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JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR ANANTAPUR
The ability of camels to go for varying periods of time without water is a major factor in placing the family camp and camel herd in relation to sources of water. This ability is affected by several factors such as how much work (including walking in search of its feed) the camel has to do and the ambient temperature. Camels spend more energy (involving the use of water for evaporative cooling) at high temperatures, increasing thus the need for water and reducing the time between waterings. The management implications of this are that camels should be provided with shade,...
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Process hygiene control in beer production and dispensing
During dry seasons when the surface water disappears and the vegetation dries up, camels have to be watered from subterranean sources such as man made water holes, old wells etc. In highly arid areas as in Eastern Africa, watering camels in dry season is a very time consuming and arduous job since water has to be lifted bucket by bucket from several metres deep wells. However, in various countries, state agencies are providing more water-holes, deep bore holes (tube wells) with motor or wind driven pumps and supply of water through large tankers when there is a prolonged drought. Camel...
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The water footprint of soy milk and soy burger and equivalent animal products
The absence of coordinated systems for data collection and record-keeping and the maintenance of databases for the livestock sector, including a mechanism for feedback and exchange among the stakeholders for development of livestock-related policies have been identified as a major constraint for many countries in SAP. Such data recording, even on a limited scale, is critical for genetic improvement of livestock. Partially due to the paucity of data upon which to base policies and selection decisions, the lack of planned breeding programmes is highlighted in most of the countries in the SAP region [4]. Many countries have adopted policies...
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2009 IFT MeMbershIp eMployMenT & salary survey
Policies on breeding and crossbreeding often vary across countries and are prone to change within country at each election of a new government. Tepid and variable commitments of government to long term breeding programmes have been identified as an additional constraint in sustainability of genetic improvement. Little coordination and poor linkage among government agencies and other stakeholders, little access to technologies and meagre training on animal breeding for technicians has influenced the rate of genetic gain further. Necessity of conserving local genetic resources is yet to be considered in many countries. Breed conservation should be recognized realizing that some valuable...
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STONE BREWING CO.
Breeding objectives for improving the productivity of or conserving particular breeds or genetic groups of livestock depend upon many factors. Among these factors are the agro-climatic conditions of the area of inhabitation (including endemic diseases), agricultural and livestock systems in vogue, availability of feedstuffs — including crop by-products, herd size, marketing structure and locally available animal genetic resources, socio-cultural and economic level of the livestock owners, available infrastructure and facilities, desire and capabilities of farmers and the political and administrative will of the state to bring about change in animal productivity to improve the living...
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The Use of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Technology in Food Processing
Ideally, multiple traits would be considered for selection, such as milk yield, AFC and longevity, to consider both production and functionality. Such a plan might be difficult to implement quickly, so, for more simplicity, evaluation could initially be based on ‘likeability’ scores assigned by the farmer. To evaluate likeability, farmers would be asked to assign an animal a score of from 1 to 5, where 1 and 5 indicate an extremely poor or good cow, respectively. Such a trait would comprise a mixture of productivity, reproduction and health. Studies have shown that such a trait has a heritability near...
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INSTRUCTION BOOKLET
The 2005 ARMS dairy version also included a sub-sample targeting organic operations. Of the total dairy sample of 2,987 farms, 737 samples were targeted at organic operations in 19 states nationwide as identified from lists provided by the major organic milk processors and certifiers. After accounting for non-response and missing data, information on 1,814 farms, including 352 operations producing certified organic milk in 16 states, was available for the analysis. Among the organic dairies, 325 sold more than 90 percent of milk production as certified organic, while the other operations were either in transition to organic...
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Guidance for Industry PAT — A Framework for Innovative Pharmaceutical Development, Manufacturing, and Quality Assurance
The Ethiopian Boran breed is one of the cattle breeds widely used in Ethiopia. The breed is well adapted to semi-arid tropical conditions, has a high degree of heat tolerance, is tolerant to many of the diseases prevailing in the tropics and has the ability to survive long periods of feed and water shortage (Ojango et al. 2006). These properties have genetic basis and have been acquired by natural and human selection over generations. They are all essential for successful animal production in the tropics. While only their superior beef production potential has been the focus of research in many...
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MODERN TECHNOLOGY, TRANSNATIONALIZATION, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL SITUATIONS
The climate in Western Australia is predominately Mediterranean and as a result the winter rainfall from May to August provides for grass growth in the months of June through to November (Figure 1). However, there is a resulting shortfall in grass growth for the remaining months of the year which must be addressed. This pattern of grass growth is not adequate to feed a cow for her entire lactation. Alternatives to grass growth such as irrigated pasture are limited due to competition for scarce urban water supplies, the increasing energy costs of...
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ENERGY FOR THE BREWERY
In Western Australia silage made from rye grass is the predominant summer feed for cows. It is most commonly mixed with cheap grain and to date this has proved to be an economical feed option. The primary advantage of this type of silage is that it improves pasture utilisation by conserving surplus pasture which is able to be fed out when there is a forage deficit. However, the disadvantage of this type of silage can be inconsistencies in its quality. The inconsistencies arise when excess pasture is preserved at different times during...
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OBESITY AND AND FOOD TECHNOLOGY
In North America, dairy farmers base the majority of their cow feed rations around corn (maize) silage. Corn is a popular North American crop and underlies a large proportion of their Agricultural economy. The main advantage of corn silage is its high starch levels as starch improves the energy content of the diet. High starch forages are seen as a desirable characteristic in North American dairy feed systems. When corn is not available, forages are made with cereal crops such as wheat and barley. In order to maximise starch levels in wheat or...
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NUTRIENT ADEQUACY OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING FOR THE TERM INFANT DURING THE FIRST SIX MONTHS OF LIFE
Ruminant Animals is a first semester course. It is a year one credit unit diploma course available to all students offering Post Graduate Diploma in Agricultural Extension and Management. It may also be taken by students who wish to know more about Agricultural Extension and Management. The course will consist of sixteen units which consists of Course Guide. Importance of ruminant animals in Nigeria, digestion in ruminants, classes of ruminants, feeding and management of sheep and goats, housing, measures for disease prevention, diseases and parasites of small ruminants and cattle breeds, management of beef and dairy cattle...
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THE NUTRITION OF THE RABBIT
This course guide tells you briefly what the course is about. What course materials you will be suing and how you can work your way through these materials. In addition, it suggest some general guidelines for the amount of time you are likely to spend on each unit of the course in order to complete it successfully. It gives you guidance in respect of your Tutor Marked Assignments, which will be made available in the assignment file. There will be regular tutorial classes that are related to the course. It is advisable for you to attend...
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Owner’s manual Platinum B70 Keurig® Brewer
The first unit focuses on the definition of non-ruminant and the examples of animals classified as ruminants. The second, third and fourth units centers on the different classes of small ruminants. For each class its origin and domestication has been discussed. Breeds belonging to each class are described as well as the breeding of these animals. Unit five deals with feeding and breeding management of sheep and goat. The different houses that can be constructed for sheep and goats as well as the equipment necessary in a sheep and goat farm. Units 7 and 8 deal...
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Preparation of dairy products
There are eight hours tutor-marked assignment in this course. You only need to submit five of the eight assignments. You are encouraged, however, to submit all eight assignments in which case the highest five of the eight marks will be counted. Each assignment counts 10% towards your total course mark. Assignments questions for the units in this course are contained in the assignment file. You will be able to complete your assignment from the information and materials contained in your reading, references and study units. However, it is desirable in all degree level of education to demonstrate...
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REU TECHNICAL SERIES 67 BUFFALO PRODUCTION AND RESEARCH
The RRL also conducts analysis of r-value or vaccine matching of field isolates in comparison with relevant vaccine strains. In terms of serology, the RRL routinely uses liquid phase blocking (LP) and non structure protein (NSP) ELISA. It has been involved in several validation tests conducted for NSP ELISA under the IAEA Project. In addition, the RRL routinely produces and supplies the FMD diagnostic reagents to laboratories both within Thailand as well as SEAFMD countries. The RRL provides a substantial regional role in diagnostics, training, quality standards and harmonization of methods. It has conducted several on-the-job trainings and...
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The Awassi sheep with special reference to the improved dairy type
The FAO projects, through supporting virological surveillance, assisted identifying in Pakistan the Asia-1 strain not matched to the Shamir vaccine; the early warning to WELNET assisted when the first evidence of spread to the west was detected, and willingness to share isolates assisted in vaccine development (FMD Institute Ankara) for local use. The Roadmap assessment and peer review system has encouraged reporting of serological findings but FMD remains highly sensitive and the move towards open and transparent reporting of findings across the region is a challenge. ...
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DAIRY CATTLE NUTRITION AND FEEDING
In India, Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) research started in the then Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory at Mukteswar as early as in 1929. The work on the production of vaccines using cell culture technique commenced at Mukteswar in early sixties initially in goat kidney/calf kidney cell cultures and subsequently by 1971-72 with the availability of the BHK 21 cell line in monolayer cultures. With the increased demand for the FMD vaccines, the Bangalore campus of IVRI was established in 1972 with the objective of large scale production in fermenters. This plant became fully operational by 1980 and the production...
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SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS AND TECHNICAL CHALLENGES IN THE PROGRESSIVE CONTROL OF FMD IN SOUTH ASIA
It is expected that by the year 2015, the country will produce about 600 - 800 million doses of trivalent vaccine annually. In Asia as a whole, well organized production facilities are available and several countries in the region source the vaccine from India. Keeping abreast with the contemporary developments research efforts are going on in addressing the major challenge of increasing the duration of immunity and development of new generation vaccines. The salient research accomplishments in the development and application of FMD vaccines in India are described here. ...
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The Importance of Water and Water Quality in Brewing
Feeds can contain both high and low water percentages. Examples of feeds with high water contents are young grass (± 15% DM) and cabbage (
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UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENTS ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI :: CHENNAI 600 025 REGULATIONS – 2008
Ruminants, such as dairy cows, can very well utilize NPN (see Chapter 2). Hence, instead of feeding dairy cows expensive (true) protein, cheaper sources of nitrogen can be used as well. Urea which is relatively cheap chemical product, is such a non-protein nitrogen. However, certain precautionary rules must be observed when feeding non-protein nitrogen to dairy cows. It should be realized, that NPN (urea) can only be used in low level production systems with high amounts of poor quality roughage. In feeding high yielding dairy cows, this NPN does not play a significant role. In case the ration is...
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Design and Technology: Food Technology
Carbohydrates are sugars and starches derived from cereals, tubers, roots, and other substances such as cellulose and lignin from plant cell walls, vessels and woody tissues. Carbohydrates do mainly provide energy for maintenance and production. A surplus of energy is stored as body fat. A part of the carbohydrates is crude fibre (CF), the remaining is nitrogen-free extract (NFE). The latter consists of sugars, starches and sugar-like substances. Sugars and starches are much easier to digest than CF. CF is very important for the functioning of the rumen and for production of milk rich in butterfat. Food for dairy...
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Fermentation as a Method of Food Processing
Product evaluation is an important part of brewing, whether performed informally or formally and whether the product is from a commercial or home brewery. Formal beer evaluation serves three primary purposes in the context of brewing competitions. First, the beer evaluations provide feedback to the brewer concerning how well an individual recipe represents its intended beer style. This feedback can be useful as recipes are fine-tuned and attempts are made to improve the beer. Second, beer evaluations may provide brewers with troubleshooting advice. These diagnostic suggestions are particularly helpful when the brewer cannot identify the source of off-flavors or aromas....
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A Guide to Spray Technology for Food Processing
A second important condition that is necessary for effective beer evaluation is suitable equipment. That is, judges need sharp mechanical pencils with erasers—mechanical so that the aroma of wood does not interfere with detecting beer aromas and erasers so that comments and scores can be changed. Beer judges also need suitable cups for sampling the beer—impeccably clean plastic or glass, odor-free, and clear. Also, judges need access to style guidelines. Tables should be equipped with water and bread or crackers for palate cleansing, buckets and towels for cleaning spills or gushes, bottle openers and cork screws, and coolers and temporary...
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B. Sc FOOD TECHNOLOGY & QUALITY ASSURANCE SYLLABUS RE-STRUCTURE PROPOSAL 2011
As for the presentation of beers, two methods are common, each with positive and negative points. One method of presentation permits judges to open and pour the beer into their own cups. A second method of presentation requires stewards to pour beer into pitchers, and the beer is transferred from the pitcher into judges’ cups. When judges are allowed to pour their own beers, there is some danger that moving bottles to the evaluation table will stir up yeast and that judges’ opinions of a beer’s quality will be influenced by the appearance of the bottles that it comes in....
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Base Working Paper on Strategy and Action Plan for Ensuring Safety of Milk and Milk Products
There are two general decision making strategies that judges use when evaluating a beer. In a top-down decision making strategy, the judge forms an overall impression about the quality of the beer, decides what overall score to assign that beer, and deducts points for each deficient characteristic of the beer based on the overall impression. The problem with this top-down approach to beer evaluation is that it is difficult to ensure that the points allocated to each subcategory (e.g., aroma, appearance, flavor, body) agree with the comments that were made about that feature of the beer. In a bottom-up decision...
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BAT Guidance Note on Best Available Techniques for the Brewing, Malting & Distilling Sector
Most judges use a combination of these two extremes. Regardless of which approach seems more comfortable to an individual beer judge, there are several general guidelines that judges should follow when assigning scores to beers. In the current BJCP scoring systems, each beer is evaluated on a 50- point scale, allocating 12 points for Aroma, 3 for Appearance, 20 for Flavor, 5 for Mouthfeel and 10 for Overall Impression. This scoresheet can be found on the BJCP website. In addition, there are sliding scales on the bottom right hand corner for rating the stylistic accuracy, technical merit and intangibles of each...
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Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook
In general, the best beers at a competition should be assigned scores in the 40+ range, with real evaluations of the beer identifying some characteristics of the beer that make it non-perfect. A beer receiving a perfect score of 50 must indeed be perfect; it must have absolutely no flaws, exemplify the style as well as or better than the best commercial examples, be perfectly brewery-fresh, and be well- handled and presented. These conditions might not all be under the brewer’s control, so achieving a perfect beer at the point of presentation to judges is extremely rare. ...
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BREWDOG BEER SCHOOL
When providing feedback about very good beers, it is important to identify ways in which the beer can be improved and mention these characteristics on the scoresheet. Any serious flaw or missing aspect of a particular beer style (such as lack of clove character in a Bavarian weizen) generally results in a maximum score around 30. Also, note the cut-off score of 21 determines if a beer adequately represents a particular style. A beer that is strongly infected or that contains a flaw so severe that it makes the beer undrinkable can be assigned a score of 13. A...
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Beer Processing Solutions
Visually inspect the beer. Give your nose a rest, and score the appearance of the beer. Tilt the cup, and examine it through backlighting. For darker beers, it may be necessary to use a small flashlight to adequately illuminate the beer. Examine the beer’s color, clarity, and head (retention, color, and texture). Write comments about the degree to which the color, clarity, and head are appropriate for the intended style and record a score. Score the beer for appearance, allocating a maximum of one point for each of these characteristics. ...
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