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Chapter 2
Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion
Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
McGrawHill/Irwin © 2012 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is anatomical reference position?
• erect standing position with all body parts facing forward
• considered the starting point for all body segment movements
Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D. 2-2
Directional terms:
superficial: toward the surface of the body
superior: closer to the head
proximal: closer to the trunk
lateral: away from the midline of the body
posterior: toward the back of the body
deep: inside the body away from the surface medial: toward the midline of the body
anterior: toward the front of the body
distal: away from the trunk inferior: farther away from the head
Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D. 2-3
Reference planes:
• sagittal plane - in which forward and backward movements occur
• frontal plane - in which lateral movements occur
• transverse plane - in which rotational movements occur
Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D. 2-4
Reference axes:
Longitudinal axis - directed vertically and around which rotational movements occur
Anteroposterior axis – directed along the sagittal plane and around which rotations in the frontal
plaMediolateral axis – directed along the frontal plane and around which rotations in the sagittal plane occur
Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D. 2-5
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