Tài liệu miễn phí Sức khỏe phụ nữ
Download Tài liệu học tập miễn phí Sức khỏe phụ nữ
Smoking and reproduction: The oviduct as a target of cigarette smoke
In the second study an attempt was made to determine whether there might be a relationship between reproductive messages and the popularity/sales of recorded contemporary songs. This was accomplished by measuring the number of reproductive messages in 30 randomly selected songs from each of the three charts that made it into the Top Ten in 2009 and also appeared in albums. As a control condition, we measured the number of reproductive messages in randomly selected songs from the same album by the same vocalists that did not make it into the Top 10. As a result, each...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Follicular fluid content and oocyte quality: from single biochemical markers to metabolomics
To determine if the presence of reproductive messages is a long term, enduring feature of song lyrics, the fourth study was based on a content analysis of the lyrics contained in a sample of representative art songs and opera aria dating back as far as 1597. Arias are usually a melodic segment set within the context of a larger composition called an opera. Though arias are often performed independent of the full opera, they derive much of their meaning from the framework of the surrounding composition. In contrast, Art songs are smaller scale compositions that...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Therapeutic ultrasound as a potential male contraceptive: power, frequency and temperature required to deplete rat testes of meiotic cells and epididymides of sperm determined using a commercially available system
There was complete agreement among two independent raters in classifying 327 reproductive messages out of a total of 362 references taken from a representative sample of the opera and art songs, which represents an inter-rater agreement of over 90%. Figure 4 depicts the results. A t-test failed to demonstrate a significant difference in the number of reproductive categories between the opera and art songs, t(104) = .6098, p = .5433. While the frequency of some of the themes differ, these findings clearly show that the same reproductive categories derived from the content analysis of our initial...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Genomic imprinting and assisted reproduction
Universal access means that enough services and information are available, accessible and acceptable to meet the different needs of all individuals. This requires that people can safely reach services without travelling for a long time or distance, and that those with disabilities can easily access buildings. Services and treatments must be affordable, and based on principles of equity such that poor people do not bear a higher burden from the cost than more wealthy people. Care should also be sensitive to social and cultural considerations including gender, language and...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Monochorionic triamniotic triplet pregnancy with a co-triplet fetus discordant for congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung
Ensuring universal access to SRH services and information is essential for achieving many, if not all, of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), especially those on maternal health, child survival, HIV and AIDS and gender equality [5]. Most maternal deaths can be prevented if there is skilled attendance at birth to cope with potentially fatal complications. Access to safe and effective family planning services and contraception empowers women to have more control over when to have children and lessens the incidence of unsafe abortions. Also, contraception can help reduce the transmission of STIs, including...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Illegal births and legal abortions – the case of China
A rights-based approach to access is based on the framework of international values and standards, set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (see www.unhchr.ch/udhr/index.htm) and other international human rights conventions. These are primarily concerned with promoting the wellbeing and free choice of all individuals, especially people made vulnerable through poverty, stigma, marginalisation or violence. The right of individuals to access sexual and reproductive health services and information, to use services with privacy and confidentiality, and to be treated with dignity and...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Support to woman by a companion of her choice during childbirth: a randomized controlled trial
Women who are financially, materially or socially dependent on men may have limited power to exercise control in relationships, such as negotiating the use of condoms during sex. Social expectations about how women should behave can place women in subordinate roles and increase their risk of being sexually assaulted, contracting STIs and having unwanted pregnancies, and also limit their access to SRH services. In Zanzibar, unmarried women are denied contraceptives from health professionals, while in Botswana and Senegal married women are restricted from using contraceptives without the...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Availability and quality of emergency obstetric care in Gambia's main referral hospital: women-users' testimonies
Whilst reproductive health targets and rights have been agreed in international negotiations and universal access to reproductive health services incorporated into the MDG5, many countries do not recognise sexual health as being distinct from reproductive health and the need for sexual health services and information as going beyond those concerning reproduction and HIV. Sexual health services have generally been neglected because providing them requires governments to acknowledge sexual rights including sexual pleasure and sexual orientation; and address issues such as gender roles and power imbalances within relationships. At national levels, there is a general lack...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Maternal health in resource-poor urban settings: how does women's autonomy influence the utilization of obstetric care services?
Integrating reproductive health, family planning and STI/HIV prevention and treatment services is critical for achieving universal access. Integration requires that health care workers can provide an appropriate comprehensive package of services under one roof, and refer patients to other services if required. Linking STI/HIV with SRH services improves access to HIV/STI services for women who might otherwise not visit them because of issues of stigma [1]. It also improves access to reproductive health services for people living with HIV and AIDS whose reproductive health needs and rights are often overlooked [12]. Integrating...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
High rate of unintended pregnancy among pregnant women in a maternity hospital in Córdoba, Argentina: a pilot study
Integrating SRH services into public facilities provides greater potential for scaling up services and maintaining them on a long-term basis as networks are already in place across countries. Successful integration necessitates political commitment towards providing a comprehensive package of primary health care services and technical and financial support towards achieving this. Many attempts to integrate SRH services have encountered problems at the programme and service level. These include difficulties in: allocating and coordinating responsibilities; ensuring effective communication between staff in programmes; training staff with appropriate skills to meet a broader range of...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Inconsistent fertility motivations and contraceptive use behaviors among women in Honduras
Actively involving marginalised groups in decision making processes at all levels, and providing them with the opportunity to hold service providers and policy makers accountable for discriminatory practices, corruption or poor quality services, helps to redress inequalities in access to SRH services and ensure that they are acceptable and appropriate. In practice, representation in the planning processes for SRH services has been limited. A review of community participation and (public) SRH service accountability across developing countries found that participation was restricted to service delivery, and was not extended to the design of...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Research Women's autonomy in household decision-making: a demographic study in Nepal
To improve their influence on SRH legislation, policy and spending decisions at all levels, it is necessary to strengthen the capacity of marginalised people and of other civil society organisations concerned with SRH including women’s groups, health and human rights groups and elected representatives so they can better negotiate for their demands. Civil society groups should collect evidence to support these demands, support marginalised people to express their concerns, and form alliances to strengthen their representation. The creation of more opportunities and spaces for people to engage in policymaking processes such as independent courts, media...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Evaluation of a reproductive health awareness program for adolescence in urban Tanzania-A quasi-experimental pre-test post-test research
Perceived quality of care is an important factor that determines whether people choose to utilise SRH services. Evidence from Bangladesh, Senegal and Tanzania suggests that in areas where women felt that they were receiving a high standard of care, they were more likely to use contraceptives than in areas with lower quality health facilities. Improving quality of care requires that patients’ perspectives and levels of satisfaction are taken into account when evaluating services, and are incorporated into policy decisions. This means that in addition to clinical factors...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Does weight loss improve semen quality and reproductive hormones? results from a cohort of severely obese men
EngenderHealth, a non-profit organisation that works in reproductive health, has devised a client-orientated, provider-efficient (COPE) approach to improve quality of care and motivate staff. COPE offers guidance for providers to assess their services, interview patients, and examine the time that they spend at clinics. This gives staff a better understanding of patients' perspectives, and enables them to develop a plan of action to improve quality. In some clinics, COPE has resulted in staff staggering their lunch breaks to reduce patients' waiting time. The approach empowers providers to have more control over their activities and...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Parent-young people communication about sexual and reproductive health in E/Wollega zone, West Ethiopia: Implications for interventions
Non-state providers including commercial firms, not-for-profit organisations and faith-based organisations often provide services when governments are unable to meet people’s SRH needs. Social franchising, or networks of private providers who offer a standard set of services and share training, referral systems, quality standards and brands is one such example. The high volume of patients that these networks can provide for enables them to reduce costs of treatment for poor people. However, as with many commercial providers there is a tension between sustaining services by collecting revenue and providing services for most poor people. Those who cannot afford...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Health workers' attitudes toward sexual and reproductive health services for unmarried adolescents in Ethiopia
This paper examines the integration of family planning (FP) services with HIV and AIDS services (voluntary counselling and testing (VCT), prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) and anti-retroviral therapy (ART)) in Uganda. The paper finds that: FP service integration is more evident in VCT and PMTCT settings where counselling, provision of contraceptive methods other than condoms, and information is available in varying degrees. Implementation of integrated services remains a challenge because under the public healthcare system, FP and VCT services are controlled by different divisions within the Ministry of Health. The paper also finds that overwhelmingly, people living with...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Determinants of male involvement in maternal and child health services in sub-Saharan Africa: a review
This ASTRA network paper examines barriers to accessing reproductive health services and supplies in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The paper finds that reproductive health is not prioritised in government policies: they lack a commitment to recognise reproductive health supplies as an important component of public health and human rights and there is no adequate legislation and policy in this area. Condoms are widely available, but their cost is often high, especially for young people. HIV testing is accessible, but testing for other sexually transmitted infections including Chlamydia is rare...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)
In the literature on conflict and HIV/AIDS, African men are often presented in simplistic and explicitly negative terms. It is generally taken for granted that those who use weapons are men whilst those who suffer the consequences of conflict are women, and that men always hold power in sexual relationships whilst women are always powerless. Certainly, African women and girls have been made vulnerable by the behaviour of men and boys in conflict settings and in sexual relationships. Yet the fact that gender hierarchies also oppress some men is seldom discussed. What of...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Keeping your finger on the pulse Personalized Medicine
This report, published by the UN Millennium Project, examines the global burden of diseases and risks related to sexual and reproductive health (SRH), analyses the implications for the Millennium Development Goals, and asks what needs to be done. Key findings include that millions of women lack access to family planning services they need and want. The unmet need for contraception is especially acute among adolescents in the developing world. One in 16 women in sub-Saharan Africa dies from complications of pregnancy and childbirth, compared with one in every 2800 in...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
Universal access to sexual and reproductive health services
In September 2006, as a result of advocacy by international and national non-governmental organisations (NGOs), the United Nations (UN) General Assembly finally adopted the target of universal access to reproductive health. This health key issues guide explores issues relating to universal access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services using a rights-based approach. The guide examines factors that inhibit access to and use of SRH services, and discusses methods for removing barriers to care and improving access. Lack of access to SRH services and information contributes to high levels...
8/30/2018 1:57:04 AM +00:00
ADVANCING RESEARCH TO INFORM REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH POLICIES
Because CHWs hold the esteem of their peers, they are effective in promoting change and challenging stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS, harmful traditional practices, and prejudices against family planning. They are motivated by a sense of duty to care for others around them and many were caring for others long before they received Pathfinder’s training. The training enables them to offer a wider range of services, gives them confidence that they are giving correct advice, and teaches them how to safely care for people living with HIV/AIDS. Over the past 25 years, Pathfinder has learned many lessons about what makes community-based programs thrive. Outlined in this report are...
8/30/2018 1:57:03 AM +00:00
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Pathfinder and its partner organizations train and work with the WACs to help them become agents for social change, emphasizing the dangers of female genital cutting and early marriage and the importance and benefits of safer sexual behaviors, maternal and child health care, and family planning. Highly respected by their communities, WAC members are in a unique position to gain community trust and pave the way for CHWs to introduce their lessons and family planning methods. The WACs have embraced their role and have had great success in influencing change at the district level. To ensure their impact at the village level, many communities have formed...
8/30/2018 1:57:03 AM +00:00
Top 10 places successful reproductive managers focus their time
PRACHAR’s goal is to improve the health of mothers and their children by changing the customs of early marriage and childbearing and spacing subsequent births. To reach this objective, Pathfinder works with every section of society that influences the decisions of young people. Pathfinder has trained staff of 30 local partner organizations, who in turn have trained 342 community members to work as change agents, the key village-level representatives of the PRACHAR project. The project was launched in each village with a community meeting. The presence and support of respected local leaders at these events is crucial to the project’s success. Through social occasions, public events,...
8/30/2018 1:57:03 AM +00:00
UNdoing Reproductive Freedom Christian Right NGOs Target the United Nations
The TAHSEEN project in Egypt took advantage of local leaders’ great influence and power for positive change by training them to be positive influences for change in RH/FP practices. With Pathfinder training, clergy, community outreach workers, traditional birth attendants, teachers, local civic leaders, and members of the media helped spread knowledge and understanding about healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies; postpartum, antenatal, and postabortion care; advantages of delayed marriage and childbearing; continued schooling for girls; and communication between couples and between parents and children about RH/FP. The leaders were also trained on the importance of not just educating people about these services, but endorsing them and...
8/30/2018 1:57:03 AM +00:00
Reproductive cloning ethical and social issues
Pathfinder’s HIV/AIDS response in Kenya has been so successful that our community home-based care training curriculum has been adopted by the government to train all CHWs in the country since 2001. Pathfinder’s university-based peer education project has been running continuously in Kenya since 1988 and has successfully integrated HIV/AIDS prevention information into its educational program. Pathfinder CHWs have continued to provide RH/FP information and services for their clients since the introduction of HIV/AIDS home-based care, but between 2000 and 2003 donor support focused solely on HIV/AIDS. In 2003 Pathfinder found private support to rejuvenate its community-based family-planning efforts. Their latest project, launched in the summer of...
8/30/2018 1:57:03 AM +00:00
The Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome and the Eastern Tent
In the traditional region of Northern Nigeria, Pathfinder has struggled to promote the use of modern contraceptive methods to delay and space pregnancies. Traditional communities in this area generally see children as a gift from God and, assured that He will provide for their families, resist limiting their family size or spacing women’s pregnancies. Sexuality is not openly discussed, so reaching families with RH/FP information and services has been difficult. It has been observed however, that because HIV/AIDS is recognized as a deadly disease, communities are more open to discussing RH/FP in its context. Pathfinder is therefore increasing the attention given to HIV/AIDS in its Northern...
8/30/2018 1:57:03 AM +00:00
GLOBAL PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF A CRYPTIC COPEPOD SPECIES COMPLEX AND REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION BETWEEN GENETICALLY PROXIMATE ‘‘POPULATIONS’’
In Mozambique, Pathfinder is going beyond traditional maternal and child health to ensure the survival of children into adulthood. In addition to their traditional role distributing family planning information and products, CHWs have begun distributing water-purification solution and insecticide-treated bed nets for malaria prevention to pregnant women and mothers of children under five. They are promoting exclusive breast-feeding to the age of six-months, iron and folate supplements for pregnant women, growth monitoring, deworming, and proper nutrition. CHWs also identify children that have not been immunized and encourage immunization at vaccination posts or during campaigns. In the last six months, 4,700 bed nets and 1,650 bottles water...
8/30/2018 1:57:03 AM +00:00
The Contribution of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services to the Fight against HIV/AIDS: A Review
Pathfinder has developed a two-way referral system for infections and serious complications. CHWs send clients to nearby health facilities with a referral note, which helps ensure that people living with HIV/AIDS are seen promptly and free-of-charge. In some cases, if the client is too weak to travel alone and has no family to accompany him, or is afraid of the stigma associated with being HIV-positive, the CHW escorts the client to the health facility. The service provider returns the referral note with information about diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up appointments, which CHWs use to help clients manage their care at home. CHWs estimate that they receive the...
8/30/2018 1:57:03 AM +00:00
Improving Reproductive Health through Community-Based Services: 25 Years of Pathfinder International Experience
Before meeting Margaret and Mama Lomayani, Maria would go to church and cry all day. But now, “They have given me hope,” she says. Maria braids hair and washes her neighbor’s clothes to earn money, but it is difficult to make ends meet. Mama Lomayani is helping Maria obtain a small loan to buy shampoo and oils to sell and to expand her hair-braiding business. She also hopes to sell jewelry and other small items to her clients. This money will go straight into a bank account to pay for her son’s future school fees. Margaret volunteers as a community health worker because she doesn’t want to see others...
8/30/2018 1:57:03 AM +00:00
lackwell Publishing, Ltd. Predictors of reproductive cost in female Soay sheep
The nontraditional distributor as a source of RH/FP information is being replicated in Northern Nigeria, a region that has proven particularly reluctant to use modern contraceptive methods. Local women can be hard to reach because of the tradition of Purdah, which keeps them in the home unless escorted by a male relative. But traditional beauticians (Mai Lalle) and hair stylists (Mai Kitso) have access to both young married and unmarried women. Pathfinder plans to train these women to counsel their clients on RH/FP issues, including healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies. They will distribute contraception and will refer their clients to health facilities when necessary. Mai...
8/30/2018 1:57:03 AM +00:00