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Digital Signal Processing Handbook Part 2
A function containing variables and their derivatives is called a differential expression, and an equation involving differential expressions is called a differential equation. A differential equation is an ordinary differential equation if it contains only one independent variable; it is a partial differential equation if it contains more than one independent variable. We shall deal here only with ordinary differential equations. In the mathematical texts, the independent variable is generally x, which can be anything such as time, distance, velocity, pressure, and so on. In most of the applications in control systems, the independent variable is time....
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Advanced Digital Signal Processing and Noise Reduction P1
Signal processing is concerned with the modelling, detection, identification and utilisation of patterns and structures in a signal process. Applications of signal processing methods include audio hifi, digital TV and radio, cellular mobile phones, voice recognition, vision, radar, sonar, geophysical exploration, medical electronics, and in general any system that is concerned with the communication or processing of information.
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Advanced Digital Signal Processing and Noise Reduction P2
Linear Prediction Modelling of Speech Linear predictive models are widely used in speech processing applications such as low–bit–rate speech coding in cellular telephony, speech enhancement and speech recognition. Speech is generated by inhaling air into the lungs, and then exhaling it through the vibrating glottis cords and the vocal tract. The random, noise-like, air flow from the lungs is spectrally shaped and amplified by the vibrations of the glottal cords and the resonance of the vocal tract. The effect of the vibrations of the glottal cords and the vocal tract is to introduce a measure of correlation and predictability...
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook P1
The resistor is an electrical device whose primary function is to introduce resistance to the flow of electric current. The magnitude of opposition to the flow of current is called the resistance of the resistor. A larger resistance value indicates a greater opposition to current flow. The resistance is measured in ohms. An ohm is the resistance that arises when a current of one ampere is passed through a resistor subjected to one volt across its terminals. The various uses of resistors include setting biases, controlling gain, fixing time constants, matching and loading circuits, voltage division, and heat generation. The following sections discuss resistor characteristics and various...
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook P2
where Z = impedance, W; R = resistance, W; L = inductance, H; XL = inductive reactance, W; XC = capacitive reactance, W; and q = phase angle, degrees, by which current leads voltage in a capacitive circuit or lags voltage in an inductive circuit (0° indicates an in-phase condition). Resonant Frequency When an inductor and capacitor are connected in series or parallel, they form a resonant circuit. The resonant frequency can be determined from the equation
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National Instruments - Fundamentals of Digital Electronics
Digital electronics is one of the fundamental courses found in all electrical engineering and most science programs. The great variety of LabVIEW Boolean and numeric controls/indicators, together with the wealth of programming structures and functions, make LabVIEW an excellent tool to visualize and demonstrate many of the fundamental concepts of digital electronics. The inherent modularity of LabVIEW is exploited in the same way that complex digital integrated circuits are built from circuits of less complexity, which in turn are built from fundamental gates. This manual is designed as a teaching resource to be used in the classroom as demonstrations, in tutorial sessions as collaborative studies, or in the laboratory as...
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Resource Handbook of Electronics P2
Tham khảo tài liệu 'resource handbook of electronics p2', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, tự động hoá phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả
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Theory & Problems of Basic Circuit Analysis P1
Tham khảo tài liệu 'theory & problems of basic circuit analysis p1', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, tự động hoá phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả
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Theory & Problems of Basic Circuit Analysis P2
The most popular resistance color code has nominal resistance values and tolerances indicated by the colors of either three or four bands around the resistor casing, as shown in Fig. 2-3. First digit Second digit Number of zeros or multiplier Tolerance Fig. 2-3 Each color has a corresponding numerical value as specified in Table 2-4. The colors of the first and second bands correspond, respectively, to the first two digits of the nominal resistance value. Because the first digit is never zero, the first band is never black. The color of the third band, except for silver and gold, corresponds to the number of...
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Electronics and Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB P1
MATLAB is a numeric computation software for engineering and scientific calculations. The name MATLAB stands for MATRIX LABORATORY. MATLAB is primarily a tool for matrix computations. It was developed by John Little and Cleve Moler of MathWorks, Inc. MATLAB was originally written to provide easy access to the matrix computation software packages LINPACK and EISPACK.
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Electronics and Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB Part 2
MATLAB has built-in functions that allow one to generate bar charts, x-y, polar, contour and 3-D plots, and bar charts. MATLAB also allows one to give titles to graphs, label the x- and y-axes, and add a grid to graphs. In addition, there are commands for controlling the screen and scaling. Table 2.1 shows a list of MATLAB built-in graph functions. One can use MATLAB’s help facility to get more information on the graph functions. Table 2.1 Plotting Functions FUNCTION axis bar contour ginput grid gtext histogram hold loglog mesh meshdom pause plot polar semilogx semilogy shg stairs text title...
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Electronics and Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB P3
“FOR” loops allow a statement or group of statements to be repeated a fixed number of times. The general form of a for loop is for index = expression statement group X end The expression is a matrix and the statement group X is repeated as many times as the number of elements in the columns of the expression matrix. The index takes on the elemental values in the matrix expression. Usually, the expression is something like m:n or m:i:n where m is the beginning value, n the ending value, and i is the increment. Suppose we would like to...
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Electronics and Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB P4
Kirchhoff’s current law states that for any electrical circuit, the algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in the circuit equals zero. In nodal analysis, if there are n nodes in a circuit, and we select a reference node, the other nodes can be numbered from V1 through Vn-1. With one node selected as the reference node, there will be n-1 independent equations. If we assume that the admittance between nodes i and j is given as Yij , we can write the nodal equations: Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 + … Y21 V1 + Y22 V2 +...
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Electronics and Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB P5
Considering the RC Network shown in Figure 5.1, we can use KCL to write Equation (5.1). R C Vo(t) Figure 5.1 Source-free RC Network C i.e., dv o ( t ) v o ( t ) + =0 dt R (5.1) dv o ( t ) v o ( t ) + =0 dt CR If Vm is the initial voltage across the capacitor, then the solution to Equation (5.1) is v 0 (t ) = Vm e where t − CR (5.2) CR is the time constant Equation (5.2) represents the voltage across a discharging capacitor. To obtain the voltage across a charging capacitor, let us consider Figure...
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Electronics and Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB P6
This chapter discusses sinusoidal steady state power calculations. Numerical integration is used to obtain the rms value, average power and quadrature power. Three-phase circuits are analyzed by converting the circuits into the frequency domain and by using the Kirchoff voltage and current laws. The unknown voltages and currents are solved using matrix techniques. Given a network function or transfer function, MATLAB has functions that can be used to (i) obtain the poles and zeros, (ii) perform partial fraction expansion, and (iii) evaluate the transfer function at specific frequencies. Furthermore, the frequency response of networks can be obtained using a MATLAB...
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Electronics and Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB P7
This chapter discusses the application of MATLAB for analysis of two-port networks. The describing equations for the various two-port network representations are given. The use of MATLAB for solving problems involving parallel, series and cascaded two-port networks is shown. Example problems involving both passive and active circuits will be solved using MATLAB. 7.1 TWO-PORT NETWORK REPRESENTATIONS A general two-port network is shown in Figure 7.1. I1 + V1 Linear two-port network I2 + V2 - Figure 7.1 General Two-Port Network I 1 and V1 are input current and voltage, respectively. Also, I 2 and V2 are output current and voltage, respectively. It is assumed that the linear...
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Electronics and Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB P8
In this chapter, Fourier analysis will be discussed. Topics covered are Fourier series expansion, Fourier transform, discrete Fourier transform, and fast Fourier transform. Some applications of Fourier analysis, using MATLAB, will also be discussed. 8.1 If a function FOURIER SERIES g (t ) is periodic with period Tp , i.e., (8.1) g (t ) = g (t ± Tp ) and in any finite interval g ( t ) has at most a finite number of discontinuities and a finite number of maxima and minima (Dirichlets conditions), and in addition, Tp ∫ g(t )dt ...
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Electronics and Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB P9
In this chapter, the characteristics of diodes are presented. Diode circuit analysis techniques will be discussed. Problems involving diode circuits are solved using MATLAB. 9.1 DIODE CHARACTERISTICS Diode is a two-terminal device. The electronic symbol of a diode is shown in Figure 9.1(a). Ideally, the diode conducts current in one direction. The current versus voltage characteristics of an ideal diode are shown in Figure 9.1(b). anode i cathode (a) i v (b) Figure 9.1 Ideal Diode (a) Electronic Symbol (b) I-V Characteristics The I-V characteristic of a semiconductor junction diode is shown in Figure 9.2. The characteristic is divided into three regions: forward-biased, reversedbiased, and the breakdown. © 1999 CRC...
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Electronics and Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB P10
In this chapter, a brief description of the basic concepts governing the flow of current in a pn junction are discussed. Both intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors are discussed. The characteristics of depletion and diffusion capacitance are explored through the use of example problems solved with MATLAB. The effect of doping concentration on the breakdown voltage of pn junctions is examined. 10.1 10.1.1 Energy bands INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS According to the planetary model of an isolated atom, the nucleus that contains protons and neutrons constitutes most of the mass of the atom. Electrons surround the nucleus in specific orbits. The electrons are...
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Electronics and Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB P11
The operational amplifier (Op Amp) is one of the versatile electronic circuits. It can be used to perform the basic mathematical operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They can also be used to do integration and differentiation. There are several electronic circuits that use an op amp as an integral element. Some of these circuits are amplifiers, filters, oscillators, and flip-flops. In this chapter, the basic properties of op amps will be discussed. The non-ideal characteristics of the op amp will be illustrated, whenever possible, with example problems solved using MATLAB. 11.1 PROPERTIES OF THE OP AMP The op amp,...
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Electronics and Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB P12
In this chapter, MATLAB will be used to solve problems involving metaloxide semiconductor field effect and bipolar junction transistors. The general topics to be discussed in this chapter are dc model of BJT and MOSFET, biasing of discrete and integrated circuits, and frequency response of amplifiers. 12.1 BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) consists of two pn junctions connected backto-back. The operation of the BJT depends on the flow of both majority and minority carriers. There are two types of BJT: npn and pnp transistors. The electronic symbols of the two types of transistors are shown in Figure 12.1. C IC B IC B IB IB E IE C IE (a)...
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Teach Yourself Electricity And Electronics P1
Tham khảo tài liệu 'teach yourself electricity and electronics p1', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, tự động hoá phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả
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Teach Yourself Electricity And Electronics P2
Compounds often, but not always, appear greatly different from any of the elements that make them up. At room temperature and pressure, both hydrogen and oxygen are gases. But water under the same conditions is a liquid. If it gets a few tens of degrees colder, water turns solid at standard pressure. If it gets hot enough, water becomes a gas, odorless and colorless, just like hydrogen or oxygen. Another common example of a compound is rust. This forms when iron joins with
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Home Automation Basics
In my book Integrating the Smart Home and its Owner (ISHO for short) I make mention of the fact that Home Automation is something of a black art. Not in any moral sense, of course, but it is so very undefined that it can mean almost anything. I'd like you to know on this very first page exactly what I mean when I speak of home automation. First of all, I hate the term. It doesn't mean anything substantial. Heck, your furnace comes on automatically, doesn't it? And can't you control the light bulb on the other side of the...
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Home automation Tips & Trucs
Alles Onder Controle Bedien Uw Apparaten Vanuit De Luie Stoel
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Migrating from SCADA to Automation
The City of Naperville operates a Department of Public Utilities, which includes a municipal electric utility. Naperville’s electrical distribution system is nearly 90% underground, except in older areas of town where overhead facilities are still utilized. The nominal voltage of the system is 12.47kV transformed from 34.5kV and 138kV. There are 6 points of service on the 138kV transmission system from bulk power providerComEd. The City does not have generation capability at this time.
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Industrial Automation Wiring and Grounding Guidelines
This publication gives you general guidelines for installing an Allen-Bradley industrial automation system that may include programmable controllers, industrial computers, operator-interface terminals, display devices, and communication networks. While these guidelines apply to the majority of installations, certain electrically harsh environments may require additional precautions. Use these guidelines as a tool for helping avoid potential electromagnetic interference (emi) and transient emi that could cause problems such as “adapter faults, rack faults, communication faults,” etc. These guidelines are not intended to supersede local electrical codes. This publication is organized into the following sections: • Raceway layout considerations • Mounting, bonding, and grounding...
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John Wiley And Sons Electronics For Dummies Ebook-Ling P2
Just as you usually use a pound or so of apples to bake your average pie or several tons of steel to build a suburban office park, in electronics, some things just naturally come in small measurements and others in large measurements. That means that you typically see certain combinations of prefixes and units over and over. Here are some common combinations of notations for prefixes and units: Current: pA, nA, mA, µA, A Inductance: nH, mH, µH, H Capacitance: pF, nF, mF, F Voltage: mV, V, kV Resistance: Ω, kΩ, MΩ Frequency: Hz, kHz, MHz, GHz Exploring some new terms Although...
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PDA Robotics P1
The personal digital assistant is the main control unit of the robot, communicating with the craft’s body via a beam of infrared light and to other machines on the wireless network. The PDA itself becomes a data transponder. It (the PDA) is insulated and protected from the robotic interface. It is said to be optically isolated, communicating on ripples of light. Because of this design, no connectors are required and the software provided will work with any Windows or PalmOS driven handheld PDA. I see a day when all components of a system are connectionless with harmonically synchronized transistors....
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PDA Robotics P2
It is used primarily for broadcasting messages over a network. In medical imaging, UDP is used to log information from various devices to a system logging repository. A datagram is a piece of a message transmitted over a packet-switching network, and is a packet of information that contains the destination address in addition to data. • Channel 1: GPCLK/UART—This channel can be used as a general purpose clock (GPCLK) or universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART). See Channel 3 for a more detailed description. Channel 2: Infrared Data Association (IrDA) is a group of device manufacturers that developed a standard for...
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