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- Total phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidative, α-amylase inhibitory activity of phellinus gilvus fruiting body extracts
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- VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology, Vol. 38, No. 1 (2022) 82-90
Original Article
Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Content
and Antioxidative, α-amylase Inhibitory Activity
of Phellinus gilvus Fruiting Body Extracts
Duong Thi Hong, Dang Ngoc Quang*
Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
Received 02 December 2020
Revised 19 February 2021; Accepted 29 August 2021
Abstract: Fractions yielded from Phellinus gilvus fruiting bodies by liquid-liquid partition of
methanol extract contained various bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids
and terpenes. Butanol, water and ethyl acetate fractions had large amount of phenolics,
158.12 - 247.31 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and low amount of flavonoids,
21.74 - 36.05 mg of quercetin equivalents (QE)/g. These values highly correlated with their
antioxidative activity including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging potential with
IC50 values of 84.5 -108.44 μg/mL and reducing power. These fractions showed moderate
α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 4.77, 10.69 and 3.9 mg/mL, respectively.
P. gilvus fractions exhibited negligible inhibitory activity on the growth of tested Gram-positive
and Gram-negative bacterial strains at the concentration of 20 mg/mL. The results suggest the
utility of butanol, water, and ethyl acetate fractions from fruiting bodies of P. gilvus collected in
Vietnam for further characterization in order to apply for diabetes or anti-aging prevention.
Keywords: Phellinus gilvus, antioxidative activity, α-amylase inhibition.
1. Introduction * P. linteus, P. baumii and P. nigricans [3] are
well known for representing an unlimited
Mushrooms have recently become a potent source of antitumor or immuno-stimulating,
candidate for functional foods because of their anti-inflammatory polysaccharides [4, 5], and
high contents of protein, crude fiber, minerals anti-inflammatory phenolic metabolites [6].
and vitamins [1], as well as physiologically Phellinus species have traditionally been used
beneficial bioactive substances [2]. Some as folk medicine for a variety of human diseases
species of mushrooms which belong to family such as digestive disorder, diarrhea,
Hymenochaetaceae (Basidiomycetes) like P. gilvus, hemorrhage,... in several Asian countries [7, 8].
_______ P. gilvus known as Mustard yellow
* Corresponding author. polypore is a plant pathogen and mainly
E-mail address: quangdn@hnue.edu.vn distributed in North America’s hardwood
https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.5171
forests. In Vietnam, the P. gilvus was found in
82
- D. T. Hong, D. N. Quang / VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology, Vol. 38, No. 1 (2022) 82-90 83
Thua Thien Hue [9] and Cat Ba National Park National Park, inoscavin A, daidzin, ergosterol
[10]. The important identification features for and ergosterol peroxide were isolated from its
P. gilvus include the yellowish brown to methanolic extracts [18]. Recent study on ethyl
orange-brown flesh, the purplish brown pore acetate fraction of P. gilvus fruiting body
surface composed of very tiny pores, and the revealed two sterols and three aromatic
red-then-black (or just black) reaction of its hydrocarbons [19].
surfaces to KOH. P. gilvus has advantages over To date, there has been no information about
many Phellinus species due to its short growth biological activities of P. gilvus collected in
period (3 months), making it cheaper to Vietnam. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate
produce [11]. some secondary metabolite composition such as
Previous research has found various total phenolics, flavonoids, and some in vitro
compounds, biological activities and benefits of biological activities like antioxidative,
P. gilvus. The pretreatment with the water antibacterial activities of P. gilvus to provide
extracts of P. gilvus could inhibit the increase data for future bioactive compound
of total white blood cells, neutrophils and the characterization as well as the application of
level of interleukin-1β in bronchial lavage fluid P. gilvus in Vietnamese medicine.
in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged rats and
might be useful in preventing acute pulmonary
inflammation in human [5]. P. gilvus has also 2. Materials and Methods
significant adhesion- and abscess-reducing 2.1. Materials
effects in a rat peritonitis model [12] and has
significant dermal wound healing effects in Phellinus gilvus fruiting bodies were
clinical use [13]. In addition, some biological collected from PuMat National Park
activities have also been investigated (Nghe An province).
including anti-platelet aggregation, antioxidant, Bacterial strains including Bacillus subtilis
anti-xanthine oxidase, anti-cholinesterase, ATCC 6633, Staphylococus aureus ATCC
anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating 13709, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922,
activity for various P. gilvus extracts [14, 15]. Samonella enterica ATCC 13076 and
Six major compounds were identified from the S. typhimurium were obtained from Institute of
ethyl acetate extract of P. gilvus, and Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science
protocatechualdehyde was supposed to be the and Technology.
major phenolic compound of P. gilvus Chemicals including α-amylase, 2,2-Diphenyl-
responsible for its DPPH free radical 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ascorbic acid, quercetin,
scavenging activity and its inhibitory effects on gallic acid, Folin-Ciocalteau reagents as well as
LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 solvents were purchased from Sigma and
cells [6]. Protocatechualdehyde significantly Merck with analytical grade.
decreased cell viability, caused cell cycle arrest 2.2. Methods
at G0/G1 phase, promoted apoptosis as well as
enhanced the complement and coagulation 2.2.1. Sample Extraction and Fractionation
cascades, and the p53 signaling pathway in Fruiting bodies of P. gilvus were washed
B16-F10 melanoma cells [16]. A recent study with distilled water to remove adhering debris
has revealed high contents of total phenolics and dust, dried and chopped into small pieces
and flavonoids of methanol extract and hot and then soaked in methanol for one week and
water extract from the fruiting bodies of extracted in an ultrasonic bath for 30 mins at
P. gilvus collected from Korea [17]. In room temperature. The extraction was
Vietnam, there have been very few researches performed in three replicates. The extracts were
on Phellinus species. In a study on the fruit mixed, filtered by filter paper and concentrated
body of P. igniarius collected from Pu Huong in a rotary evaporator at 40 °C, and then
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lyophilized. The crude extract was further [21] using ascorbic acid and quercetin as
fractionated sequentially in different solvents references. Absorbance of the reaction solutions
including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and was determined at the wavelength of 700 nm.
water. The four fractions were concentrated by The result was calculated by the value that the
vacuum evaporation and stored at -20 °C until use. sample increased the absorbance to 0.5, and
2.2.2. Thin Layer Chromatography high absorbance of the reaction mixture
Extract solutions were prepared at the revealed high reducing power.
concentration of 10 mg/ml in absolute methanol. 2.2.6. Antibacterial Activity Assay
Solvent system used as the mobile phase includes The antibacterial activity of P. gilvus
toluene/ethyl acetate/ acetone/formic acid 5: 3: extracts was tested against B. Subtilis, S. aureus,
1: 1,…). The plate was sprayed with 5% sulfuric E. coli, S. enterica and S. typhimurium by using
acid solution, dried at 110 oC until the spots the agar well diffusion method [23]. Fractions
appeared, and observed under visible light and were dissolved in absolute methanol at a
UV radiation at 302 nm. concentration of 20 mg/ml. Methanol served as
2.2.3. Determination of Total Phenolics and a negative control and kanamycin 0.3% as the
Flavonoids positive control. Antibacterial activity was
Total phenolics content was evaluated determined by measuring the diameter of the
according to Waterhouse using gallic acid as inhibition zone formed around the well.
the standard [20]. Absorption is measured at ΔD = D – d
765. The results were expressed as mg gallic D: diameter of the sterile ring (mm)
acid equivalents (GAE) per gram dry weight of d: diameter of the agar well (mm).
each extract by comparison with the gallic acid 2.2.7. Alpha-amylase Inhibitory Assay
standard curve. Alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of
Total flavonoids were determined following fractions was evaluated was evaluated
the method described by Sapkota et al., [21] using according to Geriacheva [24] based on the
quercetin as the standard. Absorption is measured catalysis of α-amylase (40 IU/mL) to hydrolyze
at 415 nm. Flavonoid content of extracts was starch (0.5%) to form dextrins with different
calculated in mg quercetin equivalents (QE) per molecular masses. The fractions were dissolved
gram dry weight of each extract. by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at the
2.2.4. Antioxidant Activity concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 20 mg/ml.
Antioxidant activity was evaluated by Absorbance of the solutions with iodine was
determining free radical scavenging potential determined at the wavelength of 656 nm.
using DPPH according to Blois [22]. The Percentage of hydrolyzed starch was calculated as:
reaction mixture contained 20 µL of extract Percentage of hydrolyzed starch (%) =
solutions in methanol and 180 µL of 0.1 mM [(A - B)/A] × 100 Where A stands for the
DPPH solution. Ascorbic acid was used as the absorbance of starch solution at 656 nm and B
reference. Absorbance of the solutions were corresponds to the absorbance of the solution
measured at the wavelength of 517 nm. DPPH
containing α-amylase at 656 nm. The α-amylase
scavenging activity was calculated as:
inhibition capacity (%) was measured based on
DPPH scavenging activity (%) = [(Acontrol -
percentage of hydrolyzed starch in the sample
Asample)/(Acontrol)]× 100 where Acontrol represents
(with tested fractions) as compared to the
the absorbance of the control and Asample is the
control (without tested fractions). IC50 values
absorbance of the test sample. The IC50 value is
deduced from the logarithm curve of were calculated based on the logarithm curve.
scavenging capacity vs. sample concentration. 2.2.8. Statistical Analysis
2.2.5. Reducing Power Assay Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excell
The reducing power of the extracts on Fe3+ software and Student’s t-test. Results were
was determined by the method of Sapkota et al., expressed as means standard deviation. A
- D. T. Hong, D. N. Quang / VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology, Vol. 38, No. 1 (2022) 82-90 85
level of p value less than 0.05 was considered As a result, all P. gilvus fractions contained
to be significant. various compounds with distinct bands.
Butanol, water and ethyl acetate fractions gave
more bands than n-Hexane fraction especially
3. Results and Discussion yellow bands. However, purple bands are
3.1. Thin Layer Chromatography predominant in n-Hexane fraction. The
Secondary metabolite composition of four chromatogram revealed fractions from P. gilvus
fractions from P. gilvus has been investigated possessed terpenoids (with purple bands under
preliminarily by thin layer chromatographic white light), flavonoids (yellow or orange under
analysis using solvent system including white light), and phenolic acids (flourescent
toluene/ethyl acetate/acetone/formic acid 5: 3: 1: 1. bands under 302 nm radiation) (Figure 1).
Previous studies showed that Phellinus spp.
extracts (P. rimosus, P. wahlbergii, P. nigricans)
contain a large amount of terpenoids in water
fraction and ethanol fraction [25].
3.2. Total Phenolics and Flavonoids Content
Phenolic compounds play an integral role in
human diets because of a wide variety of their
beneficially biological activities including
antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, antihypertensive,
antilipoperoxidant, hepatoprotective, and
anti-carcinogenic activities [26]. From the
Fig. 1. Thin layer chromatogram of P. gilvus standard curves, the content of total phenolics and
fractions. H2O: water; EtOAc: ethyl acetate; flavonoids of P. gilvus fractions were calculated
But: butanol; n-Hex: n-hexane. and the results were represented in Table 1.
Table 1. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of P. gilvus fractions
Fraction Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g fraction) Total flavonoid content (mg QE/g fraction)
Water 223.45 ± 20.14a 27.28 ± 6.93a, b
Butanol 247.31 ± 12.57a 36.05 ± 3.6a
Ethyl acetate 158.12 ± 27.46b 21.74 ± 3.27b
n-Hexane 18.04 ± 3.72c 1.56 ± 0.87c
GAE: gallic acid equivalents, QE: quercetin equivalents,
a, b, c, d
: significant difference among fractions (p
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is reported in previous research [27]. The level was 55% at concentration of 0.1 mg/mL [29].
of flavonoid compounds of P. gilvus was However, another report showed that ethyl
also slightly higher than that of P. rimosus and acetate fraction of P. gilvus isolated in Korea
P. badius extracts (28.1 and 26.48 mg had highest DPPH radical scavenging activity
QE/g, respectively). with IC50 value of 13.34 μg/mL (scavenging
70.38% of DPPH radical). Butanol, water and
3.3. DPPH Scavenging Activity
n-Hexane scavenged 20.62%, 8.61% and 5.46%
DPPH was widely used to evaluate at concentration of 20 μg/mL, respectively [14].
antioxidant activity of plant extracts because it Furthermore, the various fractions of P. gilvus
possesses a proton free radical. In the presence displayed weaker DPPH radical scavenging
of an antioxidant, its proton radical obtain one activity than that in P. merrillii fractions with
more electron, its purple color fades [28]. Table IC50 values of 0.66, 0,78, 0.83 and 3.79 mg/mL
2 illustrates IC50 values for DPPH scavenging for ethyl acetate, butanol, water and n-Hexane
activity of P. gilvus fractions. fractions, respectively [30].
Table 2. DPPH scavenging activities of P. gilvus Plenty of research have proved that
fractions compared with ascorbic acid biological compounds such as flavonoids,
curcuminoids, phenolics play a significant role
Sample IC50 (μg/ml) in the elimination of free radicals and expose
Water fraction 84.5 ± 14.58a antioxidant activity. The levels of these
Butanol fraction 85.21 ± 15.44a substances were positively correlated with the
free radical scavenging activity [21, 26].
Ethyl acetate fraction 108.44 ± 20.82a Therefore, for P. gilvus in this study, the large
n-Hexane fraction > 1600 amount of phenolics and flavonoids of the
Ascorbic acid 28.99 ± 6.11b water, butanol and ethyl acetate fractions
showed a high correlation to their DPPH radical
a, b, c, d
: significant difference scavenging capability. This result suggested the
among fractions p
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The result showed that the butanol and ethyl The concentration at absorbance 0.5 of
acetate fractions of P. gilvus exhibited moderate butanol fraction and ethyl acetate fraction was
reducing power as compared with ascorbic acid approximately 3.7 and 4.4 times higher than
and quercetin. Butanol fraction fraction that of ascorbic acid, respectively, and 2.6 and
revealed the strongest reducing power among 3.1 times higher than that of quercetin,
the P. gilvus fractions. Ethyl acetate fraction respectively. However, the data showed that
exhibited slightly lower reducing power. At the reducing power of butanol and ethyl acetate
same concentration of 0.4 mg/mL, the reducing fractions is nearly similar with methanol
power of butanol fraction reached 1.09, fraction and hot water fraction from fruiting
followed by ethyl acetate, water and n-Hexane bodies of P. gilvus collected from Korea
fractions, 0.86, 0.31 and 0.25, respectively. (1.88 and 2.24 at concentration of 0.5 mg/mL)
Concentration of butanol and ethyl acetate in a previous report [8]. Data demonstrated the
fractions of P. gilvus at the absorbance of 0.5 high correlation between reducing power and
was calculated. DPPH scavenging activity of butanol and ethyl
acteate fractions, which probably possess
Table 3. Concentration
antioxidant compounds with both hydrogen and
of P. gilvus fractions at the absorbance
of 0.5 compared with ascorbic acid and quercetin electron donating ability.
3.5. Antibacterial Activity
Concentration mg/ml
Sample The antibacterial activity of P. gilvus fractions
(Absorbance 0.5)
a was assessed by using agar well diffusion method.
Butanol fraction 0.137 ± 0.0031
The result showed that P. gilvus fractions
Ethyl acetate fraction 0.163 ± 0.0017b displayed negligibly antibacterial activity at the
Ascorbic acid 0.037 ± 0.0008c concentration of 20 mg/mL. There was no
Quercetin 0.053 ± 0.0066d inhibition observed on the growth of S. enterica
and S. typhimurium. Figure 3 shows very slight
a, b, c, d
: significant difference among fractions inhibitory activity of P. gilvus fractions on the
(p
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3.6. Alpha-amylase Inhibitory Activity starch proceeds rapidly and leads to raised
post-prandial hyperglycemia. It has been shown
Salivary and pancreatic α-amylase is a
that activity of human pancreatic α-amylase in
fundamental enzyme in the digestive system
the small intestine correlated to an increase in
and catalyzes the reaction converting starch to a
post-prandial glucose content, so the control of
mixture of smaller oligosaccharides including
which is an essential part in the treatment of
maltose, maltotriose, and a number of α-(1-6)
type 2 diabetes [31].
and α-(1-4) oligoglucans. These are then
Thus, the delay of starch assimilation by
reacted by α-glucosidases and further
α-amylase inhibition plays a important role in
hydrolyzed to glucose which is absorbed into
the control of diabetes.
the blood-stream. The hydrolysis of this dietary
J
Fig 4. Alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of P. gilvus fractions.
The half maximal inhibitory concentration of inhibitors leading to a decrease in starch
P. gilvus fractions was calculated by constructing hydrolysis hence eventually to reduce glucose
the graph of correlation between inhibitory levels. This is the first report demonstrating
percentage and sample concentration. Ethyl potential inhibitory effect of P. gilvus on
acetate and butanol fractions exhibited stronger α-amylase activity. Therefore, this study supports
inhibition on α-amylase enzyme than other the use of P. gilvus for further characterization to
fractions with IC50 values of 3.9 and assess its potential for type II diabetes
4.77 mg/mL, respectively. Water fraction had management.
slightly lower inhibitory potential (IC50 value
of 10.69) while low inhibitory capacity was
observed for n-Hexane fraction. At the highest 4. Conclusions
concentration of 20 mg/mL, significant and strong P. gilvus fruiting body fractions possessed a
α-amylase inhibition was observed for butanol variety of bioactive compounds such as
fraction (90.37%) and ethyl acetate fraction phenolics, flavonoids and terpenes. P. gilvus
(83.91%) whereas moderate and weak inhibition fractions had high content of phenolics except
was observed for water fraction (72.24%) and n-Hexane fraction, in correlation with
n-Hexane fraction (20.33%), respectively. The antioxidative activity including DPPH
result suggests that butanol and ethyl acetate scavenging capacity and reducing power.
fractions of P. gilvus act effectively as α-amylase Among of fractions, Butanol fraction exposed
- D. T. Hong, D. N. Quang / VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology, Vol. 38, No. 1 (2022) 82-90 89
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