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The evolution of e-learning practices at the University of Tehran: A case study

E-Learning is a new educational paradigm in the age of information technology. These days, most universities worldwide consider e-learning as a strategic asset to make education accessible to everyone. The current paper evaluates the e-learning programs at the University of Tehran from an organizational point of view, and seeks to realize how it evolved over time and adapted to the changing environment. Using a qualitative method, this study draws a comprehensive picture of e-learning events and challenges in different phases, as well as their impacts in multiple aspects. The evolution also shows a gradual decentralization in the administration processes and the transformed elearning programs from a standalone effort into teamwork at the enterprise level.

11/29/2019 6:09:22 AM +00:00

The effects of perceived usefulness, confirmation and satisfaction on continuance intention in using massive open online course (MOOC)

Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) has been playing an important role in the latest e-learning initiative and has obtained a widespread popularity in many universities. However, the low course completion rates of students have become an outstanding issue that should not be neglected. Based on the Expectation-Confirmation Model (ECM), this study examines the effects of students’ perceived usefulness, confirmation and satisfaction on MOOC continuance intention. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to validate the proposed model and hypotheses. Participants were 368 undergraduate students enrolled in a MOOC platform. The study’s result revealed that confirmation has significant effects on students’ perceived usefulness and satisfaction. Perceived usefulness and satisfaction have significant effects on students’ continuance intention while perceived usefulness has no significant effects on students’ satisfaction. This study will help to outspread our understanding of what influence students to continue using MOOC.

11/29/2019 6:08:55 AM +00:00

The effects of a new virtual learning platform on improving student skills in designing and producing online virtual laboratories

The expanding use of virtual learning applications in educational institutions requires educators to enhance their skills in the design and production of these applications. A novel VLP was proposed in this study to cultivate students’ skills in designing and producing online virtual laboratories (OVLs). To examine the effects of the VLP, thirty Year-4 undergraduate students majoring in educational technology participated in this study using a pre- and post-test design. The data were collected using online instruments; an achievement test, a performance observation card, a product evaluation card, and a usability questionnaire. The results showed that the proposed VLP was effective in increasing student knowledge and practical skills required to design and produce an OVL. Students found the VLP to be a comfortable way for learning relevant knowledge and skills.

11/29/2019 6:08:43 AM +00:00

The digital Dalton Plan: Progressive education as integral part of web-based learning environments

e-Learning systems increasingly support learning management and self-organized learning processes. Since the latter have been studied in the field of progressive education extensively, it is worthwhile to consider them for developing digital learning environments to support self-regulated learning processes. In this paper we aim at transforming one of the most prominent and sustainable approaches to self-organized learning, the “Dalton Plan” as proposed by Helen Parkhurst. Its assignment structure supports learners when managing their learning tasks, thus triggering self-organized acquisition of knowledge, and its feedback graphs enable transparent learning processes. Since e-learning environments have become common use, rather than creating another system, we propose a modular approach that can be used for extending existing e-learning environments. In order to design a respective component, we interviewed experts in self-organized e-learning. Their input facilitated integrating the Dalton Plan with existing features of e-learning environments. After representing each interview in concept maps, we were able to aggregate them for deriving e-learning requirements conform to the Dalton Plan instruments. In the course of implementing them, particular attention had to be paid to the asynchrony of interaction during runtime. Java Server Faces technology enable the Dalton Plan component to be migrated into existing web 2.0 e-learning platforms. The result was evaluated based on the acquired concept maps, as they also captured the transformation process of the Dalton Plan to e-learning features.

11/29/2019 6:08:15 AM +00:00

Taking the show on the road: In-situ clinical simulations’ role in promoting teamwork

Clinical simulations are designed to increase communication and experience among all members of the healthcare team in a low stakes environment. In this study we investigate the current application of in-situ simulation for training and educational purposes at the University of Virginia Health System. One factor we examined includes the impact of the level of fidelity of the simulator on clinician experience. We also looked at the ability to document the situation and if generational differences exist among participants that determine their engagement. We examined types of data collection and examine what data might be useful to collect to determine if simulation improves patient outcomes. We interviewed several facilitators of this approach to divine its applicability to staff education and the potential impact on patient safety. We discovered several key themes including: levels of fidelity, generational differences in acceptance of simulation, difficulties in documentation in the scenario, improvement in communication and the difficulties in quantifying success. Implications included that the level of fidelity is less important than ensuring that the level of fidelity used is matched to the educational objectives and that the scenario created be supported and realistic.

11/29/2019 5:52:24 AM +00:00

Suggestions for teacher education from concept mapping studies

In order to enhance primary and secondary education, teaching and learning methods need to be continuously developed as well as, of course, promote teaching quality dependent on teacher personality, teacher professional development, teacher self-development, etc. Teacher professional development gives the novice teacher access to a wide set of teaching methods and assessment opportunities, especially geared to flexible learning and assessment methods, which can be considered for adoption. One such flexible method is the use of concept mapping. This article describes the results of several studies, where concept mapping method was used, giving many didactical suggestions for using concept mapping for learning and especially for assessment. Additionally, considerations are introduced on using concept maps as a research instrument.

11/29/2019 5:52:12 AM +00:00

Students’ activities in, perceptions of and expectations for elearning: A case in Indonesia

In this study, 52 students in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia used an e-learning system to study a chemistry topic. Students’ e-learning activities were recorded, and their perceptions and expectations regarding e-learning were determined via an open-ended questionnaire after the study. There were more students who perceived e-learning as a difficult system to use than those who found it suitable. Most students did only few quizzes and spent less time on e-learning materials. Low activity in e-learning was related to conventional classroom instruction that had been accustomed practice and to the difficulty of reading materials on the screen. This study found students’ expectations for elearning in terms of design, content, and learning atmosphere. First, it is important to design a readable website by choosing the best line length, line height, font style, font size, and font-background color combination. Next, the provision of instructional videos and pictures, comprehensive resources and worked-out examples would develop students’ self-confidence to learn through e-learning. Lastly, social features namely synchronous discussion forum and display of online users were noted to sustain students’ interest in e-learning.

11/29/2019 5:51:58 AM +00:00

Student motivation and achievement in learning English as a second language using Second Life

This study investigates the impact of a 3D virtual learning environment based on Second Life on student motivation and achievement in learning English as a second language. Twenty-one university students participate in this study, with the support of an English instructor. The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) was used to evaluate students’ intrinsic and extrinsic goal orientation and self-efficacy in Second Life. The pre-test and post-test were used to assess students’ learning achievement. The results showed that students’ intrinsic and extrinsic goal orientations in English learning in Second Life had a positive influence on their self-efficacy. In addition, students’ self-efficacy of English learning in Second Life was found to positively relate to their learning achievement. Moreover, students’ intrinsic and extrinsic goal orientations were found to significantly influence their learning achievement via self-efficacy. In other words, instructors can utilize Second Life to enhance student motivation and achievement in English learning.

11/29/2019 5:51:45 AM +00:00

Social media for informal science learning in China: A case study

This article reports a case study on a popular informal science learning community via social media in China, named GuoKr (meaning “nutshell” in English). Data were collected through a variety of Chinese social media and social networking sites, web-based community portals, and discussion boards. Content analyses and data mining were conducted to investigate how GuoKr successfully attracted and engaged public in informal learning on scientific topics in particular. The study found three key characteristics that contributed to the success of such learning communities: (a) utilizing a variety of social media to empower participants with just-in-time, accidental learning opportunities; (b) daily tweets related to emerging or ongoing social events or hot topics to provide brief but intriguing knowledge “bites”, which often leads to extended readings and related resources; and (c) the integration of social media and traditional face-to-face local events to engage the public in science-related learning and knowledge sharing. Practical and research implications are discussed with suggestions for future research as related to ubiquitous learning communities for informal science learning.

11/29/2019 5:51:18 AM +00:00

Seeking a potential system in managing organizational knowledge flow towards enhancing individual learning and intellectual capital

The knowledge-based economy of today heralds an era where the business environment is characterized by complex and ever-changing conditions, driven by rapid technological advancements. With knowledge regarded as the main competitive resource, continuous learning becomes critical to firms as they try to keep up with the latest technology and business practices. Moreover, knowledge resides within individual employees, and the challenge is to ensure that knowledge is acquired, applied, and shared to benefit the firm. The situation becomes more complex when it is established that there exists different human capital in firms at any one time, differentiated based on the types of knowledge they contribute to the firm. Further, scant literature exists on the relationship dynamics between the different human capital groups and their influences on individual learning. This paper aims to propose a potential system to manage interaction between the different human capital groups within firms, and its link to enhancing different types of individual learning and intellectual capital.

11/29/2019 5:50:51 AM +00:00

Roles and strategies of learning analytics in the epublication era

E-books have been introduced to educational institutions in many countries. The use of e-books in traditional classrooms enables the recording of learning logs. Recently, researchers have begun to carry out learning analytics on the learning logs of e-books. However, there has been limited attention devoted to understanding the types of learning strategies that students employ when they read e-books. In this paper, using e-book learning logs, we examine the learning strategies that students employed when reading e-books. In this paper, we will introduce how to identify learning strategies from e-book learning logs with two case studies. One is “Identifying Learning Strategies Using Clustering” and the other is “Examining Learning Strategies Using Sequential Analysis.”

11/29/2019 5:50:39 AM +00:00

Remediation of print: On the current restructuration of higher education

The educational establishment was built and structured on a communication pattern at the core of the Gutenberg Galaxy that combines the spoken word with printed and handwritten resources. The current digitization of text is a pacesetter for retooling the workplace in the industries of signs, for replacing skills on a broad scale and for developing new formal and informal social relationships. In addition to technological developments, a strong driver of this process is the cost of the mainly manual modes of academic operation. Core inhibitors to change are century-old traditions embedded in brick-and-mortar institutions, the impossibility of enforcing industrial-type organization on knowledge work and an elitist and scholastic bent in the academic concept of self. The field is thus in need of a new Grammar of Schooling that reflects technologically and socially driven participation modes that better address educational needs and cost considerations. The educational institution is challenged to develop a new logic of production in its educational mission.

11/29/2019 5:50:26 AM +00:00

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the students’ perceptions to the use of 3D electronic models in problembased learning

Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Hong Kong has introduced innovative blended problem-based learning (PBL) with the aid of 3D electronic models (e-models) to Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) curriculum. Statistical results of pre- and post-semester questionnaire surveys illustrated compatibility of e-models in PBL settings. The students’ importance ratings of two objectives “Complete assigned tasks on time” and “Active listener”, and twenty-two facilitator evaluation items including critical thinking and group problemsolving skills had increased significantly. The students’ PBL preparation behavior, attentions to problem understanding, problem analysis, and learning resource quality were also found to be related to online support of e-models and its software. Qualitative analysis of open-ended questions with visual text analytic software “Leximancer” improved validity of statistical results. Using e-model functions in treatment planning, problem analysis and giving instructions provided a method of informative communication.

11/29/2019 5:50:13 AM +00:00

Press learning: The potential of podcasting through pause, record, play and stop

Podcasts are entering their second decade. However, this article does not present a chronological narrative of this history or focus groups exploring their effectiveness. Instead, this paper probes the enlivening capacity of podcasting when inserted into the much wider discourse of sonic media. My research probes the impact on teaching and learning when cutting away four of our five senses to focus on auditory culture, sonic media, hearing and listening. This research shows the value of ‘blind listening,’ cutting away the eyes and visual literacy, to activate more complex modes of learning.

11/29/2019 5:49:42 AM +00:00

Pedagogical design for knowledge creating inquiry in customer projects

Two higher education courses involving students, teachers, and customers in multifaceted experiences of knowledge creation are described. The Trialogical Learning Approach (TLA) provides a theoretical framework to address learning and teaching organized around authentic problems and the development of shared knowledge objects, such as reports, products, and new practices. The approach directs attention to those aspects of social interaction and artifact-mediated activities, which focus on the development of shared objects and the pursuit of novel knowledge and understanding.

11/29/2019 5:49:12 AM +00:00

Introducing blended learning in the English language classroom: Students’ attitudes and perceptions before and after the course

The increased demands for foreign language learning and the dwindling number of contact hours have urged teachers to look for innovative methods of instruction such as blended learning (BL). A study was conducted at a Russian university (The National Research University Higher School of Economics) in order to explore the attitudes and perceptions of the students toward blended learning in the English language classroom. The research instruments were tests and questionnaires administered to students before and after the course. The online portion of the course was realized through the corporate learning management system (LMS). The study revealed a noticeable evolution in students’ perceptions and attitudes towards using blended learning in foreign language instruction. This shift and the consequential outcomes of the study are discussed.

11/29/2019 5:48:02 AM +00:00

Một nghiên cứu thí điểm về việc thực hiện một khóa học điện tử cho giáo dục lâm sàng trong y học miệng

This study presents the process of implementing an e-learning course for clinical education in oral medicine and examines its impact on students’ knowledge and satisfaction. Thirty six (39.6%) fifth-year undergraduate students participated in the study. Every week before their clinical practice, students studied relevant e-learning materials and completed an assessment test. At the end of the semester, students’ knowledge and attitudes towards elearning were assessed by the knowledge test and anonymous questionnaire. Students who had access to the e-learning course had significantly better knowledge than students who did not have access to the e-learning course. Exposure to the e-learning course contributed to a better understanding of oral medicine curriculum, increased confidence with oral medicine patients and easier participation in oral medicine clinical practice.

11/29/2019 5:47:36 AM +00:00

Moroccan higher education students’ and teachers’ perceptions towards using Web 2.0 technologies in language learning and teaching

The objective of this paper is to examine Moroccan higher education students’ and teachers’ perceptions and attitudes towards using Web 2.0 technologies in language learning and teaching. The results of the study revealed that all the informants were immersed in using these Internet-based applications for personal and educational purposes. Nevertheless, while language learners reported to make beneficial uses of these online platforms as language learning tools, the great majority of the interviewed faculty members did not really benefit from these platforms. Although language teachers acknowledged that Web 2.0 technologies had a positive impact on language teaching and learning, most of them were still reluctant to incorporate these tools in educational practice. The findings demonstrated that most teachers’ use of these applications was limited to sending or transferring web links and learning materials produced by other Internet users. Rather than making effective use of Web 2.0 technologies and applications as teaching facilities, most teachers used them only as a means of communication.

11/29/2019 5:47:24 AM +00:00

Mobile-based system for cost-effective e-learning contents delivery in resource and bandwidth constrained learning environments

In this paper, we investigate the use of mobile technology to sustainably support education and skills development particularly in developing countries. Specifically, we propose a Cost-effective Mobile Based Learning Content Delivery system for resource and network constrained environments. This system can be applied to cost-effectively broaden and support education in many cities around the world, which are approaching the 'Smart City' concept in their own way, even with less available technology infrastructure. Therefore, the proposed solution has the potential to reduce the cost of the bandwidth usage, and cut down the server workload and the Internet usage overhead by synchronizing learning contents from some remote server to a local database in the user’s device for offline use. It will also improve the quality of experience and participation of learners as well as facilitate mobility and portability in learning activities, which also supports the all-compassing learning experience in a Smart City.

11/29/2019 5:47:12 AM +00:00

Microlearning: Knowledge management applications and competency-based training in the workplace

The focus of this article is a threefold discussion on microlearning 1) how microlearning best practices facilitate knowledge acquisition in the workplace by engaging and motivating employees through short, personalized, just-in-time learning, 2) ways microlearning integrates with knowledge management applications through situational mentoring, and 3) how competency-based microlearning, via subscription learning, is both an innovative approach to e-learning and an asset to learning organizations focused on improving the performance of their employees.

11/29/2019 5:46:47 AM +00:00

Measuring the moderating influence of gender on the acceptance of e-book amongst mathematics and statistics students at universities in Libya

The success of using any types of technology in education depends on a large extent of the acceptance of information technology (IT) by students. Therefore, understanding the factors influencing the acceptance of electronic book (e-book) is essential for decision-makers and those interested in the ebook industry. Based on an extended technology acceptance model (TAM), this paper examines the impact of some factors on the students’ behavioural intention (BI) toward adoption of the e-book in mathematics and statistics. This paper also investigates the effect of gender differences on the relationship between the factors affecting the acceptance of e-book. A self-administered survey was used to collect data from 392 mathematics and statistics undergraduate students. The research model has shown that the factors related to the social factor and users’ characteristics are the critical factors that affect the acceptance of the e-book.

11/29/2019 5:46:30 AM +00:00

Measuring influence of internationalized universities on smart city development in terms of human capital and urban aspects

The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between the amount of international students in Russian universities with the positive changes that occur in a Russian student’s human capital, and their neighbourhood areas, especially in public spaces. We aim to support the hypothesis that a network of “internationalized” universities serves as a revitalization measure for a city, facilitating the development of its surrounding areas, and reducing political and social risks within a society. Research methods for gathering data are: deductive trend search, which uses a literature review from leading academic journals and the empirical study based on the created questionnaire. This questionnaire forms a dataset which consists of a number of master courses held in English from one of the leading Russian universities based in Moscow. In this paper, we explain the research design and the results of a long-term project which we expect to complete in Russia in 2016.

11/29/2019 5:46:17 AM +00:00

Math on a sphere: Making use of public displays in mathematics and programming education

Science on a Sphere (SoS) is a compelling educational display installed at numerous museums and planetariums around the world; essentially the SoS display is a large spherical surface on which multicolor high-resolution depictions of (e.g.) planetary weather maps may be depicted. Fascinating as the SoS display is, however, it is in practice restricted to the use of museum professionals; students (and for that matter, older museum visitors) are unable to create their own displays for the surface. This paper describes a working software system, Math on a Sphere (MoS), that democratizes the SoS display by providing a simple programming interface to the public, over the World Wide Web. Briefly, our system allows anyone to write programs for spherical graphics patterns, and then to upload those programs at a planetarium or museum site and see the result on the giant sphere. This paper describes the implementation of the MoS system; sketches a sample project; and concludes with a more wide-ranging discussion of our user testing to date, as well as strategies for empowering children and students with greater control of public displays.

11/29/2019 5:46:05 AM +00:00

Mapping the emotional journey of teaching

This paper will explore the use of Novakian concept mapping as a means of visualising and tracing the range of emotions inherent within any teaching experience. It will focus in particular on its use within higher education, where the presence of emotion has traditionally been disregarded or seemingly suppressed. The example of undergraduate teaching of the law degree will be used as an area where the role of emotion is particularly undertheorised. This paper will assess the effectiveness of concept mapping as a tool to enable academics to explicitly acknowledge, and reflect upon, the existence of emotion, both in terms of their individual teaching experiences, their collective teaching journey through a course or qualification and their students’ learning journey. It will also consider how use of this technique at a collective level could identify areas of pedagogic frailty, which may arise due to the misinterpreting, mishandling or suppression of emotion. The various opportunities and challenges arising from this application of concept mapping techniques will be discussed, drawing on a small, empirical pilot study, and leading to the conclusion that it has a useful and significant role to play within an emerging field of enquiry.

11/29/2019 5:45:49 AM +00:00

Making connections and building resilience: Developing workshops with undergraduates

While defining resilience is recognised as complex with recent research highlighting the disparity of interpretations, there is however, a common appreciation of the wide range of contributory factors impacting on students’ resilience within the Higher Education sector. These can include but are not limited to, an increasingly competitive environment for graduate jobs, increased financial pressure from student tuition fees, alongside the more traditional concerns of moving away from home and transitioning towards greater independence. Building on previous research at the University of Surrey with high achieving students, this paper outlines the development and delivery of a student focused workshop designed to enable the participants to build their understanding of resilience using different but complementary pedagogic approaches: LEGO® SERIOUS PLAY® and Concept Mapping. The case study included within this paper demonstrates one student’s reflection of the workshop and previous experiences which have contributed to their own resilience. What has become apparent at the University of Surrey, and more broadly within the UK Higher Education sector, is that universities have a vital role to play in fostering positive mindsets amongst students and developing strong and resilient independent learners.

11/29/2019 5:45:35 AM +00:00

Longitudinal analysis of cognitive constructs fostered by STEM activities for middle school students

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the changes found to occur pre- to post intervention in students' cognitive structures continued to persist two years later. Major findings were: 1) higher-order STEM-related constructs established during the treatment year tended to persist two years later, even as component dispositions varied, and 2) gender differences in level of persistence emerged in only one of the four higher-order constructs identified. For the participants taken as a whole, perceptions of science and STEM as a career became more aligned with interest in being a scientist, from pretest to posttest time during the treatment year and continued to be aligned two years later. Perception of engineering moved from alignment with science and STEM as a career at time 1, to alignment with perception of technology and creative tendencies after the treatment year, at time 2, and remained aligned with technology two years later, at time 3. Perception of mathematics was separated from the other constructs during the pre-post treatment year and remained largely separated two years later. One subscale of the career interest survey focusing on working with others to make the world a better place through science, separated from other career interest subscales and became its own higher-order construct at time 2, and still remained on its own at time 3. Data mining techniques as well as higher-order factor analysis were used to identify changes in relationships among these and other constructs over time.

11/29/2019 5:45:20 AM +00:00

Leveraging teamwork by Google+ in a lifelong learning perspective

The current affordances of ubiquitous global connections, of a large number of open resources, and of social and professional networks may boost innovation in open-minded organisations through their personnel’s empowerment. Lifelong and ubiquitous learning, cloud computing and smart working frameworks are the pillars of the change that is replacing the traditional work model and transforming the way crowds of people communicate, collaborate, teamwork, produce value and growth for the entities of which they are part. All this directly involves the smart city concept. The “cloudworker” virtually works, learns and socially participates effectively from anywhere anytime, and comfortably interacts in a knowledge society built on networked ecologies. Cloud teamwork applications, such as Google+ can be, enable teams to be more productive and organisations to devote more time to their core mission. Social networking and collaboration technologies draw renewed attention on the evidence that organisations are social entities above all; as such, they can turn into whole systems of leadership and learning, that is high-performance work systems. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Google+ as a leveraging teamwork tool in learning organisations. Results show that technology is not only a means of social exchange, but it turns into the joint design of learning and organisational strategies, and into the growth of learning communities.

11/29/2019 5:45:07 AM +00:00

Leveraging open-source technology and adapting open eLearning content to improve the knowledge and motivation of Ghana’s rural nurses

Access to training opportunities is strongly correlated with health workers’ motivation because it enables health workers to take on more challenging duties. Mobile technology can be leveraged for professional development support by providing access to open education resources. Community Health Nurses (CHNs) in Ghana are the frontline health workers of the Ghana Health Service (GHS) and play a vital role in extending maternal and child health care to rural communities. However, as the lowest credentialed nurses, they are at the bottom of the GHS hierarchy. CHNs have limited opportunities for career advancement and report challenges with isolation and lack of resources. Leveraging open-source technology platforms and open eLearning content, the Care Community Hub (CCH) project sought to address these barriers in CHN motivation by developing and deploying a mobile application (app), CHN on the Go, to CHNs in five rural districts. The app supports CHNs through tools for continuous learning, diagnostic decisionmaking, and improved nurse-supervisor interactions. This paper focuses on the adaptation and use of the open eLearning content to address CHNs’ motivation challenges and, ultimately, improve their knowledge and job performance as a result of having access to open education resources.

11/29/2019 5:44:53 AM +00:00

Lessons learned from developing online training for humanitarians

A comprehensive online learning programme with more than 200 courses was built by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies between starting with 2009 and 2015, offering development opportunities to the Red Cross and Red Crescent (RCRC) volunteers and staff to broaden their understanding, to strengthen their organisations, and to be better prepared in providing humanitarian aid. While it is difficult to say to what extent factors such as training, job mentoring, and induction programmes contribute to job performance and to an organisation’s efficiency, it is certain that staff and volunteers willing to undertake courses are more open to transformative and creative approaches, more prepared to tackle with new challenges, more likely to have a stock of knowledge and competencies broader than their own specialisation. Learning and “knowing to learn” are conditions for competitiveness and high performance.

11/29/2019 5:44:41 AM +00:00

Learning paradigms in workplace e-learning research

The objective of this paper is to explore the discourses of learning that are actualized in workplace e-learning. It aims to understand how learning is defined in research within this field. The empirical material consists of academic research articles on e-learning in the workplace, published from 2000 to 2013. The findings are presented as four metaphors highlighting four overlapping time periods with different truth regimes: Celebration, Questioning, Reflection and Dissolution. It is found that learning as a phenomenon tends to be marginalized in relation to the digital technology used. Based on this, we discuss a proposal for a more critical and problematized approach to e-learning, and a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities for employees and organizations to acquire knowledge in the digital age.

11/29/2019 5:44:26 AM +00:00