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Xử lý hình ảnh kỹ thuật số P14
MORPHOLOGICAL IMAGE PROCESSING Morphological image processing is a type of processing in which the spatial form or structure of objects within an image are modified. Dilation, erosion, and skeletonization are three fundamental morphological operations. With dilation, an object grows uniformly in spatial extent, whereas with erosion an object shrinks uniformly. Skeletonization results in a stick figure representation of an object.
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Xử lý hình ảnh kỹ thuật số P15
EDGE DETECTION Changes or discontinuities in an image amplitude attribute such as luminance or tristimulus value are fundamentally important primitive characteristics of an image because they often provide an indication of the physical extent of objects within the image. Local discontinuities in image luminance from one level to another are called luminance edges. Global luminance discontinuities, called luminance boundary segments, are considered in Section 17.4. In this chapter the definition of a luminance edge is limited to image amplitude discontinuities between reasonably smooth regions. Discontinuity detection between textured regions is considered in Section ...
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Xử lý hình ảnh kỹ thuật số P16
IMAGE FEATURE EXTRACTION An image feature is a distinguishing primitive characteristic or attribute of an image. Some features are natural in the sense that such features are defined by the visual appearance of an image, while other, artificial features result from specific manipulations of an image. Natural features include the luminance of a region of pixels and gray scale textural regions. Image amplitude histograms and spatial frequency spectra are examples of artificial features.
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Xử lý hình ảnh kỹ thuật số P17
IMAGE SEGMENTATION Segmentation of an image entails the division or separation of the image into regions of similar attribute. The most basic attribute for segmentation is image luminance amplitude for a monochrome image and color components for a color image. Image edges and texture are also useful attributes for segmentation. The definition of segmentation adopted in this chapter is deliberately restrictive; no contextual information is utilized in the segmentation. Furthermore, segmentation does not involve classifying each segment....
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Xử lý hình ảnh kỹ thuật số P18
SHAPE ANALYSIS Several qualitative and quantitative techniques have been developed for characterizing the shape of objects within an image. These techniques are useful for classifying objects in a pattern recognition system and for symbolically describing objects in an image understanding system. Some of the techniques apply only to binary-valued images; others can be extended to gray level images.
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Xử lý hình ảnh kỹ thuật số P19
IMAGE DETECTION AND REGISTRATION This chapter covers two related image analysis tasks: detection and registration. Image detection is concerned with the determination of the presence or absence of objects suspected of being in an image. Image registration involves the spatial alignment of a pair of views of a scene.
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Xử lý hình ảnh kỹ thuật số P20
PIKS IMAGE PROCESSING SOFTWARE PIKS contains a rich set of operators that perform manipulations of multidimensional images or of data objects extracted from images in order to enhance, restore, or assist in the extraction of information from images. This chapter presents a functional overview of the PIKS standard and a more detailed definition of a functional subset of the standard called PIKS Core. colour instead of color). For consistency with the PIKS standard, the British spelling convention has been adopted for this chapter....
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Xử lý hình ảnh kỹ thuật số P21
PIKS IMAGE PROCESSING PROGRAMMING EXERCISES Digital image processing is best learned by writing and executing software programs that implement image processing algorithms. Toward this end, the compact disk affixed to the back cover of this book provides executable versions of the PIKS Core Application Program Interface C programming language library, which can be used to implement exercises described in this chapter. The compact disk contains the following items: A Solaris operating system executable version of the PIKS Core API. A Windows 2000 and Windows NT operating system executable version of the PIKS Core API....
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Adaptive lọc và phát hiện thay đổi P1
The areas of adaptive filtering and change (fault) detection are quite active fields. both in research and applications . Some central keywords of the book are listed in Table 1.1, and the figures. illustrated in Figure 1.1, give an idea of the relative activity in the different areas . For comparison. the two related and well established areas of adaptive control and system identification are included in the table
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Adaptive lọc và phát hiện thay đổi P2
This chapter provides background information and problem descriptions of the applications treated in this book . Most of the applications include real data and many of them are used as case studies examined throughout the book with different algorithms
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Adaptive lọc và phát hiện thay đổi P3
The basic assumption in this part. signal estimationis. that them easurements gt consist of a deterministic component Ot ~ the signal ~ and additive white noise et. yt = Ot + et . Adaptive Filtering and Change Detection Fredrik Gustafsson Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBNs: 0-471-49287-6 (Hardback); 0-470-84161-3 (Electronic) 58 On-line amroaches For change detection, this will be labeled as a change in the mean model. The task of determining Bt from yt will be referred to as estimation, and change detection or alarming is the task of finding abrupt, or rapid, changes in dt, which is assumed to start at time L, referred to as the change...
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Adaptive lọc và phát hiện thay đổi P4
This chapter surveys off-line formulations of single and multiple change point estimation . Although the problem formulation yields algorithms that process data batch.wise, many important algorithms have natural on-line implementations and recursive approximations . This chapter is basically a projection of the more general results in Chapter 7 to the case of signal estimation . There are, however. some dedicated algorithms for estimating one change point offline that apply to the current case of a scalar signal model . In the literature of mathematical statistics. this area is known as change point estimation ....
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Adaptive lọc và phát hiện thay đổi P5
The noise is here assumed white with variance X, and will sometimes be restricted to be Gaussian. The last expression is in a polynomial form, whereas G, H are filters. Time-variability is modeled by time-varying parameters Bt. The adaptive filtering problem is to estimate these parametersb y an adaptive filter,
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Adaptive lọc và phát hiện thay đổi P6
Model validation is the problem of deciding whether observed data are consistent with a nominal model . Change detection based on model validation aims at applying a consistency test in one of the following ways:
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Adaptive lọc và phát hiện thay đổi P7
Let us start with considering change detection in linear regressions as an offline problem. which will be referred to as segmentation . The goal is to find a Adaptive Filtering and Change Detection Fredrik Gustafsson Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBNs: 0-471-49287-6 (Hardback); 0-470-84161-3 (Electronic) 232 Chanae detection b baanskes df il toenr sequence of time indices kn = (kl, k2, .., kn), where both the number n and the locations ki are unknown, such that a linear regression model with piecewise constant parameters,...
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Adaptive lọc và phát hiện thay đổi P8
The goal in this section is to explain the fundamentals of Kalman filter theory by a few illustrative examples. The Kalman filter requires a state space model for describing the signal dynamics. To describe its role, we need a concrete example, so let us return to the target tracking example from Chapter 1. Assume that we want a model with the states z1 = X , x2 = Y, x3 = X och x4 = Y . This is the simplest possible case of state vector used in practice. Before we derive a model in the next section, a few remarks will be given on what role...
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Adaptive lọc và phát hiện thay đổi P9
This chapter is devoted to the problem of detecting additive abrupt changes in linear state space models . Sensor and actuator faults as a sudden offset or drift can all be modeled as additive changes . In addition. disturbances are traditionally modeled as additive state changes . The likelihood ratio formulation provides a general framework for detecting such changes. and to isolate the fault/disturbance .
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Adaptive lọc và phát hiện thay đổi P10
This chapter addresses the most general problem formulation of detection in linear systems. Basically, all problem formulations that have been discussed so far are included in the framework considered. The main purpose is to survey multiple model algorithms, and a secondary purpose is to overview and compare the state of the art in different application areas for reducing complexity, where similar algorithms have been developed independently.
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Adaptive lọc và phát hiện thay đổi P11
Consider a batch of data over a sliding window, collected in a measurement vector Y and input vector U. As in Chapter 6, the idea of a consistency test is to apply a linear transformation to a batch of data, AiY + BiU + ci. The matrices Ai, Bi and vector G are chosen so that the norm of the linear transformation is small when there is no change/fault according to hypothesis Hi, and large when fault Hi has appeared.
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Adaptive lọc và phát hiện thay đổi P12
It might also be the signal component st of the measurement yt = st +ut. The measurements zt consist of the measured outputs yt and, when appropriate, the inputs ut.
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Adaptive lọc và phát hiện thay đổi P13
The purpose of this section is to get a geometric understanding of linear estimation . First. we outline how projections are computed in linear algebra for finite dimensional vectors . Functional analysis generalizes this procedure to some infinite-dimensional spaces (so-called Hilbert spaces). and finally. we point out that linear estimation is a special case of an infinite-dimensional space
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Các mạng UTMS và công nghệ truy cập vô tuyến P1
EVOLVING MOBILE NETWORKS While the history of mobile communications is long [1–3], and the background of mo bile networks therebyx is also long, in this chapter we focus on the historic evolution in terms of network architecture and services starting with 2nd generation (2G) mobile systems. In particular we consider the development of the architecture of Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM), since it is by far the most widespread mobile system in the world today.
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Các mạng UTMS và công nghệ truy cập vô tuyến P2
SYSTEM ANALYSIS FUNDAMENTALS FUNDAMENTALS OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS Third generation systems focus on providing a universal platform to afford multifarious communications options at all levels, i.e. the radio as well as the core network sides. This implies the application of optimum techniques in multiple access and interworking protocols for the physical and upper layers, respectively.
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Các mạng UTMS và công nghệ truy cập vô tuyến P3
THE UMTS DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM ARCHITECTURE AND DEPLOYMENT SCENARIOS The architecture at the domain and functional levels, as well as the deployment scenarios are presented based on the 3GPP (ETSI) specifications noted in [1,2]. The terminology and basic principles are kept for consistency with a simplified approach in some cases, and for a pragmatic representation of the subject in others.
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Các mạng UTMS và công nghệ truy cập vô tuyến P4
THE UTRA PHYSICAL LAYER DESIGN The UTRA design is comprised basically of three parts, i.e. radio aspects corresponding primarily to the physical layer, radio interface aspects incorporating layers two and three, and network aspects inter-working directly with the core network. This chapter describes the UTRA physical layer including both FDD and TDD modes, as well as spreading and modulation, multiplexing and channel coding, and physical layer procedures.
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Các mạng UTMS và công nghệ truy cập vô tuyến P5
THE UTRA1 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM UMTS SPECTRUM ALLOCATION The UMTS frequency ranges are part of the world wide spectrum allocation for 3rd or evolving 2nd generation systems. Figure 5.1 illustrates the representation of the spectrum from major regions (e.g. Europe, Japan, Korea, and USA).
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Các mạng UTMS và công nghệ truy cập vô tuyến P6
SERVICE COMPONENTS IN UMTS BACKGROUND UMTS services will not only offer mobile services supported by 2nd generation systems such as GSM, but will also expand these services to higher rates and greater flexibility. The services evolving in the GSM platform through its Circuit Switched (CS) and Packet Switched (PS) services will continue in UMTS while new services are introduced.
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Các mạng UTMS và công nghệ truy cập vô tuyến P7
Logically deploying 3G networks implies dimensioning and implementing corresponding elements within a geographical area, where an operator would desire to offer advanced mobile communications services, e.g. voice, mobile Internet, video-telephony, etc. In the preceding chapters we have outlined the service requirements and technical specifications of the UMTS solution. In this chapter we aim to describe the application of the proposed solutions and go through the process of designing a network to provide UMTS services. ...
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Các mạng UTMS và công nghệ truy cập vô tuyến P8
RESOURCE AND NETWORK MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION Operating a 3G network involves managing resources and Network Elements (NE). This chapter covers these two aspects to complete the deployment issues started in Chapter 7. Resources here refer primarily to the radio resources and NE refers to the 3G building blocks, i.e. elements in the CS, PS and radio access networks.
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Các mạng UTMS và công nghệ truy cập vô tuyến P9
TOWARDS IP BASED NETWORKS BACKGROUND In the preceding chapters we covered UMTS in the context of the 3GPP Release 99 specifications. This chapter covers the forthcoming releases of UMTS, primarily Release 4 and 5 formerly Release 00. However, before we describe the reference architecture we outline the vision of the UMTS technical specification evolution from Ref. [1].
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