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Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Chapter 4
4 Systematics and Taxonomy 1. Introduction Systematics may be defined as the study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and the relationships among them. Taxonomy, the theory and practice of identifying, describing, naming, and classifying organisms, is an integral part of systematics.
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Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Chapter 5
5 Apterygote Hexapods 1. Introduction Traditionally, the groups included in the term “apterygote hexapods,” namely, the Collembola, Protura, Diplura, and Thysanura (including Microcoryphia and Zygentoma), were considered orders of primitively wingless insects and placed in the subclass Apterygota (Ametabola).
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Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Chapter 6
6 Paleoptera 1. Introduction In the infraclass Paleoptera are the orders Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies), the living species of which represent the few remains of two formerly very extensive groups. Although both are placed in the Paleoptera, authorities disagree on whether the two orders are monophyletic.
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Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Chapter 7
7 The Plecopteroid, Blattoid, and Orthopteroid Orders 1. Introduction This chapter deals with the following 10 orders: Plecoptera, Embioptera, Dictyoptera, Isoptera, Grylloblattodea, Dermaptera, Phasmida, Orthoptera, Zoraptera, and the recently established Mantophasmatodea. Members of these orders can be distinguished from other exopterygotes.
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Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Chapter 8
8 The Hemipteroid Orders 1. Introduction The four orders (Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera) that constitute the hemipteroid group are united by the following features: specialized, usually suctorial, mouthparts; small anal lobe in hind wing; wing venation reduced; cerci absent; few Malpighian tubules.
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Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Chapter 9
9 The Panorpoid Orders 1. Introduction In this and the following chapter we shall deal with the endopterygote insects—those that have a distinct pupal instar in which the insect undergoes a drastic metamorphosis from the larval to the adult form.
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Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Chapter 10
10 The Remaining Endopterygote Orders 1. Introduction The six remaining endopterygote orders dealt with in this chapter are quite distinct from those that form the panorpoid complex. Of the six, the order Hymenoptera appears most isolated phylogenetically and is sometimes considered in a distinct superorder.
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Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Chapter 11
11 The Integument 1. Introduction The integument of insects (and other arthropods) comprises the basal lamina, epidermis, and cuticle. It is often thought of as the “skin” of an insect but it has many other functions (Locke, 1974). Not only does it provide physical protection for internal organs but, because of its rigidity, it serves as a skeleton.
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Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Chapter 12
12 Sensory Systems 1. Introduction Organisms constantly monitor and respond to changes in their environment (both external and internal) so as to maintain themselves under the most favorable conditions for growth and reproduction.
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Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Chapter 13
13 Nervous and Chemical Integration 1. Introduction Animals constantly monitor both their internal and their external environment and make the necessary adjustments in order to maintain themselves optimally and thus to develop and reproduce at the maximum rate.
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Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Chapter 14
14 Muscles and Locomotion 1. Introduction The ability to move is a characteristic of living animals and facilitates distribution, food procurement, location of a mate or egg-laying site, and avoidance of unsuitable conditions. Insects, largely through their ability to fly when adult, are among the most mobile and widely distributed of animals.
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Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Chapter 15
15 Gas Exchange 1. Introduction In all organisms gas exchange, the supply of oxygen to and removal of carbon dioxide from cells, depends ultimately on the rate at which these gases diffuse in the dissolved state. The diffusion rate is proportional to the surface area over which diffusion is occurring.
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Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Chapter 16
16 Food Uptake and Utilization 1. Introduction Insects feed on a wide range of organic materials. About 75% of all species are phytophagous, and these form an important link in the transfer of energy from primary producers to second-order consumers.
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 1
CHAPTER ONE Introduction arguably ranks as the single most important episode in the development of Earth’s marine biota. Diverse benthic communities with complex tiering, trophic webs, and niche partitioning, together with an elaborate pelagic realm.
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 2
CHAPTER TWO Recent revisions to the early Paleozoic time scale have been used to recalibrate ages assigned to stratigraphically dated paleomagnetic poles of that era. In particular, a value of 545 Ma has been used for the base of the Cambrian. Selected poles have then been used to derive apparent polar.
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 3
CHAPTER THREE Global paleogeographic world maps compiled for the late Vendian, Cambrian, and Early to Middle Ordovician bring together, possibly for the first time, a systematic and uniform overview of paleogeographic and facies distribution patterns for this interval.
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 4
CHAPTER FOUR A global overview of sediment patterns and accumulation rates, and carbon, strontium, and neodymium isotopes confirms that increasing rates of subsidence and uplift accompanied the dramatic radiation of animal life through the NeoproterozoicCambrian interval.
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 5
CHAPTER FIVE Climate Change at the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Transition Varangerian and lower Sinian glacial deposits are found in Argentina, Uruguay, Mato Grosso (Brazil), Namibia, Laurentia, and probably southern Brazil, which were all situated close together during Neoproterozoic-Cambrian times.
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 6
CHAPTER SIX Australian Early and Middle Cambrian Sequence Biostratigraphy with Implications for Species Diversity and Correlation This description of Lower and Middle Cambrian strata from the Stansbury, Arrowie, Amadeus, and Georgina basins combines elements of biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy.
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 7
CHAPTER SEVEN The Cambrian Radiation and the Diversification of Sedimentary Fabrics The Cambrian represents a pivotal point in the history of marine sedimentary rocks. Cambrian biofabrics that are directly a product of metazoans include ichnofabrics, shell beds, and constructional frameworks.
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 8
CHAPTER EIGHT Biotic Diversity and Structure During the Neoproterozoic-Ordovician Transition Diversity of 4,122 metazoan genera, 31 calcimicrobial genera, and 470 acritarch species are plotted for the Nemakit-Daldynian– early Tremadoc interval at zonal level.
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 9
CHAPTER NINE Ecology and Evolution of Cambrian Plankton Probable eukaryotic phytoplankton first appear in the fossil record in the Paleoproterozoic but undergo almost no morphologic change until the Early Cambrian. The radiation of diverse acanthomorphic phytoplankton in exact parallel with the Cambrian explosion of large animals.
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 10
CHAPTER TEN Evolution of Shallow-Water Level-Bottom Communities Features of Cambrian level-bottom communities that inhabited carbonate and siliciclastic substrates are outlined. A high diversity of level-bottom communities with multiple trophic guilds was established in the Early Cambrian.
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 11
CHAPTER ELEVEN Evolution of the Hardground Community Hardground communities first appeared in the late Middle Cambrian but they were not common before the Ordovician. Two factors had a major influence on the early development of hardgrounds and resulted in abrupt and rapid increase in hardground area.
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 12
CHAPTER TWELVE Ecology and Evolution of Cambrian Reefs The history of reef building through the Cambrian records the replacement of predominantly microbial communities by those in which sessile animals participated in construction, so heralding a new reef ecosystem with elaborate trophic webs, complex organism interactions
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 13
CHAPTER THIRTEEN Evolution of the Deep-Water Benthic Community Megascopic life evolved in the Archean with the buildup of stromatolitic mounds in shallow-water environments. By the Proterozoic, stromatolites had already extended down to well below fair-weather wave base.
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 14
CHAPTER FOURTEEN Sponges and coralomorphs were sessile epibenthic suspension feeders living in normal marine environments. Sponges with calcified skeletons, including archaeocyaths, mainly inhabited shallow to subtidal and intertidal domains, while other sponges occupied a variety of depths, including slopes.
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 15
CHAPTER FIFTEEN Molluskan diversification was a result of the adaptation of skeletonized forms to various habitats. The ecologic radiation of Cambrian skeletonized mollusks and their possible relatives led to the appearance of all trophic groups, many of them during the Cambrian: deposit feeders.
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 16
CHAPTER SIXTEEN Brachiopods All brachiopods are sessile benthic organisms; in feeding style they are ciliary suspension feeders. Cambrian brachiopods show several types of substrate relationships: pedicle-anchoring, free-lying, cemented epifaunal, infaunal.
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 17
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Ecologic Evolution of Cambrian Trilobites Skeletonized Cambrian trilobites are both varied and abundant and provide potential proxies for understanding the evolution of nonskeletonized arthropod groups. Soft- and hard-part morphology suggests that Cambrian Trilobita.
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