or picture is digitized, each pixel is represented by a fixed number of bits, which correspond to a certain number of gray levels. In this uncompressed format, the digitized image requires a large number of bits to be stored or transmitted. As a result, compression become necessary due...
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Image and Videl Comoression P8
During the last decade, a number of signal processing applications have emerged using wavelet theory. Among those applications, the most widespread developments have occurred in the area of data compression. Wavelet techniques have demonstrated the ability to provide not only high coding efficiency, but also spatial and quality scalability features. In this chapter, we focus on the utility of the wavelet transform for image data compression applications. 8.1 REVIEW OF THE WAVELET TRANSFORM 8.1.1 DEFINITION AND COMPARISON WITH SHORT-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM The wavelet transform, as a specialized research field, started over a decade ago (Grossman and Morlet, 1984). To better understand the theory of wavelets, we...
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Image and Videl Comoression P9
In this chapter, we introduce three nonstandard image coding techniques: vector quantization (VQ) (Nasrabadi and King, 1988), fractal coding (Barnsley and Hurd, 1993; Fisher, 1994; Jacquin, 1993), and model-based coding (Li et al., 1994). 9.1 INTRODUCTION The VQ, fractal coding, and model-based coding techniques have not yet been adopted as an image coding standard. However, due to their unique features these techniques may find some special applications. Vector quantization is an effective technique for performing data compression. Theoretically, vector quantization is always better than scalar quantization because it fully exploits the correlation between components within the vector. The optimal coding performance will...
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Image and Videl Comoression P10
As mentioned in the previous chapter, displacement vector measurement and its usage in motion compensation in interframe coding for a TV signal can be traced back to the 1970s. Netravali and Robbins (1979) developed a pel-recursive technique, which estimates the displacement vector for each pixel recursively from its neighboring pixels using an optimization method. Limb and Murphy (1975), Rocca and Zanoletti (1972), Cafforio and Rocca (1976), and Brofferio and Rocca (1977) developed techniques for the estimation of displacement vectors of a block of pixels. In the latter approach, an image is first segmented into areas with each having an approximately...
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Image and Videl Comoression P11
As discussed in Chapter 10, the pel recursive technique is one of the three major approaches to two-dimensional displacement estimation in image planes for the signal processing community. Conceptually speaking, it is one type of region-matching technique. In contrast to block matching (which was discussed in the previous chapter), it recursively estimates displacement vectors for each pixel in an image frame. The displacement vector of a pixel is estimated by recursively minimizing a nonlinear function of the dissimilarity between two certain regions located in two consecutive frames. Note that region means a group of pixels, but it could be as...
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Image and Videl Comoression P12
As mentioned in Chapter 10, optical flow is one of three major techniques that can be used to estimate displacement vectors from successive image frames. As opposed to the other two displacement estimation techniques discussed in Chapters 11 and 12, block matching and pel recursive method, however, the optical flow technique was developed primarily for 3-D motion estimation in the computer vision community. Although it provides a relatively more accurate displacement estimation than the other two techniques, as we shall see in this and the next chapter, optical flow has not yet found wide applications for motion-compensated video coding. This...
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Image and Videl Comoression P13
Since Chapter 10, we have been devoting our discussion to motion analysis and motion-compensated coding. Following a general description in Chapter 10, three major techniques — block matching, pel recursion, and optical flow — are covered in Chapters 11, 12, and 13, respectively. In this chapter, before concluding this subject, we provide further discussion and a summary. A general characterization for 2-D motion estimation, thus for all three techniques, is given in Section 14.1. In Section 14.2, different classifications of various methods for 2-D motion analysis are given in a wider scope. Section 14.3 is concerned with a performance comparison...
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