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Image and Videl Comoression P14
In this chapter, we introduce the fundamentals of digital video coding which include digital video representation, rate distortion theory, and digital video formats. Also, we give a brief overview of image and video coding standards which will be discussed in the subsequent chapters. 15.1 DIGITAL VIDEO REPRESENTATION As we discussed in previous chapters, a digital image is obtained by quantizing a continuous image both spatially and in amplitude. Digitization of the spatial coordinates is called image sampling, while digitization of the amplitude is called gray-level quantization. Suppose that a continuous image is denoted by g(x, y), where the amplitude or value of...
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Image and Videl Comoression P15
This chapter is an extension of the previous chapter. We introduce several important application issues of MPEG-1/2 video which include the ATSC (Advanced Television Standard Committee) DTV standard which has been adopted by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) as the TV standard in the United States, transcoding, down-conversion decoder, and error concealment. 17.1 INTRODUCTION Digital video signal processing is an area of science and engineering that has developed rapidly over the past decade. The maturity of the moving picture expert group (MPEG) video-coding standard is a very important achievement for the video industry and provides strong support for digital transmission and storage...
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Image and Videl Comoression P16
This chapter provides an overview of the ISO MPEG-4 standard. The MPEG-4 work includes natural video, synthetic video, audio and systems. Both natural and synthetic video have been combined into a single part of the standard, which is referred to as MPEG-4 visual (ISO/IEC, 1998a). It should be emphasized that neither MPEG-1 nor MPEG-2 considers synthetic video (or computer graphics) and the MPEG-4 is also the first standard to consider the problem of contentbased coding. Here, we focus on the video parts of the MPEG-4 standard. 18.1 INTRODUCTION As we discussed in the previous chapters, MPEG has completed two standards: MPEG-1 that...
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Image and Videl Comoression P17
This chapter introduces ITU-T video coding standards H.261 and H.263, which are established mainly for videophony and videoconferencing. The basic technical detail of H.261 is presented. The technical improvements with which H.263 achieves high coding efficiency are discussed. Features of H.263+, H.263++, and H.26L are presented. 19.1 INTRODUCTION Very low bit rate video coding has found many industry applications such as wireless and network communications. The rapid convergence of standardization of digital video-coding standards is the reflection of several factors: the maturity of technologies in terms of algorithmic performance, hardware implementation with VLSI technology, and the market need for rapid advances in...
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Image and Videl Comoression P118
In this chapter, we present the methods and standards requiring how to multiplex and synchronize the MPEG-coded video, audio, and other data into a single bitstream or multiple bitstreams for storage and transmission. 20.1 INTRODUCTION ISO/IEC MPEG has completed work on the ISO/IEC 11172 and 13818 standards known as MPEG-1 and MPEG-2, respectively, which deal with the coding of digital audio and video signals. Currently, ISO/IEC is working on ISO/IEC 14496 known as MPEG-4 that is object-based generic coding for multimedia applications. As mentioned in the previous chapters, the MPEG-1, 2, and 4 standards are designed as generic standards and as such...
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Introduction to Mechatronics Mech-1540
Accuracy: The agreement between the actual value and the measured value • Resolution: The change in measured variable to which the sensor will respond • Repeatability: Variation of sensor measurements when the same quantity is measured several times • Range: Upper and lower limits of the variable that can be measured • Sensitivity and Linearity Proximity Sensors • Widely used in general industrial automation – Conveyor lines (counting,jam detection, etc) – Machine tools (safety interlock, sequencing) • Usually digital (on/off) sensors detecting the presence or absence...
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Introduction To Microelectromechanical System P1
The ambulance sped down the Denver highway carrying Mr. Rosnes Avon to the hospital. The flashing lights illuminated the darkness of the night, and the siren alerted those drivers who braved the icy cold weather. Mrs. Avon's voice was clearly shaking as she placed the emergency telephone call a few minutes earlier. Her husband was complaining of severe heart palpitations and shortness of breath. She sat next to him in the rear of the ambulance and held his hand in silence, but her eyes could not hide her concern and fear....
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Introduction To Microelectromechanical System P2
An Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems Engineering The Sandbox: Materials for M E M S devices are made of n-type and p-type bismuth telluride elements, and are used to cool high-performance microprocessors, laser diodes, and infrared sensors. Peltier devices have proven difficult to implement as micromachined thin film structures. In the Seebeck effect, named for the scientist who made the discovery in 1822, a temperature gradient across an element gives rise to a measurable electric field that tends to oppose the charge flow (or electric current) resulting from the temperature imbalance. The measured voltage is, to first order, proportional to the temperature difference,...
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Data Mining Multimedia Soft Computin And Bioinformatics P1
The digital revolution has made digitized information easy to capture, process, store, distribute, and transmit [l]-[3j. With significant progress in computing and related technologies and their ever-expanding usage in different walks of life, huge amount of data of diverse characteristics continue to be collected and stored in databases. The rate at which such data are stored is growing phenomenally. We can draw an analogy between the popular Moore's law and the way data are increasing with the growth of information in this world of data processing applications....
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Data Mining Multimedia Soft Computin And Bioinformatics P2
In English text files, common words (e.g., is, are, the) or similar patterns of character strings (e.g., lze\ lth\ iing'1} are usually used repeatedly. It is also observed that the characters in an English text occur in a well-documented distribution, with letter e and space being the most popular. 2. In numeric data files, often we observe runs of similar numbers or predictable interdependency amongst the numbers. 3. The neighboring pixels in a typical image are highly correlated to each other, with the pixels in a smooth region of an image having similar values. 4. Two consecutive frames in...
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RF MEMS and Their Applicatio P1
During the past decade, several new fabrication techniques have evolved which helped popularize microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and numerous novel devices have been reported in diverse areas of engineering and science. One such area is microwave and millimeter wave systems. MEMS technology for microwave applications should solve many intriguing problems of high-frequency technology for wireless communications. The recent and dramatic developments of personal communication devices forced the market to acquire miniaturized efficient devices, which is possible only by the development of radio frequency (RF) MEMS....
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RF MEMS and Their Applicatio P2
Electromechanical mobility analogies [42] Mechanical parameter Electrical parameter Voltage Current Conductance Inductance Capacitance Inductance per unit length Capacitance per unit length Characteristic impedance Impedance Admittance Short circuit Open circuit Current Voltage Variable Lumped network elements Transmission lines Immitances Source immitances Velocity, angular velocity Force, torque Damping Compliance Mass, mass moment of inertia Compliance per unit length Mass per unit length Characteristic mobility Mobility Impedance Clamped point Free point Force Velocity ABCD matrix form as: x1 ˙ F1 where Z0 = β= vp = 1 √ A ρE ω vp E 1 =√ ρ Cl Ml Cl Ml (1.2) (1.3) cos βx = j sin βx Z0 j...
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Fundamentals Of Power Electronics P1
The materials below are intended to be used by instructors of power electronics classes who have adopted Fundamentals of Power Electronics as a text. These instructors may download and use the files for educational purposes free of charge. Students and others who have purchased the text may also use the slides as an educational supplement to the text. Other uses of these materials is prohibited. All slides copyright R. W. Erickson 1997. The slides for each chapter are contained in a .pdf file. These files can be read using the Adobe Acrobat viewer, available free from the Adobe Acrobat web...
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Fundamentals Of Power Electronics P2
Air gap in coupled inductor, 502 in flyback transformer, 503 in inductor, 464-466, 498, 505, 509 in transformer, 469 AL (mH/1000 turns), 509 American wire gauge (AWG) data, 755-756 design examples, 527, 531 Amorphous alloys, 473 AmpereÕs law, 457-458 Amp-second balance (see Capacitor charge balance) Apparent power, 550 Artificial ramp circuit, 415 effect on CPM boost low-harmonic rectifier, 637-639 effect on line-to-output transfer function of CCM buck, 437-438 effect on small-signal CCM models, 428-438 effect on small-signal DCM models, 438-447 effect on stability of CPM controllers, 414-418 Asymptotes (see Bode plots) Audiosusceptibility Gvg(s) (see Line-to-output transfer function) Average current control...
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Fundamentals of Digital Electronics
Fundamentals of Digital Electronics Copyright Copyright © 1998 by National Instruments Corporation, 6504 Bridge Point Parkway, Austin, Texas 78730-5039. Universities, colleges, and other educational institutions may reproduce all or part of this publication for educational use. For all other uses, this publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, storing in an information retrieval system, or translating, in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of National Instruments Corporation. Trademarks LabVIEW™ and The Software is the Instrument™ are trademarks of National Instruments Corporation. Product and company names listed are trademarks or...
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LabVIEW Getting Started with LabVIEW
Worldwide Technical Support and Product Information ni.com National Instruments Corporate Headquarters 11500 North Mopac Expressway Worldwide Offices Australia 03 9879 5166, Austria 0662 45 79 90 0, Belgium 02 757 00 20, Brazil 011 284 5011, Canada (Calgary) 403 274 9391, Canada (Montreal) 514 288 5722, Canada (Ottawa) 613 233 5949, Canada (Québec) 514 694 8521, Canada (Toronto) 905 785 0085, China (Shanghai) 021 6555 7838, China (ShenZhen) 0755 3904939, Czech Republic 02 2423 5774, Denmark 45 76 26 00, Finland 09 725 725 11, France 01 48 14 24 24, Germany 089 741 31 30, Greece 30 1 42...
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Data Acquisition Basics Manual LabVIEW
Your SCXI hardware kit includes the Getting Started with SCXI manual, which contains detailed instructions for assembling your SCXI system, module jumper settings, cable assemblies, and terminal blocks. The following are the basic steps you must complete to assemble your SCXI system.
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Robotics and Autonomous Systems
Abstract The work presented in this paper deals with the problem of the navigation of a mobile robot either in unknown indoor environment or in a partially known one. A navigation method in an unknown environment based on the combination of elementary behaviors has been developed. Most of these behaviors are achieved by means of fuzzy inference systems. The proposed navigator combines two types of obstacle avoidance behaviors, one for the convex obstacles and one for the concave ones. The use of zero-order Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy inference systems to generate the elementary behaviors such as “reaching the middle of the collision-free...
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Manufacturing Engineer’s Reference Book P1
Tham khảo tài liệu 'manufacturing engineer’s reference book p1', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, tự động hoá phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả
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Manufacturing Engineer’s Reference Book P2
Furthermore, martensite, which is characterised by an acicular appearance, forms progressively over a temperature range as the temperature falls; if the temperature is held constant after the start no further action takes place. Martensite formation produces an expansion related to the carbon content. The mechanical properties of martensite depend on the carbon content; low carbon martensites (less than O.OS%C) have reasonable ductility and toughness, high carbon martensites have no ductility or toughness and extreme hardness and, because of the state of internal stress, are very liable to spontaneous cracking. Thus low carbon martensite can be used for industrial purposes, e.g....
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Mathematics - Fourier Transforms and Waves
When earth material properties are constant in any of the cartesian variables then it is useful to Fourier transform (FT) that variable. In seismology, the earth does not change with time (the ocean does!) so for the earth, we can generally gain by Fourier transforming the time axis thereby converting time-dependent differential equations (hard) to algebraic equations (easier) in frequency (temporal frequency). In seismology, the earth generally changes rather strongly with depth, so we cannot usefully Fourier transform the depth axis and we are stuck with differential equations in . On the other hand, we can model a layered earth where each layer has material properties that are...
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Amphibionics P1
The robots in this book were designed to imitate biological lifeforms. Watching the snake robot moving through a room, it is interesting to observe the surprised reactions of people when it quickly turns towards them. People actually regard the robot as being alive. I am struck with the thought that although these machines are not alive in our biological sense, they actually are alive, but as life-forms unto themselves. These artificially intelligent machines are the products of human imagination and technical understanding. As the technology advances, the line between living and non-living matter is slowly becoming blurred....
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Amphibionics P2
Test Equipment To calibrate and troubleshoot the electronics, you will need a digital multimeter with frequency counting capabilities, similar to the Fluke 87 multimeter (Figure 1.14, left). When working with electronic circuits, a good multimeter is invaluable. The second multimeter in Figure 1.14 (right) is manufactured by Circuit Test and measures capacitance, resistance, and inductance. It is nice to be able to measure the exact values of components when working on precise circuits, but in most cases, this is not necessary. If you are winding your own transformers or chokes, the ability to measure inductance will be helpful. The specific use...
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PIC Robotics P1
The robotic projects outlined in this book make extensive use of the PIC series of microcontroller from Microchip T echnology Inc. In addition to its ability to run programs, the microcontroller has input and output lines (pins) that are used to control motor drive systems, read sensors, and communicate. W e demand a lot from our microcontroller(s), so it’s important to have a good idea of what a microcontroller is right from the start.
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PIC Robotics P2
Starting Command Prompt window in Windows 2000 and XP. From this point on, the MSDOS Prompt window and the Command Prompt window will be referred to as the DOS window. When the DOS window is opened, you will be located in a subdirectory on the hard drive. Your prompt may look like this: C:\WINDOWS�. The DOS prompt provides vital information. The C: tells us we are on the C drive. The \WINDOWS tells us we are in the Windows subdirectory. We want to work from the root directory of the computer’s hard drive (usual ly the C drive). We accomplish this by using the cd (change directory) command. The cd.. command brings one up a single level in the directory hierarchy. Using the cd\ command brings one up to the root directory regardless of how deep (levels) one has moved into subdirectories....
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BUILD A REMOTECONTROLLED ROBOT
Tham khảo sách 'build a remotecontrolled robot', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, tự động hoá phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả
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Principles And Applications Of Electrical Engineering P1
The aim of this chapter is to introduce electrical engineering. The chapter is organized to provide the newcomer with a view of the different specialties making up electrical engineering and to place the intent and organization of the book into perspective. Perhaps the first question that surfaces in the mind of the student approaching the subject is, Why electrical engineering? Since this book is directed at a readership having a mix of engineering backgrounds (including electrical engineering), the question is well justified and deserves some discussion. The chapter begins by defining the various branches of electrical engineering, showing some of the interactions among them, and illustrating by means of...
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Principles And Applications Of Electrical Engineering P2
The definition of voltage as work per unit charge lends itself very conveniently to the introduction of power. Recall that power is defined as the work done per unit time. Thus, the power, P , either generated or dissipated by a circuit element can be represented by the following relationship: Power = Thus, Work Work Charge = = Voltage × Current Time Charge Time (2.9) The electrical power generated by an active element, or that dissipated or stored by a passive element, is equal to the product of the voltage across the element and the current flowing through ...
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Signals and Systems P2
SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ( a ) x(r - 2 ) is sketched in Fig. 1-18(a). ( 6 ) x ( 2 0 is sketched in Fig. 1-18(b). ( c ) x(t/2) is sketched in Fig. 1-18(c). ( d ) X ( - t ) is sketched in Fig. 1-1Nd). (c) F g 1-18 i. 1.2. A discrete-time signal x [ n ] is shown in Fig. 1-19. Sketch and label each of the following signals. ( a ) x [ n - 21; ( b ) x [ 2 n ] ; ( c ) x[-n]; (d) x[-n + 21 F g 1-19 i. .CHAP. 11 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS (a) (b) (c)...
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Anatomy of a Robot P1
Tham khảo tài liệu 'anatomy of a robot p1', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, tự động hoá phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả
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