Tài liệu miễn phí Mỹ thuật

Purpose: To show, share, learn, and enjoy being with others who love to make dolls. Finding members: Often a colorful poster with a sign-up sheet, displayed in your local craft or fabric shop, will draw interested people. You might also place an invitation on your local newspaper's events page. Plan an exhibit of hand-made dolls at a shop or mall, and have a sign-up sheet available. Do not limit your group to people with only one dollmaking interest. Everyone will learn more in a diverse group: cloth, porcelain, and creative clay dollmaking. Size of group: The number of members...

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Fantasic Figures - CONSTRUCTING BODIES GENERAL

If there is a part of dollmaking I dislike, it is making the body. With most of my dolls, which begin as a set of sculpted parts, I have to do something to hook all the parts together. However, the structure while in progress just doesn't thrill me, but the process must be done, and done well, because I know that the body and the movement of the piece can make or ruin the doll as a completed and successful piece. The greatest sculpture and the most fantastic costuming will not amount to anything if they are hung on...

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Fantasic Figures - SCULPTING THE BODY HANDS

Three different types of hands are used in doll sculpture: human-like but abstracted; play doll, humanlike in proportion but smooth and static; character or realistic, part of the total expression of the character. In most cases, you will have already finished the head when you sculpt the hands. To make hands proportional to the head, there are two quick rules: from the bottom of the palm to the end of the middle finger will be as long as from the chin to just above the eyebrows; the nose will be about as wide as the index finger. ...

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Fantasic Figures - SCULPTING THE HEAD

Tài liệu tham khảo bằng tiếng Anh về hội họa - Fantasic Figures - SCULPTING THE HEAD

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Fantasic Figures - WIGGING

The most important fact to remember about doll hair is that a little bit goes a very long way. Human hair is an almost microscopic bit of thready material. If a human hair, fine as it is, fits a human head in scale, how thin does it have to be in scale on a doll? Right, at least three times smaller! That will be impossible. Therefore, what you need to remember is that human hair is likely to be too large for most dolls. For realism, you will need to work with mohair or acrylic roving. For larger dolls,...

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Figure Drawing - Beer and Deer

Bear characteristics: Large, powerful body; powerful limbs appear relatively short. Rear feet wide. Walks on sole and heel of rear foot and usually on digits of front foot. Five digits per limb with long, curved, nonretractile claws. Front claws longer than rear claws. Large head, small eyes. Small, round, erect, furry ears. Large canines; flat, grinding molars. Short tail. Arched back, high shoulder. Grizzly has most prominent shoulder hump and dished, slightly concave face (in profile). Can have very thick layer of fur. Grizzly and brown bear belong to the same species, but differ in geographical range and size....

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Figure Drawing - Bird Horns

Bird characteristics: Body always covered with feathers; feet (toes and usually tarsometatarsus) covered with scales (thickened skin). Aquatic birds have webbed toes. No teeth; horny beak. Lightweight skeleton in flying birds (many hollow bones), with keel on sternum for attachment of flight muscles (pectoral muscles). No keel in large flightless birds (ostrich, emu, rhea). Completely bony ribs (no rib cartilage). Clavicles fused into single bone, the furculum (wishbone). Numerous neck vertebrae (number varies by species) provide great neck flexibility. Some of the middle thoracic vertebrae fused in some species (chicken); posterior thoracic, all lumbar, and all sacral vertebrae fused into...

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Figure Drawing - Compostion

What to put into the drawing 2. How to arrange the elements in the drawing These two major decisions are the foundation of composition. From an artistic standpoint, composition means the arrangement or design of a picture. It is the process of selecting what to draw and then deciding how to draw it. In the last chapter, we covered posing the figure, which is an element of composition but does not take into account the rest of the picture area.

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Figure Drawing - Dog

Dog (canid) characteristics: Anatomy is the same in various domestic breeds and wild species—major difference is size and proportion (Dachshund to Great Dane). Typically with elongated skull—snout long and narrow (some domestic breeds have short muzzles). Large canines. Cheekteeth with sharp edges for shearing. Large, pointed ears—upright in all wild species and in many domestic breeds; hanging in some breeds. Deep chest (top to bottom); long, thin limbs. Five digits on front limb (thumb reduced), four on hind limb (big toe absent). Blunt, nonretractile claws. Walks on toes. Forearm does not rotate (pronate/supinate). Long, bushy tail usually in wild species....

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Figure Drawing - Domestic Phinoceros - Indian Elephant

Domestic pig characteristics: Domestic pig derived from European wild boar. Snout movable—specialized for digging roots and tubers from soil. Nostrils located at end of flattened nose. Tusk-like upper canines (larger in males) grow upward and outward. Lower canines grow upward and backward to fit against larger upper canines. Upper and lower canines rub against each other, usually producing sharp edges. Elongated skull has sloping profile. Long, pointed head, small eyes, long ears; short neck. Four digits per limb, only two middle digits functional; walks on toes. Hoofs on toes (reduced side toes have small hoofs). Domestic pig has stocky body...

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Figure Drawing - Dynamic Figure Drawing

Figure Artist brings a whole new dimension to posing a figure that would be nearly impossible in real life. With Figure Artist, the ability to catch an action pose is limitless. In real-life situations, about the best an artist can do is ask the model to perform an action and then try to capture the action with a camera, which is a haphazard approach at best. Figure 8.1 shows a pose taken from a model in Figure Artist that would be impossible for a live model to hold for more than a fraction of a second. This chapter deals with...

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Figure Drawing - Feline and Domestic Cat

Tài liệu tham khảo bằng tiếng Anh về hội họa - Figure Drawing - Feline and Domestic Cat

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Figure Drawing - Figure Anatomy

Understanding human anatomy will help you achieve greater expressive ability in figure drawing. By understanding the many different aspects of the human form, you can better grasp how the figure works as a whole. For example, if you feel along the bone on the lower part of your jaw, you will notice that there is a small indentation about halfway between the chin and the back of the jaw. This indentation is to allow a blood vessel to pass under the jaw. The indentation helps to protect the vessel. The significance of this little indentation is that it affects the...

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Figure Drawing - Figure Construction

In this chapter I will cover how to construct the figure using some simplified methods to make the process of drawing a little easier. I will start by showing you how to build a simple structure as the basis for defining dimension and proportion. This structure will become the foundation of your figure drawings. You will then be able to use it to develop a finished figure drawing. Drawing from the Inside Out At the beginning of every figure drawing, the artist is faced with a daunting task in defining a subject that is painfully complex yet supremely organized. Without initially...

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Figure Drawing - Giraffe - Camel - Hippopotamus

Giraffe characteristics: Very tall with long neck (elongated neck vertebrae) and long limbs. Bony prominences of neck vertebrae can be seen on the surface; brachiocephalicus and omotransversarius muscles, which usually cover the neck, begin low on the side of the neck, rather than up at the skull and first neck vertebra. Back line slopes downward toward rear. Usually three, permanent, bony horns in both male and female, covered with skin and fur. Two located on either side of rear of skull (may be topped with hairy tufts); third horn (sometimes only a knob) wider, stubbier, and of variable size,...

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Figure Drawing - Hand - Feed - Head

Some areas of the figure are complex enough to warrant special attention by the figure artist because they are more difficult to draw than the rest of the figure. These areas are the head, hands, and feet, and they merit special attention from the artist who really wants to master figure drawing. In this chapter we will take a closer look at each of these aspects of the figure. Hands The human hand is probably the most versatile tool ever created. It is capable of great strength, yet it can perform the most delicate operations. Its design allows people to lift, hold,...

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Figure Drawing - Horse

Horse (equid) characteristics: One digit per foot ending in symmetrical, horny hoof. Walks on very tip of toe. Elongated skull; large lower jaw. Large upper and lower incisors. In side view, neck widens as it approaches shoulder (elongated triangular shape). Mane present, upright on wild species. Tuft of hair often present on forehead (forelock). Rear profile of neck straight or arched. Pointed, upright ears. Long, slender limbs. Humerus and femur short; lower portion of limb long, especially forefoot and hind foot (adaptation for speed by shifting weight of muscles mass upward, close to the body). Ulna and fibula reduced...

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Figure Drawing - Individual Muscles - Face and Head

Introduction The muscles of the head consist of the chewing muscles (temporalis, masseter, and digastric) and the facial muscles (zygomaticus, orbicularis oris, etc.). The chewing muscles are thick and volumetric, and they originate and insert on bone. They open and close the lower jaw, with the action taking place at the jaw joint (temporomandibular joint). The facial muscles are thin. They originate either from the skull or from the surface of other muscles, and they generally insert into other facial muscles or into the skin. When they contract, they move the features of the face (eyes, nose, mouth, ears)....

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Figure Drawing - Individual Muscles - Front Limb

The supraspinatus together create the rounded front edge of the shoulder form (located at the base of the side of the neck). In the ox, however, the supraspinatus alone creates the front of the shoulder form (the subclavius is deep). DOG AND FELINE • Origin: Outer surface of the front portion of the scapula and the adjacent cartilage. • Insertion: Inner and outer front corners of the top of the humerus. • Action: Extends the shoulder joint, advancing the limb. • Structure: The belly of the supraspinatus is thin where it begins, on the outside of the top of the shoulder blade;...

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Figure Drawing - Individual Muscles - Neck

Short Neck Muscles The following three muscles are located on the back of the neck, just behind the skull: the obliquus capitis caudalis, the obliquus capitis cranialis, and the rectus capitis dorsalis major. They are covered by narrow and wide tendons and thin muscles, yet they help create the fullness on the back of the neck, determined in large part by the width of the atlas (the first neck vertebra) and the vertical projection of the axis (the second neck vertebra). Obliquus capitis caudalis (Large oblique muscle, Axoido-atloideus) • Origin: Entire side of the expanded upright spine of the...

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Figure Drawing - Individual Muscles - Rear Limb

Gluteus superficialis HORSE • Origin: Point of the hip (coxal tuberosity) and an adjacent area on the outer edge of the ilium of the pelvis; from fascia covering the gluteus medius (in part ultimately originating from the ligament connecting the sacrum to the ilium). • Insertion: Third trochanter of the femur, one third of the way down the outside of the bone. • Action: Flexes the hip joint; pulls the limb away from the body. • Structure: The gluteus superficialis is a thin, V-shaped muscle that converges on the femur. The front portion is partly covered by, and firmly...

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Figure Drawing - Individual Muscles - Trunk

Spinal Muscles The spinal muscles are a complicated group of muscles that pass along the back of the animal from the pelvis to the middle of the neck. Each muscle consists of numerous overlapping bundles that continuously originate and insert along the spine. They lie on either side of the upper surface of the vertebral column, separated by the upright spines. This powerful muscle group consists of four units: the longissimus, the iliocostalis, the spinalis & semispinalis, and the multifidus, all of which may be divided into regional components (cervicis, thoracis & lumborum).The longissimus, iliocostalis and spinalis comprise the...

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Figure Drawing - Lighting the Figure

Light is essential to sight. Without light there is no sight, at least not with our natural eyes. Because figure drawing begins with seeing, a book about figure drawing should have some significant information on the nature of light and how our eyes perceive it. Understanding how light works on objects in a scene helps the artist create a feeling of depth and substance in a drawing. In Figure 7.1 the lighting on the dress indicates that it is a dark satin material. In nature the artist often doesn’t have much control over the lighting of a scene. About...

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Figure Drawing - Lion

Lion (feline) characteristics: Elongated skull. Proportion of skull varies—large in lion, jaguar, and tiger, small in cheetah and mountain lion. Large canines, small incisors. Cheek teeth with sharp edges for shearing. Large temporalis and masseter muscles of skull to powerfully close jaw. Eyes shifted slightly forward for binocular vision. Constricted pupil is round in large cats, vertical in domestic cats (pupil is horizontal in sheep and goats). Top edge of scapula usually higher than tips of thoracic vertebrae. Five digits on front limb (thumb reduced); four digits on hind limb (small vestigial big toe). Walks on toes. Sharp, curved,...

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Figure Drawing - Ox

Ox (domestic cattle) characteristics: Unbranched, permanent horn has bony core covered with hard sheath, present usually in both male and female. Horns often cut off by owner (polled). No front teeth (incisors) in upper jaw; lower incisors press against toughened skin of palate. Ulna complete, but thin and fused to thicker radius. Only the upper and lower ends of the fibula are present, connected by a fibrous cord that replaces the shaft. The lower end is attached to the underside of the outer portion of the tibia. Four digits with hoofs per limb. Two central toes are large and...

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