Tài liệu miễn phí Sức khỏe người cao tuổi
Download Tài liệu học tập miễn phí Sức khỏe người cao tuổi
Long-Term Care for the Elderly: Challenges and Policy Options
Vegetarians of all types can achieve recommended nutrient intakes through careful selection of foods. These individuals should give special attention to their intakes of protein, iron, and vitamin B12, as well as calcium and vitamin D if avoiding milk products. In addition, vegetarians could select only nuts, seeds, and legumes from the meat and beans group, or they could include eggs if so desired. At the 2,000calorie level, they could choose about 1.5 ounces of nuts and 2 /3 cup legumes instead of 5.5 ounces of meat, poultry, and/or fish. One egg, 1/2 ounce of nuts, or 1/4 cup of legumes is considered equivalent to 1 ounce of meat, poultry, or fish in the USDA Food Guide. Substitutions for Milk and Milk Products Since milk and milk products provide more than 70 percent of the calcium consumed by Americans, guidance on other choices of dietary calcium is needed for those who do not consume the recommended amount of milk products. Milk product consumption has been associated with overall diet quality and adequacy of intake of many nutri ents, including calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, riboflavin, vitamin A, folate, and vitamin D. People may avoid milk products because of allergies, cultural prac tices, taste, or other reasons. Those who avoid all milk products need to choose rich sources of the nutrients provided by milk, including potassium, vitamin A, and magnesium in addition to calcium and vitamin D (see app. B). Some nondairy sources of calcium are shown in appendix B4. The bioavailability of the calcium in these foods varies. ...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Nutritional Care of the Housebound Elderly
Overweight and obesity in the United States among adults and children has increased significantly over the last two decades. Those following typical American eating and activity patterns are likely to be consuming diets in excess of their energy requirements. However, caloric intake is only one side of the energy balance equation. Caloric expenditure needs to be in balance with caloric intake to maintain body weight and must exceed caloric intake to achieve weight loss (see tables 3 and 4). To reverse the trend toward obesity, most Americans need to eat fewer calories, be more active, and make wiser food choices. Prevention of weight gain is critical because while the behaviors required are the same, the extent of the behav iors required to lose weight makes weight loss more challenging than prevention of weight gain. Since many adults gain weight slowly over time, even small decreases in calorie intake can help avoid weight gain, especially if accompanied by increased physical activity. For example, for most adults a reduction of 50 to 100 calories per day may prevent gradual weight gain, whereas a reduction of 500 calories or more per day is a common initial goal in weightloss programs. Similarly, up to 60 minutes of moderate to vigorousintensity physical activity per day may be needed to prevent weight gain, but as much as 60 to 90 minutes of moderateintensity physical activity per day is recommended to sustain weight loss for previously overweight people. It is advisable for men over age 40, women over age 50, and those with a history of chronic diseases such as heart disease or diabetes to consult with a healthcare provider before starting a vigorous exercise program. However, many people can safely increase their physical activity without consulting a healthcare provider. ...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005
Some proposed calorielowering strategies include eating foods that are low in calories for a given measure of food (e.g., many kinds of vegetables and fruits and some soups). However, when making changes to improve nutrient intake, one needs to make substitutions to avoid excessive calorie intake. The healthiest way to reduce calorie intake is to reduce one’s intake of added sugars, fats, and alcohol, which all provide calories but few or no essential nutrients (for more information, see chs. 6, 7, and 9). Special attention should be given to portion sizes, which have increased significantly over the past two decades (http://hin.nhlbi.nih.gov/portion/index.htm). Though there are no empirical studies to show a causal relationship between increased portion sizes and obesity, there are studies showing that controlling portion sizes helps limit calorie intake, particularly when eating caloriedense foods (foods that are high in calories for a given measure of food). Therefore, it is essential that the public understand how portion sizes compare to a recommended amount of food (i.e., serving) from each food group at a specific caloric level. The understanding of serving size and portion size is important in following either the DASH Eating Plan or the USDA Food Guide (see app. A). When using packaged foods with nutrient labels, people should pay attention to the units for serving sizes and how they compare to the serving sizes in the USDA Food Guide and the DASH Eating Plan. ...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010
We are pleased to present the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Based on the most recent scientiic evidence review, this document provides information and advice for choosing a healthy eating pattern—namely, one that focuses on nutrient-dense foods and beverages, and that contributes to achieving and maintaining a healthy weight. Such a healthy eating pattern also embodies food safety principles to avoid foodborne illness. The 2010 Dietary Guidelines are intended to be used in developing educational materials and aiding policymakers in designing and carrying out nutrition-related programs, including Federal nutrition assistance and education programs. The Dietary Guidelines also serve as the...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Post-discharge nutritional support in malnourished ill elderly patients
Check inside shoes for foreign objects, torn lining, and proper cushioning. Improper or poorly fitting shoes are major contributors to diabetes foot ulcerations. Counsel patients about appropriate footwear. All patients with diabetes need to pay special attention to the fit and style of their shoes and should avoid pointed-toe and open-toe shoes, high heels, thongs and sandals. Assess the material and construction of footwear. Unbreathable and inelastic materials such as plastic should be avoided. Recommend use of materials such as canvas, leather, suede, and other materials that are breathable and/or elastic. Footwear should be adjustable with laces, Velcro, or buckles. Record the results of your footwear...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Neurodegenerative Biomarkers in Healthy Elderly
It can happen in an instant: reaching on a wobbly stool for something located on a high shelf, tripping over uneven pavement, slipping on a rug or a patch of ice, or getting up from a bed, a bath, a toilet or a chair. It can happen in a person’s home, in the community, while a patient is in an acute care hospital, or as a resident in a long-term care home. There are numerous ways a person can suddenly trip or lose his or her balance, and the result is often an injury, hospitalization – or even death. It is...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
The benefits of an ageing population
The generation collectively known as the “Baby Boomer Generation” has exerted tremendous influence on U.S. society and institutions throughout their lives. This influence will continue as they age and will likely become more pronounced in coming years. Baby Boomers, individually and collectively, are going to redefine what it means to be “elderly” in the U.S. The sheer numbers of Baby Boomers will greatly affect public policy – as it relates to the elderly as well as to all other ages over the coming years. In 2006 the first Baby Boomer cohort will turn 60....
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Health and Wealth of Elderly Couples: Causality Tests Using Dynamic Panel Data Models
The Baby Boomer generation is substantially different from earlier generations and policies need to account for those differences. They will remain active and independent longer than previous generations; as a group, they have sufficient wealth to manage retirement as no previous generation has; and they are going to challenge how the elderly are treated and what should be considered acceptable. Understanding the scope of the challenge is one of the first steps. The research summarized in this report begins to address this need. Based on projections developed during our research (see Figure ES.1), we estimate...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Labour Force Participation of the Elderly in Europe: The Importance of Being Healthy
U.S. Census projects the total population in 2030 will be 364 million, an increase of approximately 30 percent from the year 2000. Just in size alone (an increase of 83 million), the country will look quite different in a relatively short period of time – i.e., approximately one generation. The shifting age distribution of households will further change the shape of the nation. It is, therefore, the growth rate and changing composition of the population that will be driving housing consumption over the coming 25 years. Beginning in 2006, the first Baby Boomer cohort will...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Health Outcomes and Socio-Economic Status among the Elderly in China: Evidence from the CHARLS Pilot
It is not only the sheer number of elderly that will have an impact on public policy, but also the characteristics of these elderly. The Baby Boomer generation is expected to remain active and independent longer than previous generations of elderly population; as a group, they have sufficient wealth to manage retirement as no previous generation has; and they are going to challenge how the elderly are treated and what should be considered acceptable. This research study attempts to understand some of the challenges that changing demographics will have on the housing market and...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Incentives of Retirement Transition for Elderly Workers: An Analysis of Actual and Simulated Replacement Rates in Ireland
The analysis is primary based on the national American Housing Survey (AHS) data for the period 1995 through 2003. In some cases, the research was extended to include the national level AHS data for 1985 onwards. One of the challenges to this effort is how to define elderly housing consumption. As will be discussed in the literature summary below, there are a number of standard assumptions but several of these will merit a brief discussion prior to our highlighting the different research. Who is “elderly?” Without a standard definition, researchers have defined elderly slightly...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
HEALTH AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF THE ELDERLY IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
This section presents a review of literature on elderly housing and its consumption. It includes those published papers that have used AHS data in the analyses. The papers that did not use AHS data are included in Appendix A. We identified and reviewed 12 studies, including those mentioned in our original research plan and others identified as a result of online and library database searches. Roughly half of the reviewed studies made use of the AHS data. Three papers were identified that used AHS data to investigate elderly housing consumption. ...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
BETTER PALLIATIVE CARE FOR OLDER PEOPLE
The National Institute on Aging’s “Assets and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest-Old (AHEAD) Survey” from 1993 is used to provide demographic and housing preference information (e.g., assisted living, shared housing, conventional housing) on seniors over 70 years of age. AHS data from the 1995 survey is used to show that many disabled seniors live in homes that do not provide necessary modifications, such as ramps and door handles, and that those who do have appropriate modifications, spend much of the household’s home improvement budgets on replacements for “large ticket” items. The study concludes that concerns about decreased...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Health and long-term care in the European Union
Hermanson and Citro conclude that between 1989 and 1995, noteworthy progress had been made in the housing conditions of older persons. Furthermore, the increase in the number of older households headed by persons aged 75 and older occurred entirely among owners, indicating that the elderly had been able to increasingly age in place. Housing quality for the elderly remains relatively high. The authors, however, conclude that some problems yet remain. For instance, home values for older minorities are lower than those for non-minorities, older minority households and older single-person households are more likely than older households...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Children and Mental Health of Elderly
It is concluded that coordination between elderly housing and health care is inefficient and that they should be more integrated with one another. The other recommendations are based on the following five principals: preserving the existing housing stock; expanding successful housing production, rental assistance programs, home- and community-based services, and supportive housing models; linking shelter services to promote and encourage aging in place; reforming existing Federal financing programs to maximize flexibility and increase housing production and health and service coverage; and creating and exploring new housing and service programs, models, and demonstrations. The report emphasizes that help...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Measures for social inclusion of the elderly: The case of volunteering
“Housing Our Elders” (1999) uses a supplement to the 1995 AHS on home accessibility needs and modifications to develop a baseline of information on elderly housing conditions, needs, and strategies. It is found that “overall, older Americans are among the best housed citizens of a well-housed Nation”. However, “millions of elderly households continue to live in housing that costs too much, is in substandard condition, or fails to accommodate their physical capabilities or assistance needs”. The report then outlines the Administration’s Housing Security Plan for Older Americans, a framework for national action that meets seniors’ most...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Interim Review of Elderly Health Care Voucher Pilot Scheme
This report contains two analyses. The first is a review of historical AHS data to determine if there are trends in the housing consumption patterns of the elderly. The second analysis contains projections of housing demand by the elderly through 2030. This section is organized with a brief discussion of the methodology for the historical analysis, followed by the longer discussion of the methodology for the housing projections analysis. The primary data source for our research has been the AHS. We used the national samples from 1995 through 2003. To derive historical trends for...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
e-Health and the Elderly: How Seniors Use the Internet for Health Information
Although we are primarily interested in the housing consumption of the elderly, we did not limit our analysis to the householders aged 62 and older. For comparison purposes, we looked at all householders. We did this by segregating the householder population into seven age cohorts. The number of age cohorts is large enough to let us capture changes in housing consumption over individuals’ lifecycle, without being overly burdensome on the analysis. The cohort widths have been defined such that they can mirror reasonable life bands. For example, people younger than age 35 are most likely...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
The Prevention of Substance Abuse And Misuse Among the Elderly
This stability provided reassurance that we could calculate an average rate for each age cohort from across the five AHS periods (i.e., 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2003). We then applied these calculated rates to the Census population projections. The result is a reasonable set of projections for the number of householders, within each age group, through 2030. One of our research goals was to extend this to projections of tenure status (i.e., owning vs. renting) for each age group. In order to do this, we used a method similar to that used to calculate the...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Florida Dental Association Presents Presents
We used the same methodology to project the share of single-family attached, single-family detached, multi-family, and manufactured units for each age group. We acknowledge that the adjustment factor used to calculate the number of householders is a simplifying one. It does not account for any subsequent changes in tastes and preferences, much less any changes in life choice trends – e.g., living long enough to remarry and have a second spouse after either being widowed or divorced. However, the direction or impact these types of changes will have is uncertain. For example, the...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
ELDERLY HOUSING CONSUMPTION: HISTORICAL PATTERNS AND PROJECTED TRENDS
In the period 1985 to 2003, the elderly population aged 62 to 74 decreased by close to six percent, whereas the elderly population aged 75 to 84 grew by close to 35 percent. Householders aged 45 to 54 show a dramatic increase in numbers over the 1985 to 2003 time period – i.e., a 70 percent increase from 12.8 million to 21.8 million. This is interesting because by 1991, the first cohort of the Baby Boomer generation began entering this age category. (The last cohort entered the age category in 2003.) ...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
The Situation of Elderly People in Turkey and National Plan of Action on Ageing
Ownership rates across all age groups increased between 1985 and 2003. Again, this is a well- documented and understood change that has been driven by a number of economic factors, including, but not limited to, falling interest rates, rising standards of living, public policies helping low- and middle-income families afford home ownership. Among the elderly population, the ownership rate for population 85 and over exhibited the highest increase – i.e., 16 percentage points. Data show that the ownership rate peaks at the age 62 to 74. The ownership rate decreases with the higher age groups as elderly households...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Prevention of Falls and Injuries Among the Elderly
The increase in single-family detached housing for those aged 62 and older during the 1985 through 2003 period may be highlighting the “aging in place” choice discussed in the literature. Based on the age groups’ rates in 1985, the group aged 45 to 54 would be expected to move out of single-family detached (72.7 percent to 60.8 percent). The actual change, however, was much lower – i.e., 72.5 percent to 71.8 percent. Other factors may be drivers as well, however – e.g., single-family homes became increasingly affordable as interest rates fell. The shift from apartments, which tend...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
A Health Care Provider’s Guide to Preventing Diabetes Foot Problems
Looking only at the availability of elevators may not fully illustrate the accessibility of a unit. A unit located on the tenth floor of a multi-story building without a working elevator is less accessible than a unit located on the third floor of the same building. We, therefore, extended the analysis by controlling for the number of floors from the main entrance to the apartment. Data, presented in parentheses, indicate that the majority of people live in multi-family buildings with no more than five stories. The findings suggest that such buildings are unlikely to have elevators....
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
FAMILY ECONOMICS AND NUTRITION REVIEW
Around 70% of all agricultural land is used to grow crops for livestock, a result of an increase in meat consumption (the average person in the UK now eats 79kg of meat per year). Agriculture on this scale requires massive amounts of water, and accounts for 8% of the global water supply. If current agricultural trends continue, the impacts will become more severe and increasingly unsustainable. This will be exacerbated by population growth and demand for biofuels. According to the UN Food and Agricultural Organisation,1 we each consume around 3,500 calories per day in the UK, which is 1,000 too...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Who Will Care for the Elderly in China? A Review of the Problems Caused by China’s One Child Policy and their Potential Solutions
Before working on consumption, WWF looked at the existing advice about food choices. We saw that this was already a very crowded area and we didn’t want to add to the maelstrom of information. We had already noticed that the environmental ’hotspots’ had much in common with the health ones. In an attempt to bring some of these messages together, we decided to look at current governmental eating advice – the Eatwell plate – and to see how it could be adapted to include the environment. The idea was to produce a definition of a sustainable diet that is nutritionally...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
Food and Mental Stimulation to Prevent Dementia
We asked Rowett to look ahead to 2020 and to map how the diet changes in line with predicted increases in population. The modelling shows that our diets will not need to change that much from current guidelines if we are to meet the WWF 2020 GHGE targets. We will still be able to eat meat and dairy, crisps and chocolate, for example. The weekly menu contains fish and chips, macaroni cheese, chicken curry and beef chilli, as well as plentiful amounts of fruit and vegetables – so it’s not a mundane menu. This demonstrates that you do not necessarily...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
ELDERLY SERVICES IN HEALTH CENTERS: A Guide to Position Your Health Center to Serve a Growing Elderly Population
If we really want to avoid climate change and conserve the ecosystems on which we all depend, it’s clear that we have to tackle both what we produce and consume. To progress this work, WWF believes that the UK government and retailers need to urgently develop and promote eating habits based on a sustainable diet if we are to address climate change, protect ecosystems and start to reverse the impacts of poor nutritional choices and promotions on people’s health. Led by the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and the Department of Health, the UK government should define...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
HEALTH STATUS AND MEDICAL TREATMENT OF THE FUTURE ELDERLY: IMPLICATIONS FOR MEDICARE PROGRAM EXPENDITURES
With increasing recognition of the environmental impact of food and drink, future food policy and dietary advice need to go beyond the traditional focus on nutrient recommendations for health to include wider issues of sustainability. The task should not be underestimated, not least because the issue of sustainability is complex with multiple dimensions, including environmental, economic and social aspects. Current dietary advice is based on nutrient recommendations for health. These recommendations have been translated by the Food Standards Agency into a health education tool for the public, known as the Eatwell plate. The plate illustrates the proportions of major food...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SENIOR SERVICES
The Climate Change Act 2008 set out targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) 2. At present it is estimated that 18-20% of GHGEs in the UK come from the food chain. In response to climate change, WWF-UK’s One Planet Food Programme (2009-12) set goals to reduce GHGEs from the consumption and production of food destined for the UK by at least 25% by 2020 and by 70% by 2050 (based on 1990 emission levels). This will require changes to both the supply side (food production) and the demand side (food consumption) within the food supply chain. As part of...
8/30/2018 1:57:07 AM +00:00