Tài liệu miễn phí Tiếng Anh thương mại
Download Tài liệu học tập miễn phí Tiếng Anh thương mại
In light of global and country commitments to elimination of
new paediatric infections and the changes outlined in this
programmatic update, all countries should examine their own
policy, goals and implementation experiences and assess how
they can better simplify, optimize and integrate their PMTCT
and ART programmes. Countries that are successfully implementing
Option A and achieving their targets of decreasing
mother-to-child transmission of HIV and treating mothers
eligible for ART do not need to plan an immediate change to
Option B or B+. Countries that are considering changing their
PMTCT guidelines should anticipate and prepare adequately
for the changes, to assure that clear policy, implementation
strategy, proper messaging, training and an ARV...
8/30/2018 3:00:30 AM +00:00
There is an urgent need to assess country experiences and
evidence that address the preferences among Options A, B
and B+ outlined here. Evidence on the operational advantages
of providing triple ARVs to all HIV-infected pregnant women
(Options B and B+), on how to best meet the programme
requirements of these approaches, and on the acceptability,
effectiveness and prevention impact of providing lifelong ART
to all HIV-infected pregnant women (Option B+) will help
inform upcoming guidelines revision.
This programmatic update is meant to provide a current
perspective for countries on the important changes and new
considerations arising since the 2010 PMTCT ARV guidelines,
especially as a number of countries are now preparing...
8/30/2018 3:00:30 AM +00:00
The Queensland Framework for Mental Health Promotion
provides a foundation on which to develop a service
delivery model for mental health promotion that includes
contexts, priority groups, interventions and workforce
roles and responsibilities. The service model will also
clarify implementation issues including communication,
data monitoring and reporting, quality improvement and
evaluation, governance, professional development, and
coordination and integration with other services.
8/30/2018 3:00:30 AM +00:00
Only 32% infants are exclusively breastfed during the first six months. This is an increase from 13%
in 2003. Data from the 2003 and 2008 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, show that although
breastfeeding is a common practice in Kenya, mixed feeding rather than exclusive breastfeeding is
practiced. There was a marked decline in exclusive breastfeeding rates between 1993/98 (17%)
and 2003 (13%). Some of the contributing factors were confusing messages about breastfeeding
in context HIV and AIDS.
Breastfeeding is one of the 11 adopted High Impact Nutrition Interventions (HiNi) prioritized in
Kenya for Child Survival and Development that will assist Kenya move towards achieving the
MDG4 which...
8/30/2018 3:00:30 AM +00:00
Tham khảo tài liệu '‘i don’t feel human’ experiences of destitution among young refugees and migrants', giáo dục - đào tạo, cao đẳng - đại học phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả
8/30/2018 3:00:30 AM +00:00
Kenya has amended the legislation to allow women to take 90 days maternity leave together with
annual leave (Kenya Employment Act 2007). There has been collective commitment through
KEPSA and the MoH to strengthen workplace support for breastfeeding mothers. Many private
(Federation of Kenya Employees and Kenya Private Sestor Association organizations) and public
sector partners have committed to “Better Business Practices for Children”. In 2010, Kenyan
employers signed a commitment to embrace ‘Better Businesses Practices for Children’ by
providing support for breastfeeding mothers at the workplace. About 30 employers, under the
auspices of the Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA), committed to comply with the statutory 14
weeks maternity...
8/30/2018 3:00:30 AM +00:00
The GOI’s desire to achieve the MDGs is at the heart of its health programming. Health is identified as a priority for the GOI in the 2010‐2014 National Medium‐Term Development Plan. Additional strategies and plans from the Ministry of Health (MOH) and presidential decrees guide implementation of the plan. These include disease specific strategies, such as those for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB) control, immunization, lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination, avian influenza (AI), and others focused on animal and human interactions. Presidential Decree No. 29/2011 succinctly describes several health priorities, harmonized with MOH budget allocations that are sufficiently cross-cutting to guide the GHI...
8/30/2018 3:00:29 AM +00:00
With regard to the GHI principle of country ownership, the USG is exploring options of direct investment in host country systems in support of procurement and implementation reform. Additional concrete plans include providing a direct contribution to a fund for HIV managed by the National AIDS Commission, implementing the Global Fund dashboard to effectively monitor grants, direct assistance to Indonesian NGOs, small grants program in biosecurity, and fixed obligation grants to directly fund districts operating neglected tropical disease (NTD) control programs....
8/30/2018 3:00:29 AM +00:00
Improving the skills of the clinical and public health workforces as well as the quality of care in the facilities where they work is essential to improving the health status of Indonesians. For this reason, much of the work supported by the USG cuts across the GHI targets, though often in the context of HIV, TB and MCH. In addition, at the heart of the GHI/Indonesia strategy is increased integration across all components of the portfolio. USG supports long-term degree training in public health and related fields, both in Indonesia and in the US, field epidemiology training and laboratory strengthening,...
8/30/2018 3:00:29 AM +00:00
Other donors also work across the public health spectrum. AusAID has a substantial, broad health portfolio including programs in MCH, HIV/AIDS, pandemic influenza and health systems strengthening, which focuses on financing and human resources. AusAID and USAID work particularly closely and collaboratively to ensure effective coordination and complementarity of efforts. JICA has a broad health portfolio that complements the GHI, including programs in MCH, pandemic influenza, TB, rational drug use and vaccine production. Health systems approaches supported by JICA include installation and improvement of health facilities, improving university training and training for MCH providers and laboratory technicians....
8/30/2018 3:00:29 AM +00:00
In addition, providing coverage for children today
means potentially spending less for adult health care down the road. Children who receive regular
check-ups and are taught to embrace preventive care have an improved chance of becoming
healthy adults with medical needs less expensive than what they would be otherwise. For
example, an obese child may receive family-centered nutritional counseling to assist in learning
better eating habits and other lifestyle changes to reduce his or her weight, potentially preventing
type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Adolescents with diabetes can learn how to
successfully manage the disease with insulin treatments, appropriate diet, and regular health
screenings to avoid later complications...
8/30/2018 3:00:29 AM +00:00
The law increases overall funding for community health centers by $11 billion over five
years, starting in 2011. Of this, $9.5 billion will allow health centers to expand their
operational capacity to enhance their medical, oral, and behavioral health services and $1.5
billion will fund expansion through capital expenditures. In doing so, the law helps
community health centers provide comprehensive primary care to medically underserved
populations—the target populations of community health centers—including low-income,
poor, uninsured, migrant and immigrant communities....
8/30/2018 3:00:29 AM +00:00
In line with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the MOPH Child and Adolescent Health Policy addresses health issues related to children, defined as persons between the ages of 0 and 18 years. Afghanistan has one of the world’s highest levels of infant and young child mortality. Two of the stated national objectives for the Health and Nutrition Sector for 2008 to 2013 in the Afghan National Development Strategy (ANDS) are to reduce newborn mortality and to reduce under 5s mortality. Furthermore, Afghanistan has adopted the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which call for a halving of infant and...
8/30/2018 3:00:29 AM +00:00
The result is that nearly 200,000 children and infants are dying each year in Afghanistan. Most of the causes of these deaths are preventable: the four highest causes of death in children, and the percentage of total of under 5 child deaths expected in 2009, are neonatal causes (41%), pneumonia (21%), and diarrhea (14%) and measles (4%). These four account for 80% of child deaths each year. The issue of general and micro-nutrient malnutrition underlies all the causes of death because children are much more vulnerable if they are malnourished: as much as half of child deaths would not occur...
8/30/2018 3:00:29 AM +00:00
I had the privilege of being IACAPAP’s delegate to this meeting but almost
could not make it due to demonstrations and a nationwide strike in my country,
Nigeria, in the period leading right up to the dates scheduled for the meeting.
Fortunately, I arrived in the afternoon of day one of the crucial meeting just a few
minutes before the item on the “global burden of mental disorders” came up. How
relieved I was to be able to deliver IACAPAP’s statement in support of the draft
resolution as follows:
“Investing early in mental and physical health of children is extremely
important as this will yield optimal profits in...
8/30/2018 3:00:29 AM +00:00
Tham khảo tài liệu 'mom’s clean air force: why it needs the voices of african-american mothers', giáo dục - đào tạo, cao đẳng - đại học phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả
8/30/2018 3:00:29 AM +00:00
An additional impact of
the CHBP experience has been to
reflect on the structure of training
of residents rotating through the
child and adolescent psychiatry unit.
With increased emphasis on a fixed
duration in child and adolescent
psychiatry along with focused
learning and supervision sessions, it
is expected that the quality of training
will significantly improve in the long
term.
Further activities coming up
in 2012, in collaboration with some
key resource persons I met during
the Boston visit, include a workshop
targeted at providers caring for
children to foster knowledge and skills
in relation to CAMH care. It is good to
know that much can be done in this
area....
8/30/2018 3:00:29 AM +00:00
A joint autism research team (from
San Sebastian and Madrid, Spain)
presented in September 2011 their
“e-Mintza” product (e-Mintza means
“electronic language in Basque). This
is an application that can be freely
downloaded (click the picture above
to access the site). By the end of
2011, there had been more than
13.000 downloads from more than
40 countries.
For the time being, there are Spanish
and Basque versions as well as a
bilingual version in both. English and
French versions are expected to be
ready before the IACAPAP 2012
Congress in Paris, France....
8/30/2018 3:00:29 AM +00:00
The leader of this two-year
project – funded by the Spain’s Ministry
of Industry – is Joaquin Fuentes MD,
one of the Vice-presidents of IACAPAP.
The project involved clinical teams
from the Fundacion Dr Carlos Elósegui
(Policlínica Gipuzkoa) and GAUTENA
(Autism Society of Gipuzkoa) as well
as experts in adapted communication
from the Fundacion Orange (Madrid)
and technical staff from Nesplora, an
information technology firm from San
Sebastian’s Technology Park. Both the
Dr Carlos Elósegui (Policlínica Gipuzkoa)
and Orange Foundations are not- forprofit
organisations; their goal has
always been to allow free, universal use
of this device.
Since the beginning,
researchers have benefited from the
contribution of the ultimate users, in
this case people with autism spectrum
disorders and their families....
8/30/2018 3:00:29 AM +00:00
The day before the Conference,
Dr Gordon Harper accompanied by
officers of BACAMH visited the Center for
Neurodevelopment and Autism, which had
been established recently in BSMMU. This
center is a government initiative to establish
a nationwide pediatric neurodevelopment
and autism-related management, training and
research centre in Bangladesh. Dr Harper
expressed his satisfaction after visiting the
center. As autism is still a novel concept
in Bangladesh, he believed that both this
center and BACAMH could achieve a better
management and outcome for children and
their parents. Dr Harper also made a short
visit to the “Autism Welfare Center” run by
Dr Rownak Hafiz; again he felt satisfied
and expressed his gratitude towards these
centers who are working hard...
8/30/2018 3:00:29 AM +00:00
There is no published evidence and conflicting expert opinion on the treatment of malnourished
patients, and the specification and treatment of at-risk patients (those with diarrhoea, vomiting,
physical illness, weight loss, poor diet), with the majority of experts recommending parenteral
vitamin supplementation during detoxification.111
For the malnourished patient in the community, intramuscular Pabrinex given in the GP surgery,
A&E department, outpatient clinic or day hospital is indicated if facilities for treating anaphylactic
reactions are available, such as in any setting where routine immunisations take place....
8/30/2018 2:56:58 AM +00:00
In the previous report on the status of
integrated approaches to water resources
management to the UNCSD in 2008, countries
were grouped using the Organization for
Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) categorization. This categorization
consists of a relatively small group of
“developed countries” and a much larger
group of “developing countries”. In an effort
to produce a more nuanced analysis a
decision was made to adopt the UNDP Human
Development Index (HDI), a categorization
that is both widely accepted and used –
although like all other indices, it also has its
supporters and detractors.
The HDI is a summary composite index that
measures a country’s average achievements
in three basic aspects of human development:
health, knowledge, and income....
8/30/2018 2:56:58 AM +00:00
Countries have responded well to the surveys. 1346 countries have responded
to the Level 1 survey, corresponding to some 70% of UN member states with
fairly even distribution among geographical regions and HDI groupings (Figure
1.3 and Table 1.1). The response rate to particular questions was consistently
very high at over 95% with very few questions having multiple answers
from some countries. Many of the questions are somewhat overlapping in
content and thus in many instances our approach has been to amalgamate
the responses to groups of similar questions, thereby also increasing the
robustness of the data. The Level 2 survey, with responses from 30 countries,
representative of the...
8/30/2018 2:56:58 AM +00:00
Of the schools that provided federal student loans in each year since
1994-95, approximately 1,200—or 29 percent—provided loans through the
Direct Loan Program, and most of those schools continued to participate
in the Direct Loan Program in school year 2001-02. In 2001-02, public
4-year schools provided the largest share of Direct Loan volume, about
$6.9 billion, or 67 percent, although roughly equal numbers of public
4-year, private 4-year, 2-year, and less-than-2-year schools participated.
The Direct Loan Program’s share of total new loan volume has steadily
decreased from its peak of 34 percent in 1998-99 to 28 percent in
2001-02. During this period, only 34 schools began participating in the
program,...
8/30/2018 2:56:57 AM +00:00
Tham khảo sách 'canada science and technology museum corporation', giáo dục - đào tạo, cao đẳng - đại học phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả
8/30/2018 2:56:57 AM +00:00
Electronic communications created or received for personal use are not generally considered public record and do not fall within the definition of public records simply by virtue of their placement on a government-owned computer system. However, if an agency discovers misuse of their electronic communications system and personal electronic messages are identified as being in violation of the agency’s policy, the electronic messages may become public record as part of an investigation.
8/30/2018 2:56:57 AM +00:00
The hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) is a large species (200 kg to 400 kg) found in the northern Atlantic. In Atlantic Canada, most pups are born in March in Davis Strait and on the Front. Other hooded seals whelp in the Gulf of St. Lawrence but very little is known about the relationship between Gulf seals and those in the Front. Surveys conducted in 1990 and 1991 estimated that 80,000 pups were born in the Front as opposed to 2,000 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Hooded seals can be harvested in the Front but not in the Gulf of St....
8/30/2018 2:56:57 AM +00:00
Grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) are found in the Gulf of St. Lawrence year-round. In the summer, they can be found in the estuary as far upriver as the Saguenay. Grey seals breed on Sable Island and on the ice floes in the southern Gulf from late December to early February. After breeding, they disperse, mainly to the Scotian Shelf, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and off the southern coast of Newfoundland.
In 1997, the grey seal population in the northwest Atlantic was estimated to be 190,000. The herd on Sable Island was increasing at a rate of 13 per cent, or...
8/30/2018 2:56:57 AM +00:00
Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA)
When TIVA is used there must be a continuous intravenous infusion of
anaesthetic agent or agents; interruption from whatever cause may result
in awareness. A thorough equipment check is therefore the most
important step in reducing the incidence of awareness. Anaesthetists
using TIVA must be familiar with the drugs, the technique and all
equipment and disposables being used.
The Safe Anaesthesia Liaison Group (SALG) has produced safety
guidance on guaranteeing drug delivery during TIVA [16]; SALG made
the following recommendations....
8/30/2018 2:56:47 AM +00:00
Machine failure
In the event of failure, some modern anaesthetic workstations may default
to little or no flow, or oxygen only with no vapour. Users must know the
default setting for the machine in use. Alternative means of oxygenation,
ventilation and anaesthesia must be available.
‘Shared responsibility’ equipment
As a member of the theatre team, the anaesthetist will share responsibility
for the use of other equipment, e.g. diathermy, intermittent compression
stockings, warming devices, cell salvage and tourniquets, but should have
received appropriate training. Involvement with this equipment, especially
‘trouble shooting’ problems that arise intra-operatively, must not be
allowed to distract anaesthetists from their primary role....
8/30/2018 2:56:47 AM +00:00