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- New records of snakes (Squamata: Serpentes) from Son La Province, Vietnam
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- Herpetology Notes, volume 7: 771-777 (2014) (published online on 21 December 2014)
New records of snakes (Squamata: Serpentes) from
Son La Province, Vietnam
Anh Van Pham1,2, Son Lan Hung Nguyen2 and Truong Quang Nguyen3,*
Abstract. We report seven new records of snake species from Son La Province, northwestern Vietnam on the basis of a new
reptile collection from Copia Nature Reserve (Thuan Chau District) and Son La City, comprising six species of Colubridae
(Cyclophiops multicinctus, Gonyosoma frenatum, G. prasinum, Liopeltis frenatus, Oligodon catenatus, and O. chinensis) and
one species of Pseudoxenodontidae (Pseudoxenodon macrops). Our findings bring the species number of snakes to 51 in Son
La Province.
Keywords. Colubridae, Pseudoxenodontidae, distribution, taxonomy, Copia Nature Reserve, Son La City.
Introduction Murphy, Voris, Murthy, Traub and Cumberbatch,
2012; Oligodon nagao David, Nguyen, Nguyen, Jiang,
In the recent checklist of the herpetofauna of Vietnam,
Chen, Teynié and Ziegler, 2012; Oligodon cattienensis
Nguyen, Ho and Nguyen (2009) listed 192 species of
Vassilieva, Geissler, Galoyan, Poyarkov, Van Devender
snakes. Since then one new genus (Colubroelaps Orlov,
and Böhme, 2013; and Azemiops kharini Orlov, Ryabov
Kharin, Ananjeva, Nguyen and Nguyen, 2009), 13 new
& Nguyen, 2013. In addition, nine new country records
species and one new subspecies of snakes have been
of snakes have reported from the country, comprising
described in Vietnam, viz. Calamaria gialaiensis Ziegler,
two species of Colubridae, one species of Homalopsidae,
Nguyen and Nguyen, 2008; Calamaria abramovi
and six species of Elapidae (Vogel et al., 2009; Nguyen
Orlov, 2009; Colubroelaps nguyenvansangi Orlov,
et al., 2010; Rasmussen et al., 2011; Murphy et al.,
Kharin, Ananjeva, Nguyen and Nguyen, 2009; Lycodon
2012a).
ruhstrati abditus Vogel, David, Pauwels, Sumonth,
In Son La Province, Nguyen, Ho and Nguyen (2009)
Norval, Hendrix, Vu and Ziegler, 2009; Protobothrops
documented a total of 38 species of snakes. Pham et
trungkhanhensis Orlov, Ryabov and Nguyen, 2009;
al. (2013) recently recorded five species of colubrids
Calamaria concolor Orlov, Nguyen, Nguyen, Ananjeva
and one species of viper for the first time from Son La
and Ho, 2010, Calamaria sangi Nguyen, Koch and
Province. In this paper, we report seven new records of
Ziegler, 2010, Emydocephalus szczerbaki Dotsenko,
snakes for Son La Province based on newly collected
2010; Opisthotropis cucae David, Pham, Nguyen and
materials from Copia Nature Reserve (Thuan Chau
Ziegler, 2011; Trimeresurus rubeus (Malhotra, Thorpe,
District) and Son La City.
Mrinalini and Stuart, 2011); Homalopsis mereljcoxi
Material and Methods
Field surveys were conducted in the Copia Nature
Reserve (NR), Thuan Chau District and on the outskirts
1
Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Tay Bac University, Quyet of Son La City, Son La Province, northwestern Vietnam
Tam Ward, Son La City, Son La Province, Vietnam. E-mail: (Fig. 1) by Anh Van Pham, Tan Van Nguyen, Ngoc Thi
phamanhdhsphn@gmail.com Bich Nguyen, Men Thi Nguyen, and Hoang Van Tu
2
Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education,
(hereafter AVP et al.) between June 2013 and August
136 Xuan Thuy Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
2014. Specimens were collected by hand or snake
E-mail: sonnlh@hnue.edu.vn
3
Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam
hook between 9:00–23:00. After taking photographs,
Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet specimens were anaesthetized in a closed vessel with
Road, Hanoi, Vietnam. E-mail: nqt2@yahoo.com a piece of cotton wool containing ethyl acetate, fixed in
* Corresponding author 85% ethanol and subsequently stored in 70% ethanol.
- 772 Anh Van Pham et al.
Bom Commune, Copia NR, Thuan Chau District, Son
La Province (21°23.460’N, 103°37.732’E, elevation
1260 m a.s.l.).
Morphological characters. Body cylindrical; head
moderately distinct from neck; eye large, pupil round;
rostral as broad as high, partly visible from above;
internasal not in contact with loreal; prefrontal as long
as half of frontal; parietals longer than wide; nasal
undivided; loreal 1/1, not contact with orbit; preocular
1/1; postoculars 2/2, bodering anterior temporals;
anterior temporal 1/1, posterior temporals 2/2;
subpralabials 7/7, fourth and fifth touching the eye, sixth
largest; infralabials 6/6, first to fourth bordering chin
shields; dorsal scale rows 15–15–15, smooth; ventrals
180; cloacal scale paired; subcaudals 93, paired.
Coloration in preservative. Dorsal surface green
anteriorly, grey posteriorly, with whitish cross–bars
on the posterior half of the body and tail; belly whitish
green anteriorly, grey posteriorly (determination after
Smith 1943).
Ecological notes. The adult female was collected at
20:00 on tree branch, ca. 1.2 m above on the forest floor,
near a stream. The surrounding habitat was evergreen
secondary forest.
Distribution. In Vietnam, this species has been
recorded from Lai Chau and Lao Cai provinces in the
Figure 1. Map showing the survey site (black square) in Son North southwards to Kon Tum and Lam Dong provinces
La Province, northwestern Vietnam. (Nguyen et al., 2009). Elsewhere, this species is known
from China and Laos (Nguyen et al., 2009).
Remarks. The specimen from Son La differs from the
description of Smith (1943) in having more ventrals
(180 versus 164–177).
Specimens were deposited in the collections of the
Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Tay Bac University
(TBU), Son La Province, Vietnam. Abbreviation are
as follows: SVL (snout-vent length): from tip of snout
to anterior margin of cloaca; TaL (Tail length): from
posterior margin of cloaca to tip of tail; a.s.l.: above sea
level. Bilateral scale counts were given as left/right.
Results
Taxonomic accounts
Family Colubridae
Cyclophiops multicinctus (Roux, 1907)
Many-banded Green Snake / Ran nhieu dai (Fig. 2)
Specimen examined (n = 1). One adult female TBU
PAR.183 (SVL 845 mm, TaL 260 mm) collected by Figure 2. Cyclophiops multicinctus (TBU PAR.183, adult
AVP et al., 19 June 2014, near Huoi Pu Village, Chieng female) from Son La Province.
- New records of snakes from Son La Province, Vietnam 773
Figure 3. Gonyosoma frenatum (TBU PAR.154, adult female) Figure 4. Gonyosoma prasinum (TBU PAR.86, adult female)
from Son La Province, Vietnam. from Son La Province, Vietnam.
Gonyosoma frenatum (Gray, 1853) The surrounding habitat was evergreen secondary
Khasi Rat Snake / Ran soc ma (Fig. 3) forest.
Distribution. In Vietnam, this species has been recorded
Specimens examined (n = 3). Three specimens
from Lao Cai, Lang Son, Vinh Phuc and Quang Binh
collected by AVP et al. near Nong Vai Village
provinces (Nguyen et al., 2009). This species is also
(21°19.953’N, 103°35.283’E, elevation 1470 m a.s.l.),
known from China and India (Nguyen et al., 2009).
Co Ma Commune, Copia NR, Thuan Chau District,
Son La Province: TBU PAR.114 (SVL: 234 mm, TaL:
Gonyosoma prasinum (Blyth, 1854)
90 mm), subadult female, 17 August 2013 and TBU
Green Bush Rat Snake / Ran soc xanh (Fig. 4)
PAR.133 (SVL: 275 mm, TaL: 117 mm), subadult
female, 15 September 2013; TBU PAR.154 (SVL: 860 Specimens examined (n = 3). Three specimens
mm, TaL: 298+ mm, tail tip lost), adult female, 17 April collected by AVP et al. in Copia NR, Thuan Chau
2014. Distric, Son La Province: TBU PAR.86 (SVL: 613
Morphological characters. Body subcylindrical; mm, TaL: 216 mm), adult female, 25 July 2013, near
head distinguished from neck, rather flattened; snout Hua Ty Village, Co Ma Commune (21°20.923’N,
elongate; pupil rounded; rostral broader than high, partly 103°34.834’E, elevation 1400 m a.s.l.); TBU PAR.135
visible from above; internasals wider than long, as long (SVL: 676 mm, TaL: 253 mm), adult male, 12 October
as prefrontal; prefrontal approximately half length of 2013, near Hua Ty B Village, Chieng Bom Commune
frontal, in contact with second to third supralabials; (21°22.952’N, 103°37.986’E, elevation 1370 m a.s.l.),
frontal hexagonal; parietals longer than wide; nasal and TBU PAR.182 (SVL: 773 mm, TaL: 267 mm),
paired; loreal absent; supralabials 9/9, fourth to sixth adult male, 10 May 2014, near Nong Vai Village, Co
touching the eye, eighth largest; infralabials 9/9 or Ma Commune (21°19.510’N, 103°35.387’E, elevation
10/10, first to fifth bordering chin shields; preocular 1/1; 1510 m a.s.l.).
postoculars 2/2, bodering anterior temporals; anterior Morphological characters. Body subcylindrical;
temporals 2/2, posterior temporals 3/3; dorsal scale head distinguished from neck, rather flattened; snout
rows 19–19–15, smooth; ventrals 205–206; cloacal elongate; pupil rounded; rostral broader than high, partly
scale paired; subcaudals 133–143, paired. visible from above; internasals as wide as long, not in
Coloration in preservative. Dorsal surface green or contact with loreal; prefrontal as long as half length of
greenish grey; lateral head with a black stripe, from frontal; frontal pentagonal; parietals longer than wide;
nasal across the eye to the neck; chin and belly white nasal paired; loreal 1/1; supralabials 9/9, fourth to sixth
(determination after Smith, 1943). entering orbit, eighth largest; infralabials 10/10, first to
Ecological notes. The specimens were collected fifth bordering chin shields; preocular 1/1; postoculars
between 9:00 and 10:00 while moving across the road. 2/2, bodering anterior temporals; anterior temporals
- 774 Anh Van Pham et al.
Figure 5. Liopeltis frenatus (TBU PAR.109, adult male) from Figure 6. Oligodon catenatus (TBU PAR.100, adult male)
Son La Province, Vietnam. from Son La Province, Vietnam.
2/2, posterior temporals 2/3; dorsal scale rows 19–19– rostral distinctly broader than high, partly visible from
15, keeled; ventrals 193–198 in males, 193 in female; above; internasals broader than long, not in contact
cloacal scale paired; subcaudals 102–103 in males, 96 with loreal; prefrontal less than half length of frontal;
in the female, paired. parietals longer than wide; nasal undivided; loreal 1/1,
Coloration in preservative. Dorsal surface green; not contact with orbit; preocular 1/1; postoculars 2/2,
upper lip and lower parts greenish white, chin and belly bodering anterior temporals; anterior temporal 1/1,
greenish (determination after Smith, 1943). posterior temporals 2/2; subpralabials 7/7, third and
Ecological notes. Two adult males were collected fourth entering orbit, sixth largest; infralabials 8/8, first
between 8:00 and 9:00 while moving across the road; to fourth bordering chin shields; dorsal scale rows 15–
one adult female were collected at ca. 21:00 on the tree, 15–15, smooth; ventrals 149 in the male and 144 in the
1 m above the forest floor. The surrounding habitat was female; cloacal scale paired; subcaudals 100 in the male
evergreen secondary forest. and 94 in the female, paired.
Distribution. In Vietnam, this species has been Coloration in preservative. Dorsal surface yellowish
recorded from Lao Cai, Bac Kan, Thai Nguyen, Vinh brown with longitudinal lines on the anterior half of the
Phuc, Nghe An, Quang Binh, and Gia Lai provinces body; lateral side of head with a broad black stripe, from
(Nguyen et al., 2009). Elsewhere, this species is known behind the eye to the neck; upper jaw, chin and belly
from China, India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand and white (determination after Smith, 1943).
Laos (Nguyen et al., 2009). Ecological notes. The adult male was collected at
ca. 9:00 while moving across the road and the adult
Liopeltis frenatus (Günther, 1858) female was collected at ca. 16:00 on forest path. The
Frenated Ringneck / Ran dai ma (Fig. 5) surrounding habitat was evergreen secondary forest.
Distribution. Liopeltis frenatus is a rare snake species
Specimens examined (n = 2). Two specimens collected
in Vietnam. This species has been recorded from Lao
by AVP et al. in Copia NR, Thuan Chau District, Son La
Cai, Quang Binh, Da Nang, Gia Lai and Dong Nai
Province: TBU PAR.109 (SVL 335 mm, TaL 160 mm),
provinces (Orlov et al., 2003; Nguyen et al., 2009).
adult male, 16 August 2013, near Hua Ty Village, Co
Elsewhere, this species is known from China, India,
Ma Commune (21°20.234’N, 103°35.194’E, elevation
Myanmar, and Laos (Nguyen et al., 2009).
1460 m a.s.l.) and TBU PAR.116 (SVL 255 mm, TaL
116 mm), adult female, 29 August 2013, near Hua Ty
Oligodon catenatus (Blyth, 1854)
B Village, Chieng Bom (21°21.667’N, 103°36.529’E,
Assam Kukri Snake / Ran khiem a-sam (Fig. 6)
elevation 1510 m a.s.l.).
Morphological characters. Body cylindrical; head Specimens examined (n = 4). Four specimens collected
moderately distinct from neck; eye large, pupil round; by AVP et al. in Co Ma Commune, Copia NR, Thuan
- New records of snakes from Son La Province, Vietnam 775
Ecological notes. Two adult males were collected
between 8:00 and 9:00 while moving across the road
and two adult females were collected between 9:00
and 9:30 on forest path. The surrounding habitat was
evergreen secondary forest.
Distribution. Oligodon catenatus is a poorly known
species in Vietnam. This species has been recorded
from Lao Cai and Vinh Phuc provinces (Nguyen et al.,
2009). Elsewhere, this species is known from China,
India, Myanmar and Cambodia (Nguyen et al., 2009).
Remarks. O. catenatus is morphologically similar to
O. eberharti but they can be distinguished from each
Figure 7. Oligodon chinensis (TBU PAR.191, adult female)
other by the presence of a loreal in the latter.
from Son La Province, Vietnam.
Oligodon chinensis (Günther, 1888)
Chinese Kukri Snake / Ran khiem trung quoc (Fig. 7)
Specimen examined (n = 1). One adult female TBU
Chau District, Son La Province: TBU PAR.100 (SVL PAR.191 (SVL 580 mm, TaL 103 mm) collected
525 mm, TaL 75 mm), adult male, 15 August 2013, by AVP et al., 1 August 2014, near Khoang Village,
and TBU PAR.117 (SVL 517 mm, TaL 61.5 mm), Chieng Ngan Commune, Son La City, Son La Province
adult female, 30 August 2013, near Nong Vai Village (21°18.540’N, 103°56.578’E, elevation 690 m a.s.l.).
(21°19.675’N, 103°33.969’E, elevation 1570 m a.s.l.); Morphological characters. Body cylindrical; head
TBU PAR 120 (SVL 483 mm, TaL 55 mm), adult moderately distinct from neck; eye large, pupil round;
female, 13 September 2013, and TBU PAR.172 (SVL rostral as broad as high, visible from above; internasals
527 mm, TaL 72 mm), adult male, 19 April 2014, near as broad as long; prefrontal about one-third of frontal;
Co Ma Village (21°22.005’N, 103°29.596’E, elevation parietals as long as wide; nasal undivided; loreal 1/1;
1360 m a.s.l.). preocular 1/1; postoculars 1/1, bodering anterior
Morphological characters. Body cylindrical; head temporals; anterior temporal 1/1; posterior temporals
indistinct from neck; eye small, pupil round; rostral 2/2; subpralabials 7/8, third and fourth or fourth and
distinctly broader than high, visible from above; fifth touching the eye, fifth or sixth largest; infralabials
internasals absent; prefrontal shorter than frontal, in 7/7, first to fourth bordering chin shields; dorsal scale
contact with the second labial; parietals longer than
rows 17–17–15, smooth; ventrals 193; cloacal scale
wide; nasal undivided; loreal absent; preocular 1/1;
undivided; subcaudals 50, paired.
postoculars 1/1, bodering anterior temporals; anterior
Coloration in preservative. Dorsal surface of head
temporal 1/1; posterior temporals 2/2; supralabials
and body yellowish brown with dark brown blotches,
6/6, third and fourth touching the eye, fifth largest;
edged in black; dorsal head with two dark marking in
infralabials 6/6, first to fourth bordering chin shields;
˄-shape, edged in black: a narrow one between the eyes
dorsal scale rows 13–13–13, smooth; ventrals 179–
and another one on the nape; venter cream anteriorly
184 in males and 190–193 in females; cloacal scale
and pinkish posteriorly with black square spots
undivided; subcaudals 31–36 in males and 30–35 in
(determination after Smith, 1943; David et al., 2008).
females, paired.
Ecological notes. The adult female was collected at ca.
Coloration in life. Dorsal head dark brown, dorsal
20:30 while moving on the forest floor. The surrounding
surface of body greyish brown with an yellow vertebral
habitat was secondary karst forest.
stripe formed by a concatenation of lozenge-shaped
Distribution. In Vietnam, this is a widespread species
spots, edged in black, from the neck to the end of tail;
known from Lao Cai and Lang Son in the North
lateral side of head with three yellow oblique streaks:
southwards to Quang Binh and Gia Lai provinces
one in loreal region, one behind the eye and one on
neck; venter red, each ventral with a black square spot (Nguyen et al., 2009). This species is also known from
at the outer end and a white spot (determination after China (Nguyen et al., 2009).
Smith, 1943; Vassilieva et al., 2013).
- 776 Anh Van Pham et al.
Coloration in preservative. Dorsal surface brownish
grey or brownish red with dark or reddish spots or short
greyish cross-bars; chin and venter yellowish cream,
with large black spots anteriorly (determination after
Smith, 1943).
Ecological notes. Two adult females were collected
between 9:00 and 10:00 on the forest path; one adult
female was collected at ca. 9:00 while moving across
the road and another male was collected at ca. 20:00 on
forest path, near a slow flowing stream. The surrounding
habitat was evergreen secondary forest.
Distribution. In Vietnam, this species has been
recorded from Lai Chau, Lao Cai, Vinh Phuc, Nghe
An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Da Nang and Lam Dong
Figure 8. Pseudoxenodon macrops (TBU PAR.119, adult
male) from Son La Province, Vietnam.
provinces (Nguyen et al., 2009). This species is also
known from India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Malaysia,
Thailand and Laos (Nguyen et al., 2009).
Discussion
Family Pseudoxenodontiae
Son La Province is located in the northwestern region,
Pseudoxenodon macrops (Blyth, 1854) one of four biodiversity centres of Vietnam (Tordoff et
Big-eyed Bamboo Snake / Ran ho xien mat to (Fig. 8) al., 2004). Sterling et al. (2006) indicated that a wild
range of elevations and the complexity of landforms
Specimens examined (n = 4). Four specimens collected
have given the northwestern region of Vietnam a
by AVP et al. in Co Ma Commune, Copia NR, Thuan
great diversity of natural habitats and a high level of
Chau District, Son La Province: three adult females:
biodiversity potential. For instance, north of the Son
TBU PAR.71 (SVL: 520 mm, TaL: 116 mm), 9 June
La Province, the Hoang Lien National Park in Lao
2013; TBU PAR.89 (SVL: 480 mm, TaL: 105 mm),
Cai Province harbours a total of 57 species of snakes
1 August 2013, near Hua Ty Village (21°20.497’N,
(Nguyen et al., 2009). The new records bring the total
103°35.215’E, elevation 1470 m a.s.l.); TBU PAR.103
number of snake species to 51 in Son La Province and
(SVL: 540 mm, TaL: 116 mm), 15 August 2013, near Pha
it is expected that further new records of reptiles and
Khuong Village (21°21.009’N, 103°32.467’E, elevation
amphibians will be made from this province in further
1370 m a.s.l.); and one adult male TBU PAR.119 (SVL:
studies.
555 mm, TaL: 135 mm), 2 September 2013, near Pha
Khuong Village (21°21.296’N, 103°32.145’E, elevation
1360 m a.s.l.). Acknowledgements. We are grateful to the directorate of
Copia Nature Reserve for support of our field work. We thank
Morphological characters. Body cylindrical; head
T. V. Nguyen, N. B. T. Nguyen, M. T. Nguyen, H. V. Tu (Tay
distinct from neck; snout elongate; eye large, pupil
Bac University) and M. A. Lau, T. A. Sung (Son La) for their
rounded; rostral as broad as high, partly visible from assistance in the field. We thank T. Ziegler (Cologne) and two
above; internasals as wide as long, not in contact with anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. Many thanks
loreal; prefrontal about a half length of frontal; frontal to E. Sterling (New York) and K. Koy (Berkeley) for providing
pentagonal; parietals longer than wide; nasal paired; the map. Field equipment was supported by the Ideal Wild to A.
loreal 1/1; supralabials 8/8, fourth to fifth entering orbit, V. Pham. Research of T. Q. Nguyen is funded by the National
Geographic Society (Grant No. 9492–14) and the Alexander von
7 largest; infralabials 10/10, first to fifth or first to fourth
Humboldt Foundation (VIE 114344).
bordering chin shields; preocular 1/1; postoculars 3/3,
bordering anterior temporals; anterior temporals 2/2;
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