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26 Algorithms for Computed Tomography
Computed tomography is the process of reconstructing the interiors of objects fromdata collected based on transmitted or emitted radiation.
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27 Robust Speech Processing as an Inverse Problem
This section addresses the inverse problem in robust speech processing. A problem that speaker and speech recognition systems regularly encounter in the commercialized applications is the dramatic degradation of performance due to the mismatch of the training and operating environments.
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28 Inverse Problems, Statistical Mechanics and Simulated Annealing
The focus of this chapter is on inverse problems—what they are, where they manifest themselves in the realmof digital signal processing (DSP), and how they might be “solved1.”
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29 Image Recovery Using the EM Algorithm
Image recovery constitutes a significant portion of the inverse problems in image processing. Here, by image recoverywe refer to two classes of problems, image restoration and image reconstruction.
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30 Inverse Problems in Array Processing
Signal reception has numerous applications in communications, radar, sonar, and geoscience among others. However, the adverse effects of noise in these applications limit their utility.
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31 Channel Equalization as a Regularized Inverse Problem
In this article we examine the problem of communication channel equalization and how it relates to the inversion of a linear system of equations.
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32 Inverse Problems in Microphone Arrays
An acoustic enclosure usually reduces the intelligibility of the speech transmitted through it because the transmission path is not ideal.
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33 Synthetic Aperture Radar Algorithms
A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a radar sensor that provides azimuth resolution superior to that achievablewithits real beambysynthesizingalongapertureusingplatformmotion.
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34 Iterative Image Restoration Algorithms
In this chapter we consider a class of iterative restoration algorithms. If y is the observed noisy and blurred signal, D the operator describing the degradation system, x the input to the system, and n the noise added to the output signal, the input-output relation is described by [3, 51]
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35 Wavelets and Filter Banks
The methods of designing bases that we will employ draw on ideas first used in the construction of multirate filter banks. The ideaof suchsystems is totake aninput systemandsplit it intosubsequences using banks of filters.
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36 Filter Bank Design
The interest in digital filter banks has grown dramatically over the last few years. Owing to the trend toward lower cost, higher speed microprocessors, digital solutions are becoming attractive for a wide variety of applications.
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37 Time-Varying Analysis-Synthesis Filter Banks
Time-frequency representations (TFR) combine the time-domain and frequency-domain representations intoasingle frameworktoobtainthe notionof time-frequency.
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38 Lapped Transforms
The idea of a lapped transform (LT) maintaining orthogonality and non-expansion of the samples was developed in the early 1980s at MIT by a group of researchers unhappy with the blocking artifacts so commonin traditional block transformcoding of images.
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39 Auditory Psychophysics for Coding Applications
A coded signal differs in some respect from the original signal. One task in designing a coder is to minimize some measure of this difference under the constraints imposed by bit rate, complexity, or cost.
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40 MPEG Digital Audio Coding Standards
Typical audio signal classes are telephone speech, wideband speech, and wideband audio, all of which differ in bandwidth, dynamic range, and in listener expectation of offered quality. The quality of telephone-bandwidth speech is acceptable for telephony and for some videotelephony and video-conferencing services.
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41 Digital Audio Coding: Dolby AC-3
In order to more efficiently transmit or store high-quality audio signals, it is often desirable to reduce the amount of information required to represent them.
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42 The Perceptual Audio Coder (PAC)
With the overwhelming success of the compact disc (CD) in the consumer audio marketplace, the public’s notion of “high quality audio” has become synonymous with “compact disc quality”.
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43 Sony Systems
In digital signal processing, manipulating of the signal is defined as an essentially mathematical procedure, while the AD and DA converters, the front end and the final stage devices of the processing, include analog factor/limitation.
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44 Speech Production Models and Their Digital Implementations
The characteristics of a speech signal that are exploited for various applications of speech signal processing to be discussed later in this section on speech processing (e.g., coding, recognition, etc.) arise from the properties and constraints of the human vocal apparatus.
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45 Speech Coding
Digital speech coding is used in a wide variety of everyday applications that the ordinary person takes for granted, such as network telephony or telephone answering machines.
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46 Text-to-Speech Synthesis
Text-to-speech synthesis has had a long history, one that can be traced back at least to Dudley’s “Voder”, developed at Bell Laboratories and demonstrated at the 1939 World’s Fair [1].
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47 Speech Recognition by Machine
Over the past several decades a need has arisen to enable humans to communicate with machines in order tocontrol their actions or toobtaininformation.
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48 Speaker Verification
Speaker recognition is the process of automatically extracting personal identity information by analysis of spoken utterances.
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50 Software Tools for Speech Research and Development
Experts in every field of study depend on specialized tools. In the case of speech research and development, the dominant tools today are computer programs. In this article, we present an overview of key technical approaches and features that are prevalent today.
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52 Still Image Compression
Digital representation of images is important for digital transmission and storage on differentmedia suchasmagnetic or laser disks.
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53 Image and Video Restoration
Digital images and video, acquired by still cameras, consumer camcorders, or even broadcast-quality video cameras, are usually degraded by some amount of blur and noise.
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54 Video Scanning Format Conversion and Motion Estimation
The scanning format of a video signal is a major determinant of general picture quality. Specifically, it determines such aspects as stationary and dynamic resolution, motion portrayal, aliasing, scanning structure visibility, and flicker.
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55 Video Sequence Compression
Video sources produce data at very high bit rates. In many applications, the available bandwidth is usually very limited.
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56 Digital Television
Digital television is being widely adopted for various applications ranging from high-end applications, such as studio recording, to consumer applications, such as digital cable TV and digital DBS (Direct Broadcasting Satellite) TV. For example, several digital video tape recording standards, using component format (D1 and D5),
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57 Stereoscopic Image Processing
Static images and dynamic image sequences are the projection of time-varying three-dimensional real world scenes onto a two-dimensional plane
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