In this chapter, we introduce three nonstandard image coding techniques: vector quantization (VQ) (Nasrabadi and King, 1988), fractal coding (Barnsley and Hurd, 1993; Fisher, 1994; Jacquin, 1993), and model-based coding (Li et al., 1994). 9.1 INTRODUCTION The VQ, fractal coding, and model-based coding techniques have not yet been adopted as an image coding standard. However, due to their unique features these techniques may find some special applications. Vector quantization is an effective techn