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Aging and decision making: a comparison between neurologically healthy elderly and young individuals
Once the law goes into effect, individuals who do not have minimal essential coverage will be required to pay a tax penalty. e penalty will be waived if the cost of coverage exceeds 8 percent of family income, if an individual is uninsured for fewer than three months, if an individual’s income is below the federal tax-filing threshold, or if the individual meets other criteria for exemption described in the ACA. New employerresponsibility provisions will apply to firms with 50 or more full-time equivalent employees. Each of these provisions will have an impact on employer decisions to offer coverage and individuals’ choices in taking up health care coverage. For employers with employees that...
8/30/2018 2:01:13 AM +00:00
ELDER ABUSE IN THE HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN KENYA
Our base scenario for enrollment in the Exchange is based on the probabilities found in the literature due to changes in cost of coverage for individuals with different incomes, health status, English proficiency, and starting point of coverage. In the enhanced scenario, we assume that language is not a barrier to enrollment, that eligibility and enrollment processes and systems are simplified, and that the state launches a robust outreach and education effort to make individuals aware of their coverage options. Under these conditions, we assume that 75 percent of uninsured adults who are eligible for subsidies enroll. Unless otherwise stated, estimates are for 2019 after employers and individuals have fully adjusted to the...
8/30/2018 2:01:13 AM +00:00
Alterations of matrix metalloproteinases in the healthy elderly with increased risk of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease
Using the CalSIM model, we predict changes in coverage in California as a result of the ACA. Take up of available coverage options in the model is based on a wide range of factors, including the pre-policy starting point, health status, household income, change in cost to purchase coverage, and English proficiency. For Medi-Cal, we assume that 61 percent of uninsured newly eligible individuals, and 10 percent of those who were previously eligible but not enrolled, enroll under our base scenario. is assumption is based on current Medi-Cal take up in the state.8 For the enhanced scenario we follow the Urban Institute/Kaiser Family Foundation9 enhanced participation estimate and assume that 75 percent of...
8/30/2018 2:01:13 AM +00:00
CREATING A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR ELDERLY WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS
We predict that in 2019, Medi-Cal coverage will increase by 1.2 to 1.6 million (under the base and enhanced scenarios, respectively). Enrollment in Healthy Families will decline slightly as older children under 133 percent FPL will now qualify for Medi-Cal. An estimated 1.8 to 2.1 million will be enrolled in the Exchange with subsidies, while 2.1 to 2.2 million will remain in the non-group market or be enrolled in the Exchange without subsidies.11 Finally, the number of uninsured will decline by 1.8 to 2.7 million people, leaving 3.0 to 4.0 million Californians without coverage. Of the remaining uninsured, about 1.0 million will not be eligible for subsidies or to purchase insurance in the...
8/30/2018 2:01:13 AM +00:00
Anemia in the Elderly: How Should We Define It, When Does It Matter, and What Can Be Done?
Under the base enrollment scenario, the ACA is predicted to result in an additional 900,000 individuals enrolling in Medi-Cal by 2014, increasing to 1.2 million by 2019. is includes an estimated 500,000 individuals predicted to be enrolled in county Low-Income Health Programs who will be automatically enrolled in Medi-Cal in 2014.12 Under the enhanced scenario, with a more aggressive enrollment and outreach strategy, additional Medi-Cal enrollment would reach 1.4 million by 2014 and 1.6 million by 2019. Under the base enrollment scenario, we project that in 2014, 900,000 individuals will take advantage of premium subsidies in the Exchange to buy coverage. With more aggressive outreach and enrollment assistance contemplated under the enhanced scenario....
8/30/2018 2:01:13 AM +00:00
Arthritis A leading cause of disability in the United States
An estimated 3 to 4 million Californians are predicted to remain uninsured in 2019. Of those, slightly more than 1 million will not be eligible for coverage options under the ACA due to immigration status. Another 800,000 to 1.2 million will be eligible for Medi-Cal or Healthy Families. If and when they seek care, they will have the ability to enroll in coverage. Robust outreach and education can also decrease the number of uninsured who are not aware of coverage opportunities and are therefore less likely to seek care or receive preventive services. Under the base enrollment scenario an additional 800,000 would be eligible for subsidies in the Exchange. Of these, nearly 100,000...
8/30/2018 2:01:13 AM +00:00
HEALTH BEHAVIOUR OF THE ELDERLY: BETWEEN NEEDS AND REALITY - A COMPARATIVE STUDY –
e California Simulation of Insurance Markets (CalSIM) model is designed to estimate the impact of various elements of the ACA on employer decisions to offer insurance coverage and individual decisions to obtain coverage in California. e CalSIM model uses four data sources: the 2004–2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) Household Component (MEPSHC) and the Person Round Plan (MEPS-PRPL) public use data files, the 2009 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS), California Employment Development Department (EDD) 2007 wage distribution, insurance offer, and firm size data, and the 2010 California Employer Health Benefits Survey (CEHBS). CHIS, EDD, and CEHBS provide weights and wage distributions that adjust the nationally-representative MEPS data to build a California-specific model....
8/30/2018 2:01:13 AM +00:00
Healthy eating – basics of nutrition of the elderly
Once re-weighted, the MEPS-HC respondents are then assumed to represent the population of California. However, MEPS-HC does not include data on immigration status, and until 2007 did not report whether an individual was born in the United States. We therefore constructed a regression model using CHIS 2009 confidential data to predict the immigration status of MEPS-HC respondents based on a variety of socioeconomic, demographic, and family characteristics. By accounting for immigration status within the individual dataset construction process, the CalSIM model is able to adjust Medi-Cal and Exchange eligible populations based on undocumented immigrant and recent legal permanent residence status before determining firm and individual coverage decisions, rather than imposing an ex post adjustment. is approach...
8/30/2018 2:01:13 AM +00:00
Social capital and Health status: a protective impact among elderly or inactive but not among active ?
Individuals are then identified as workers and nonworkers (i.e., the unemployed and the respective dependents/ spouses of workers). Workers are assigned employer wage distribution characteristics from EDD 2007 data based on firm size and insurance offer status from their MEPS record. e firms are then statistically matched to the Employer Sponsored Insurance (ESI) data from the 2010 CEHBS, which contains additional information on the actuarial value of the health plans offered. e matched dataset is used to create synthetic firms consisting of workers and their families, who then choose to participate in different aspects of the ACA, such as taking up coverage or dropping coverage. ese decisions, once made by the firm and linked...
8/30/2018 2:01:13 AM +00:00
Body composition in the elderly: Reference values and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy to predict total body skeletal muscle mass
How well older people make economic decisions is an important issue for social policy. Since wealth tends to accumulate over one’s lifetime, a large portion is in the hands of older people. Both long-term trends (increased longevity) and short-term trends (baby booms) mean that increasing proportions of the population are older and retired. Also, older people are more likely to vote than young people are, so they may have disproportionate political influence. It is conceivable that our scientific model of economic decision making, so heavily rooted in studies of 20-year-old students, is a misleading guide to the behavior of older people....
8/30/2018 2:01:13 AM +00:00
Predictors of elderly persons’ quality of life and health practices in Nigeria
We studied four types of decisions with a potential for age effects. One feature of wisdom, which presumably is acquired over a lifetime, is meta-knowledge, accurately knowing one’s own knowledge and abilities.We assessed this through self-reported confidence on answers to trivia questions. A common stereotype of older people is that they are “conservative, dislike taking risk, and are set in their ways”. We tested this stereotype using choices over monetary gambles similar to those performed by psychologists and biologists; the monetary gambles include incomplete and complete information designs (i.e., where probabilities are known ex ante or unknown)....
8/30/2018 2:01:13 AM +00:00
Coping with ageing and failing health: A qualitative study among elderly living alone
A third group of experiments explored possible differences in willingness to pay and willingness to accept. In these experiments, the choices involved valuations of everyday objects (e.g. a coffee mug). It has been suggested that observed differences are due to an asymmetry of preferences between losses and gains that might be exacerbated by age. Finally, both younger and older subjects participated in beauty contest games, in which strategic thinking plays a central role. In each case, the experiments were taken from the literature allowing us to focus on age differences rather than on theories behind the experiments....
8/30/2018 2:01:13 AM +00:00
HOW TO BEAT THE HEAT FOR A SAFE SUMMER
As other populations of older adults (e.g. individuals with Parkinson disease or other ailments or people in assisted living arrangements) may be more difficult to study,we chose a population of healthy high-functioning individuals for our first attempt to study decision making in the elderly. Each subject completed an individually administered interview, involving a written questionnaire and several interactive tasks. On average, subjects of both populations took 50 min to complete the interview. For all areas of the investigation involving monetary rewards, real cash was used. This method of collecting data is expensive, but for many populations of older adults living outside of retirement communities, individual interviews may be a necessary...
8/30/2018 2:01:13 AM +00:00
Trends in Causes of Death Among the Elderly
Fat tissue may increase toward the centre of the body, including around the abdominal organs. The loss of muscle mass in the legs and changes in body shape can affect her balance, leading to falls. A woman may appear shorter as she ages. This height loss is related to aging changes in the bones, muscles, and joints. Women typically lose about 1 cm (0.4 inches) every 10 years after age 40. Height loss is even greater after 70 years old. In total, she may lose 1 to 3 inches in height in rest of her life. Women usually gain weight...
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00
Aging of the Respiratory System: Impact on Pulmonary Function Tests and Adaptation to Exertion
Age-related hearing loss or presbycusis is mainly caused by changes in the inner ear. However, your genes and loud noises (such as from rock concerts or music headphones) may play a large role. Initially there is difficulty in hearing high-frequency sounds, such as someone talking. As hearing gets worse, it may become difficult to hear sounds at lower pitches. Hearing aids Telephone amplifiers and other assistive devices may be helpful. A cochlear implant (Surgery) may be recommended for certain women with very severe hearing loss. The implant makes sounds seem louder, but does not restore normal hearing....
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00
Medication Safety for the Elderly: A Guide for Patients and Caregivers
The bones lose calcium and other minerals especially in women after menopause. The trunk becomes shorter as the gel-like cushions or intervertebral disks, between each spine bone (vertebrae) gradually lose fluid and become thinner along with gradual loss of mineral content of vertebrae itself, making each vertebra thinner. As a result, the spinal column becomes curved and compressed (packed together). The foot arches become less pronounced, contributing to a slight loss of height. The arms and legs look longer when compared with the shortened trunk. Bones become more brittle and may break more easily. The joints become stiffer and less...
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00
Impact of chronic disease on quality of life among the elderly in the state of São Paulo, Brazil: a population-based study
After 40 the muscle fibbers shrink and replaced slowly with a tough fibrous tissue.Muscle changes often begin in the 40s in women. Lipofuscin (an age-related pigment) and fat are deposited in muscle tissue. This is most noticeable in the hands, which may appear thin and bony. Muscles may become rigid with age and may lose tone, even with regular exercise. Loss of muscle mass reduces strength which contributes to fatigue, weakness, and reduced activity tolerance. Exercise is one of the best ways to slow or prevent problems with the muscles, joints, and bones....
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00
A Review of Approaches to Mobility Telemonitoring of the Elderly in Their Living Environment
Evidence of increasing age includes wrinkles and sagging skin. Aging skin appears thinner, more pale, and clear (translucent). Thus, skin is at higher risk for injury. Large pigmented spots (called age spots, liver spots, or lentigos) may appear in sun-exposed areas. The blood vessels of the skin become more fragile. This leads to bruising, bleeding under the skin. Women’s skin gradually produces less oil beginning after menopause. This can make it harder to keep the skin moist, resulting in dryness and itchiness. The sweat glands produce less sweat. This makes it harder to keep cool, and they are at increased...
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00
Meeting the Health Care Needs of Elderly Métis Women in Buffalo Narrows, Saskatchewan
Due to decreasing muscle tone the jowls may begin to sag, leading to a double chin. Nose may lengthens slightly and may look more prominent. The ears may lengthen slightly in some women. The eyebrows and eyelashes become gray. The skin around the eyelids becomes loose and wrinkled, often making a crow's feet pattern. The eye socket loses some of its fat pads, making the eyes look sunken and limiting eye movement. The lower eyelids may appear baggy, and drooping eyelids are fairly common. The outer surface of the eye (cornea) may develop a grayish-white ring called arcus corneus or...
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00
Health for Elderly Women
Breasts lose tissue and subcutaneous fat, reducing breast size and fullness. Most of the mammary glands are replaced by fat tissue so make the breast less firm. Nipple may turn in slightly. The area surrounding the nipple (the areola) becomes smaller and may nearly disappear. Lumps are common around the time of menopause. Breast cancer risk increases with age. Women should perform monthly breast self-examinations and should also talk to their health care provider about mammograms (Breast scans). Changes in the Vision Aging eyes produce fewer tears. The cornea becomes less sensitive, so injuries may not be noticed. By the time someone...
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00
Health related quality of life among the elderly: a population-based study using SF-36 survey
As life expectancy continues to rise, one of the greatest challenges of public health is to improve the quality of later years of life. The aim of this present study was to analyze the quality of life profile of the elderly across different demographic and socioeconomic factors. A cross-sectional study was carried out in two stages, involving 1,958 individuals aged 60 years or more. Health related quality of life (HRQOL) was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire. The lowest scores were found among measures for vitality, mental health and general health and the highest among factors including social functioning and role limitations due to emotional and physical factors. HRQOL was found to be worse among...
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00
Endurance training does not enhance total energy expenditure in healthy elderly persons
Sharpness of vision (visual acuity) gradually declines and eventually bifocals are need. One may be less able to tolerate glare, and may have more trouble adapting to darkness or bright light. The fluid inside eye may change. Small particles can create floaters in the vision not a dangerous condition. However if someone suddenly develop floaters or have a rapid increase in the number of them, she should have checked her eyes by a professional. Common eye disorders in the elderly include cataracts (progressive opacification and hardening of the lens of the eye, glaucoma (increased pressure in the eye, if left untreated may...
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00
OCCUPATION IN LIFESTYLE REDESIGN: THE WELL ELDERLY STUDY OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY PROGRAM
The ovaries stop releasing eggs (ova), and menstrual periods stop (Menopause). Most women experience menopause around age of 45 to 50. Prior to menopause, menstrual cycles often become irregular. The vaginal walls become less elastic, thinner, and less rigid. The vagina becomes shorter. Secretions become scant and watery. The external genital tissue decreases and thins (atrophy of the labia). A woman may experience changes in her sex drive (libido) and her sexual response may change, but aging does not prevent a woman from being able to have or enjoy sexual relationships. The pubic muscles lose tone, and the vagina, uterus, or...
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00
Personalized Mobile Health Monitoring for Elderly
Theoretical development in the area of health change in an older population began with the realization that the rapid mortality decline among the old beginning in the late 1960s could be linked to important population health consequences (15, 75). Fries (36) generated some of the interest in trends in health with his promotion of the idea that there was an ongoing “compression of morbidity.” His assertion rested on assumptions that mortality at the older ages would reach a limit beyond which there could be no further decline and that there was an ongoing increase in the age of disability onset. Under these conditions, there would be a...
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00
FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION DISTINGUISHES MCI PATIENTS FROM HEALTHY ELDERLY PEOPLE - THE ADCS/MCI/ADL SCALE
This discussion first reviews early theoretical clarifications of how population health change is linked to reduction in mortality at older ages. We briefly discuss evidence of trends prior to recent decades, subsequent understanding of trends from empirical models of health, and developments in understanding the dimensions of health and the process of health change for an aging population. Recent trends in each dimension of health are then reviewed, ending with a discussion of trends in healthy life, which is a combination of mortality and morbidity dimensions....
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00
TRENDS IN THE HEALTH OF THE ELDERLY
Interest in trends in the health of the elderly has become widespread in recent years. Until about two decades ago, trends in mortality were assumed to provide a good indicator of the health of the elderly, and because mortality was decreasing fairly steadily, it was assumed that health was improving. Subsequently, both researchers and policy makers have come to understand that health is a multidimensional concept and that trends in mortality do not necessarily represent trends in all other dimensions of health; and, in fact, change in all dimensions does not have to be similar....
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00
Access to Food and Health Information among Elderly People Living in Germany and the United Kingdom
This optimistic view of Fries was replacing a pessimistic view, termed the failure of success, expressed earlier by Gruenberg (38). This view, also based on limited evidence, felt that the extension of life for persons with chronic conditions, without a reduction in the incidence of these conditions,would lead to deterioration in population health. Manton (48) proposed a position somewhere between the two outlined above. His view, termed dynamic equilibrium, hypothesized that the severity and rate of progression of chronic disease would be related to mortality changes so that, with mortality reduction, there would also be a reduction in the rate of the deterioration of the vital organ systems...
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00
Dry mouth and its effects on the oral health of elderly people
The above theoretical discussions have been useful in clarifying that one needs to use a basic epidemiological approach in thinking about the relationship between trends in different aspects of health. Mortality is a dynamic process that removes people from the population at a faster or slower rate over time. The number or proportion of people who are not healthy in a population is an indicator of population health—or a stock measure—at a point in time. This indicator is affected by a number of dynamic processes: the age-specific onset rates of unhealthy conditions, the rate of health deterioration of people with these conditions, and the likelihood that Annu. Rev....
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00
Family Support and Health Status of Elderly People: A Case Study of District Gujrat, Pakistan
The theoretical approaches described above were developed without reference to empirical findings. Initial examinations of empirical health trends indicated that the trends differed when different aspects of health were examined and that some indicators showed improving health and some deteriorating health. For instance, Verbrugge (76) noted that from 1972 to 1981 there were increases in reported disease presence and disability, yet improvements in self-reported health.Anumber of researchers from a variety of countries noted that the 1970s were a period of decreasing mortality and increasing disability....
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00
ORAL AND GENERAL HEALTH INDICATOR S FOR LEBANESE ELDERLY IN ORAL SURVEYS: REVIEW ARTICLE
To begin, at the left of the figure, trends in risk factors or biological markers such as cholesterol and other lipids, weight, and indicators of insulin regulation are separate markers of underlying health and population propensity to disease. At the population level, the age of onset of these factors generally precedes the onset of related diseases like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The second box includes diseases, conditions, and impairments. Sometimes it is difficult to separate diseases from conditions that may or may not have a clear disease process and may or may not have associated impairment. Cognitive deterioration is not always linked to a recognized disease process, and...
8/30/2018 2:01:12 AM +00:00