Xem mẫu
- Giao trinh Trac dja
Chuang V
VlfONG CHUYEN KINH vi
~5-1. KHAI NItM VE KH6NG cHE M~T BANG vA VAl TRO eVA DUONG
CHUYEN KINH vI TRONG KH6NG CUE M~T BANG
I. LltCti khong che m~tbang
1. Khtii ni~m chung
Trong trk dja de phue v~ eho eong tae do ve bim d6 tren m9t ph,!-m vi r9ng
Ian nguoi ta tien himh xay dl!ng h~ thong eae diem eo t9a d9 duqe xae djnh theo
m9t h~ t9a d9 thong ilhat. H~ thong eae diem nay t'!-o tMnh m9t m,!-ng lu6i duqe
lien ket vai nhau b6i eae trj do (Goe va e,!-nh). Can elr vao gia trj t9a d9 ella m9t
diem va goe phuong vj ella m9t e,!-nh duqe eh9n lam gia trj kh6i tfnh M xae djnh
t9a d9 eae diem eon I,!-iella m,!-ng luai. H~ thong eae diem nay duqe g9i la luai
khong ehe mi!-t bilng. Nhu vi).y luai khong ehe mi!-t bilng Ia m9t phuong phap Ian
truyen t9a d9 tlr m9t diem goe den eae diem kMe ella lu6i. Cae diem trong luai
khong ehemi!-t bilng dung lam ca s6 M xae djnh vj trf mi!-tbilng ella eae diem trong
do ve ehi tiet thanh Ii).pMn d6, blnh d6. De tranh sal so tich luy nguoi ta luon ehu y
giam so luqng diem khong ehe, giam so eap h,!-ng eon phuong phap xay di!Og luai
thl tily thuge vao dja hlnh, di~n tfeh ella khu vl!e dn do ve.
2. Cac phllO"ngphap chinh xdy dlfng 111m
a. Phuong an duong chuyen
Nguoi ta tien hanh thiet Jiip tren mi!-tdat cae diem lien ket vai nhau t'!-o thanh
eae da giae, cae duong gay khue trong do phili eo ft nhat m9t diem da biet t9a d9 va
m9t e,!-nh da biet goe phuong vj (Diem goe va phuong vi goe). Nguoi ta tien hanh
do tat cii eae goe lien ket trong luai va ehieu dai cae e,!-nh trong duang ehuyen r6i
thong qua phuong phap tfnh toan blnh sai de xae djnh t9a d9 ella eae diem eon I,!-i
trong m,!-ng luai,
b. Phuong an iubi tam gac do goc
Nguoi ta thiet li).ptren mi!-tdat m9t m,!-ng lum eae diem rna mOi diem la dinh
ella eae hlnh tam giae ke tiep nhau t'!-o tMnh ehuOi tam giae hoi!-eluoi tam giae day
di!-etrong do phili eo ft nhat m9t diem da biet t9a d9, m9t qnh da biet ehieu dai va
70
- PhBn thli' nhiit: TRAc etA PH6 THONG
mOt c~nh dil biet phuong vi. NguO'i ta tien hanh do tat cii cac goc trong cac tam giac
r6i thOng qua phuong pMp t[nh toan blnh sai de xac dinh t9a dO cac diem con l~i
trong m~ng luai.
c. Phuong an Judi tam giac ao c?nh
Doi vai phuong phap nay nguO'i ta khong do cac goc trong cac tam giac rna
tien hanh do chieu dai uit cii cac c~nh trong cac tam giac r6i thong q\la phuong
phap t[nh toan blnh sai de xae dinh t9a dO cUa cac diem con l~i trong m~ng luai.
d. Phuong philp giao hQi goc
Xuat pMt it nhat tu hai diem dil biet t9a dO tien hanh do cac goc giao h(ii den
diem can xac dinh t9a dO ta se tinh duqc t9a dO cUa diem can xac dinh.
e. Phuong philp giao h(Ji c?nh
Tlr hai diem dil biet t9a dO tien hanh do cac khming cach den diem can xac
djnh t9a dO ta se tinh duqc t9a dO cua diem can xac dinh.
f. Phuong philp giao hQi ngh;ch
Tu diem can xac dinh t9a dO nguO'i ta do goc giao hOi tai it nhat ba diem dil
biet t9a dO ta se tinh duqc t9a dO cua diem can xac dinh.
g. Phuong philp GPS
Day la phuong phap hi~n d~i va ngay cang duqc ap d\lng nhieu trong trac dia.
Dl!a vao mOt h~ thong v~ tinh nhan t~o co vi tri xac dinh trong h~ t9a dO 4 chieu
(X, Y, Z va T) truyen tin hi~u den tai cac tr~m thu GPS tren mi).t dilt, tl! dOng xu Ii
so li~u de xac djnh t9a dO va dO cao cUa diem t~i cac tr~m thu GPS tren mi).tdill.
3. Phdn dip luUi kho'ng chi tlJa dt)
Bang 5-1
Cae cap
Cae chi lieu LliOi khong che Llim khong che LliOi khong che
mat bang Nha nliOC m~t bang khu Vl/c do vii m~t bang
Xac dinh hinh dang kich thliOC trai Tang them sollIqng di~m Tang m$t dO di~m dliOC
1. M~c dich x~y dat. Nghien CLrukhoa hoc. Lam 11iOi khong che cho mOt khu vllc xac dinh tQa dO d~ trllc tlep
dvng Ilim khong che do vii cho cac loai ban do. can thiet. d~t may do vii ban do.
..•.•.•..•. . ... .......• -- ..- .•...•...•.... .
..•..... ..... _---- - ......... --- ..-- I ....................... ....
"." '-~'--"'- "
"
EJlIang chuyen. Tam giac do
2. Cac phliong EJlIong chuyen. Tam giac do goc. Tat ca cac phliong philp.
goc. Tam giac do c~nh.
an x~y dvng Tam giac do ~nh. Phliong phap GPS.
Phliong phap GPS . ............. .._ ....
._."._--_ ... ------~-,., ..,._,., .. ..__ .. -- ..
,
.. .... ...•.. -.-.---' .. ......•....... "
3. T6ng so h~ng 4 2 2
.__ .....•.•.•.•. -_ .•.__ .•.... ". ........ __ ....•.
..•...•.• __ .--_ .•.•..... _ .•.•...... - ----,.- .. ...•.•. ....
" ......• ....
"
4. Kich thlI!1c ~nh 5 - 20 km 0.5 - 5 km < 0.5 km
--.'-
71
- Giao trinh Trac dia
V6 t6ng the luoi khong che m~t Mng duqc phan lam 3 cap. Trong m6i cap l'.Ii
phan thanh cac h'.lng theo nguyen tile ttr t6ng the den c~c bq va ttr dq chinh xac cao
den dq chinh xac thap. Luoi cap sau duqc pMt trien dt!a vao luoi cap tmoc va duqc
tinh toan trang cung mqt h~ thong t9a dq thong nhat.
II. Vai tro eua du'C1ngehuyen kinh vi
Duong chuy6n kinh vi thuqc cap luoi khong che do ve va duqc phan lam hai
cap la: duong chuy6n kinh vi cap I va duong chuy6n kinh vi cap II. Cac diem cila
duong chuy6n kinh vi c6 tM len 16i trang vung dja hinh r~m r'.lp, khu v,!c dan Cl!
d6ng duc t'.l0 di6u ki~n thu~n Iqi cho vi~c thiet I~p chUng tren th,!C dja cling nhu
vi~c tang day luoi khOng che tiep theo. Cac diem trang duong chuy6n kinh vi la
nhitng diem chil yeu de d~t may do ve chi tiet thanh I~p ban do, binh do. Vi v~y
duang chuy6n kinh vi la d'.lng luoi khong che do ve C0 ban, kinh dien thuang duqc
ap d~ng nhi6u trang th,!c te nhat la a khu do co dja hinh bj che khuat nhi6u.
~5.2.D~ HUONG DUONG THANG
I. Khai ni~m ve djnh hu'dng du'C1ngthang
Mqt duong thing tren m~t dat neu chi biet chi6u dai cila no thi vj tri cila
duang thing chua hoan toan xac djnh. Neu ta biet them quan h~ v6 goc ciIa duang
thing ay voi mqt huang nao d6 duqc ch9n lam goc thi vj tri cila duong thing mOi
hoan toan xac dinh. Vi~c xae djnh goc hqp bai duong thing voi mqt huang duqc
ch9n lam goc g9i la djnh huang duong thing. Tuy vao s,! I,!a ch9n huang lam goc
rna ta co cac 10':ligoc dinh huang duong thing kMc nhau.
II. Cae lo~igoe dinh hu'dng du'C1ngthang
1. G6c phzt01Zg vi thl!c
A
Hinh 5-1
72
- pMn thl1 nhai: TRACEJ.IA PHd THONG
a. Khai ni~m
Goe phuong vi thge ella mQt duong th~ng teen m~t dilt Ii! goe nam ngang tinh
tu huang Me clia kinh tuyen thge thu~n theo ehieu kim d6ng h6 den huang ella
duong th~ng do. Ki hi~u Ii!All,"" gia tei ella A'h~c bien thien tu 0°den 360°.
b..Goc phuong vi Ihl/C Ihu(m, nghich cua m(il Quang IhtJng
AII'~CABIi!goe phuong vi thge thu~n ella dUOngth~ng AB.
AII,"cBAIi!goe phuong vi thge nghieh ella duong th~ng AB.
Quan h~ giua ehung duqe xac dinh bbi eong thue:
AII,"cAS = A'h",RA :t Y:t 180° (5-l)
V6i Y= Ale sina g9i Ii!dQhQitu kinh tuyen;
Ale Ii!hi~u so dQkinh giua hai di~m A vi!B,
- Giao trinh Trac dja
3. Gac phuong vi tfla dt)
B~c KT tr~c
B~c KT tr~c
Hinh 5.3
a. Khai ni~m
Goe phuong vi t9a d9 eua m9t duang th~ng tren mi!-tdat Iii goe nam ngang
tfnh tir.huang bile eua kinh tuyen tr~e (kinh tuyen gifra cUa mui ehieu) thui,\n thea
ehieu kim d6ng h6den huang eua duang th~ng do. Ki hi~u Iii u, gia tri eua u bien
thien trong khoang tu 0" den 3600.
b. Goc phuong vi t9a 69 thu{jn ngh;ch cua m9t 6uong thi!Jng
UAB Iii gae phuong vi t9a d(Jthut!-neua duang th~ng AB
UBA Iii gae phuong vi t9a d(Jnghieh eua duang th~ng AB
Quan h~ giUachung duqe xae dinh thea bieu thue
UAB = UBA :t 180". (5-3)
4. Gac hai phuong (gac miln)
B~c KT tr~c
Nam KTtr~c
Hinh 5-4
74
- PhBn (hii' nhBt: TRACEllA PHO THONG
a. Khai ni~m
Goc hai phuong cua mi)t duang th~ng tren m~t dilt Ii! goc nfun ngang ~ 90°
tinh ttr huang bilc ho~c huang nam cua kinh tuyen tr\lc den huang cUa duang thAng
do. Ki hi~u Ii!R gia trj cua R bien thien ttr 0°den 90°.
b. Goe hai phuong thu?n nghjeh eua m(it duiJng thJng
RAB Ii!goc hai phuong cUaduang th~ng AB
RBA Ii!goc hai phuong cua duang th~ng BA
GiiTachung quan h~ vai nhau theo bi~u thuc
RAB =RBA (5-4)
III. Quan h~ gil1a cae lo~igoe djnh hU'dng
1. Quan h~ giii'a Alhl" va Au,
Bthl!c
B
Hinh 5-5
(5-5)
Trang do 0 Ii! di) I~ch ttr vi! hfy Mu (+) khi kinh tuyen ttr I~ch ve phia d6ng
kinh tuyen tht,rc,lay dau (-) khi kinh tuyen ttr I~ch ve phia tay kinh tuyen tht,rc.
2. Quan h~ giii'a A th-,!C va a
KTthlic
A
B
Hinh 5.6
75
- Giao trinh Trac dia
All,", = a:t y (5-6)'
Trang d6 Y la d9 h9i t~ kinh tuyen va lay dau (+) khi diem A nam a vung dat
phia dong kinh tuyen tr~c, lay dau (-) khi diem A nfun a vung dilt phia tll.y kinh
tuyen tr~c.
3. Quan h~ giii'a At" va a
Atht,lC
B
(5-7)
4. Quan h~ giii'a a va R vOi dtiu eua Ax, L1y
x
IV
y
II
Hinh 5.8
76
- PhBn thu nhiii: TRAC£J.IA PHd THONG
Tr~e X va tr~e Y trang h~ tadi? vuong goe trk dja chi a rn;:it philng tadi?
thanh 4 eung phan tIXnhu hinh 5-8.
Trang eung phan tu thu nhilt
a =R ~ iI., ~ 0 va il.y ~ 0 (5-8)
Trang eung phan tu thu hai
a = 180" - R ~ iI., ~ 0 va t.y ~ 0 (5-9)
Trang eung phan tIXthu ba
a = 180" + R ~ t., ~ 0 va il.y ~ 0 (5-10)
Trang eung phan tu thu tu
a ~ 360" - R ~ iI., ~ 0 va il.y ~ O. (5-11)
IV. Quan h~ giifa goe phu'dng vi tQa d{l voi goe nam ngang
1. Tinh chuyin goc phlfung vi (a)
a. MI,lC dich cua viftc tinh chuyen goc phuong vi
Dl)'a vaa goe phuong vj ella rni?t e~nh dii biet (goe phuong vj goe) va cae goe
lien ket ~) de tinh ra goe phuong vj ella cae qnh trang lucri khong ehe rn;:itbang.
b. Gong thac tinh
!
I
1
2 - 4
Hinh 5-9
Dl)'a vaa hinh ve ta co:
an = al_Z - a- rna. a- = 180" - p'1
f-'
. Suy ra aZ_' = al_Z + ~I - 180"
Neu thay ~l = 360"- ~p
ta se co aZ_' = al_Z - ~p + 180"
Ket hqp hai eong thue tren ta co eong thue:
an= al_Z:t ~ + 180"
T6ng quat: a'(i+1) = a(i_I)' :t ~,+180" (5-12)
77
- Giao trinh Trac d;a
Chu y riing: Khi ta di thea duong tinhchuyen goc phuong vi neu goc do ~
nam ben tay tnii thi ta co W va neu goc do nam ben tay phai thi ta co W. Khi ~p
d~ng dung cac cong thuc tren rna nh~n duqc ket qua mang dau am thi ta phai cQng
vOl 360" con neu duqc ket qua Ian hon 360" thi ta phai tru di 360".
2. Tfnh goc ndm ngang dl!a vao goc dfnh hu6"ng
Dt,ra vao hinh 5-10 ta co ngay:
~= AOB = UOH- UOA
(UOAva UOBtinh duqc nho ap d~ng biti toan nghich trile dial ..
B~c KT tr~c
A
Rinh 5-10
~5.3.HAl ToAN THU~N vA HAl ToAN NGH~CHTRAc D~A
I. Bai toan thu~n
1. Bai loan
Co hai di~m A va B tren m~t dat, biet t9a dQ clla. di~m A la XA, YA biet
khoang cach nfrm ngang giUa hai di~m la DAB'biet goc phuong vi t9a dQclla c,!-nh
AB la UAB.Yeu cau tinh t9a dQ ella di~m B (XB=... YB=...).
2. each gidi
Dt,ra vao hinh 5-11 ta co:
XB =X+ L'>XAB
A
Y B= YA+ L'> YAB
78
- PhBn thu nhtif: TRACEJ.IAPHO THONG
Ma ilXAB = DAB cosaAB va
ilY AB = DAB sinaAB
Suy ra:
XB= XA + DAB cosaAB (5-14)
YB= YA + DAB sinaAB (5-15)
Tfnh kiem tra theo cong thuc DAB = ~il2XAB + il2YAB va so sanh gia tr! tfnh
duqc vm gia tr! d1ibiet ban dau cua DAB neu chung bang nhau thi bili toan gilii dung.
x
I
-+-----
y
o
Hinh 5.11
3. Sri dIJng may linh ed"m lay de' gidi bid loan lhutjn
a. Lo?; may fx150 cas;6 (va cac may tuang duang)
Nhan SHIFT, nhlln Pol (roi nh~p gia tr! chi~u dili c':\nh va nhlln nut ";" roi
nh~p gia tr! goc phuong V! t9a dQ (a) nhlln nut ")" roi nhlln dllu "=" ta duqc gia tr!
ilX nhlln tiep nut RCL roi nhlln nut "F" ta duqc gia tr! il Y.
b. Lo?; may To sa; (va cac may tuang duang)
Nh~p gia tr! chi6u dai c':\nh vao may roi nhlln nut "a" nh~p gia tr! goc phuong
V! t9a dQ vao may nhlln nut DEG va nhlln nut "b" nhlln nut 2ndf roi nhan nut "b" ta
duqc gia tr! ilX nhlln tiep nut "b" ta duqc gia tr! il Y.
c. Lo?; may fx 500 A (va cac may luang duang)
NMp gia tr! chi6u dai c':\nh roi nhlln nut SHIFT nhlln tiep nut "P - R" nh~p
goc phuong V! t9a dQ roi nhlln dIlu "=" ta duqc gia tr! LlX nhlln nut SHIFT roi phlln
tiep nut "X - Y" ta duqc gia tr! ilY.
79
- Giao trinh rrsc dja
4. Bdng linh vi d~
Bang 5.2
am
Di~m . aAB DAB (m) ~XAB (m) ~YAB (m) X (m) Y (m)
A 228.500 111.300
124.18.00 240.000 -135.246 198.264
B 93.254 309.564
II. Bili toan nghjch
1. Bdi loan
Co hai diem A va B ngoai th!!,c dja, biet t9a d9 cua cac diem A va B. Yeu du
tinh khoang cach nam ngang giUa A va B va goc phuong vj t9a d9 (UAB).
2. each gidi
D!!,avao hinh ve trong. bai tOan thu~n ta co:
L',YAB Y - Y
R AB = arct" '---'-"'-I
b ,-- = arctg B A (5-16)
_ L',XAB XB - XA
Sau khi tim duqc gia trj RABta d!!,a vao quan h~ giUa U va R v6i dau cua L',XAB
va L',Y AB. ta se tfnh duqc UAB.
D!!,avao djnh If Pitago tfnh khoang cach nam ngang giUa A va B theo cong thuc:
DAB= )L',~AB+L',~AB =~(XB -XA)2 +(YB - vAl (5-17)
Tfnh kiem tra:
(5-18)
(5-19)
So sanh gia tfj vita tfnh duqc v6i (XB - XA) va (Y B- YA) neu chung bang nhau
thi bai toan giai dung.
Chu y: Ta cling co the tfnh tf!!'Ctiep -duqc khoang cach DABva goc phuong vj
UABkhi giai bai toan nghjch trang may tfnh dm tay.
80
- Phan thli' nhat: mAc CfAPHd THONG
3. Su dlJng may tinh cdm tay di gidi hdi toan nghfch
a. LOi!li may fx. 150 casi6 (va cac may luang duang)
Vi?c sir d\lng lai!-imay nay de giai bai taan nghich t9a dO duqc trlnh bay
trong bang sau:
Bang 5-3
1 2 3 4 5 6
Pol ( Nh~p~x , Nh~p~y ) =.
7 8 9 10 11
f)lIgc giil tr! D RCL F 0' " Ta dlIgc a
b. LOi!li may To sai (va cac may luang duang)
Nh~p so gia ,1, r6i nhan nut a
Nhi).pso gia ,1y r6i nhan nut b
Nhan nut 2ndF r6i nhan nut a ta duqc gia tri khaang cach D.
Nhan nut b ta duqc gia tri a thea h? so thi).pphiill cua dO. Neu nhan tiep 2ndF
r6i nMn nut DEG ta duqc a thea he dO,phut,giil.y.
c. LOi!li may fx 500 A (va cac may luang duang)
NMp gia trj ,1XAB r6i nhan nut SHIFS, nhan nut "R -P" r6i nhi).pgia tri ,1Y AS
sau do nhan dau "=" ta duqc gia tri D, nhan nut SHIPS r6i nMn tiep nut (x-y) nMn
tiep nut SHIFS nhan nut (0' ") ta duqc gia tri goc phuong vi t9a dO aAS'
4. Bdng tinh vi dlJ
f)i~m X(m) Y (m) ~XAB (m) ~YAB (m) RAB 0' n aAB
01 "
DAB (m)
A 6244.730 8117.800 156.53.25 753.897
-693.400 295.900 23.06.35
B 5551.330 8413.700
~5.4.THrET L~P DO DAe cAe YEU TO eVA DUONG eHUYEN KINH vi
I. Cae d~ng dLfCtngehuyen kinh vi
Duong chuy€n kinh vi co hai lai!-i la 2
dub'ng chuy€n kinh vi cap I va duong chuy€n
kinh vi cap II ca hai cap nay d€u co cac di!-ng
chu yeu sau:
4
Hinh 5-12
81
- Giao trlnh Trac dla
1. fJuimg chuyen kinh VI tfJo thimh vong khtfp kin
A viI B IiI hai di~m cap eao dii biet t9a d(> cae di~m I, 2, 3 viI 4 IiI cae di~m
ella duang ehuy~n kinh vi
- PhBn th(f nhat: TRACEJ.IA PHd THONG
4. Duiing chuyln treo
3 .
Hinh 5.15
A, B la cae di~m cap eao di'ibiet tqa dq PB' P,,,. la cae goe ngo'!-ttrang duang
ehuy6n DB-I' 0'_2'" la cae e
- Giao Irinh Trac dja
Chenh I~eh gia trj goe giua hai mla vong do kh6ng duqc vuqt qua 48" Sai s6.
khep do goc trong duemg chuy~n kh6ng duqc vuqt qua 160"~ .
(V 6i n la s6 goc trong duang chuy~n).
2. Do qmh
Chi~u dai c~nh trang duang chuy~n kinh vi co tM duqc do btmg thuac In va,
mia Ba la, may toan d~e di~n tIT... ho~c thuac thep. Khi do Mng thuac thep phai
tien hanh do di va do v~ theo hai chi~u thu~n nghjch va phai dam bao sai s6 trung
phuong lUang d6i do chi~u dai canh mo :0;_1_ d6i vai duang chuy~n kinh vi cap
. D 2000
I va mo :0;_1_ d6i vai duang chuy~n kinh vi cap II (Xem phiin tinh sai s6 trung
D 1000
phuong tuang d6i khi do dai Mng thuac thep trang chuong do dai).
~5.5. TINH BINH SAl GAN DUNG DUONG CHUYEN KINH vi
I. Ml:le dieh eua vi~e tinh binh sai geln dung dltdng ehuyen kinh vi
Dga vao s6 li~u g6e (t9a dQ cUa cac diem cap cao, phuong vj clla cac c~nh cap
cao) va ket qua do goc, do chi~u dai c~nh de tinh toan di~u ehinh sai s6 do goc, do
chi~u dai c~nh mQt each hqp If r6i' tinh ra t9a dQ cae diem con I~i trang duemg.
chuy~n ph",c v", cho vi~c do ve chi tiet thanh I~p Mn d6, blnh d6.
II. Cae bltde tinh toan
1. VIf liJi hinh d{lng dltO'ngchuyln ghi cae kit qua do vao sO'do'
Dga vao t9a dQ CUi;! cac diem cap cao d1i biet M tim ra s6 li~u kh6'i tinh (goc
phuong vj kh6'i tinh) Mng cach giai hai toan nghich t9a dQ.
2. Tinh toan binh sai goc
a. Tinh sa; so khep goc
n .
fp = I~i
-(n-2)180o (5-20)
i=l"
(duang chuy~n kinh vi khep kin)
. n _ 0
fp = udau :t I ~i + n 180 - ucu6i (5-21)
i=1
(duong chuy~n kinh vi phil hqp)
- Ph8n thu nhlit: TRAC£J.IA PHd THONG
b. Tfnh saf so khep goc gfof h?n
[fp]= :t60".f;; (5-22)
(voi n la t6ng s6 goc do trang duang chuy6n).
c. Danh gfa Mt qua do goc !.
Neu: f~> [f~]
thl ket qua do goc khong d~t yeu cau, phai tien hanh do I~i goc;
Neu: f~:
- Giao trinh Tr;,c dja
D6i voi duCing chuy€n kinh VIphil hqp
+~ ,.,hiclI chinh
- L JJ1
=
aeUOI
.. +
- n
1800 _ ,
Udau (5-29)
j",j
h. Tlnh chuyen goc phuong vi cho cac c;;mh
Ap dl,mg eong thue t6ng qwit
Ui(i+I) = U(i-I)i :t~~iellchinh +180°
d~ tfnh ehuy€n goe phuong vj eho cae qmh,
3. Tinh lOtin binh sai s6' gia lqa d{j
a, 01/8 vao goc phuong vi clia cac c;;mh va ehleu dal clia cae c~mh ap dl,mg bal
toan thu(m tr;>a09 ae tlnh so gla tr;>a09
~Xi(i+l) = Di(i+l) COSUi(i+1)
Li.Yj(i+l) = Di(i+l) sinui(i+l)
b. Tinh sal so kMp tr;>a09
D6i v6i duCing chuy€n khep kin
n n
fx = L: tlX va fy = L: tl Y (5-30)
i=1 i=1
D6i v6i duCing ehuy€n phil hqp
n
fx = Xd•lI + L: tlX - X CllDi
i=!
n
Va fy = Yd•lI + L: tl Y - Y ClIDi (5-31)
i=l
c. Tlnh sal so tuong 001 clia ouang chuyen
Tfnh fo = ~(f~+ f~) r6i tfnh sai s6 tuong d6i eua duCing ehuy€n
(5-32)
86
- PhBn thli' nhiif: TRACe/A PHd THONG
d. f)anh gia 09 chfnh xac cua Ol1ong chuyen
Doi vai duong chuy~n kinh vi cap I thi neu . .!. > _I - thi duong chuy~n
T 2000
1 I
khong dq.t yeu cau va kh6ng duqc tiep tuc tinh cac buac tiep thea. Neu - < --
T - 2000
thi dUO'ngchuy~n dq.t yeu cau va ta tiep tl}Ctinh cac buac tiep thea.
Doi vai duong chuy~n kinh vi cap II thi neli .!. > _1_ thi duong chuy~n
T 1000
1 1
khong dat yeu cau va kh6ng dUCKtiep tuc tinh cac buac tiep thea. Neu -::;--
. .. .T1000
thi duong chuy~n dq.t yeu cau va ta tiep wc tinh cac buac tiep thea.
e. Tfnh so hif!u chlnh cha so gia t9a 09
fx
V ilXi(i+l) = - -n-- D'(i+l)
L:D,
i=1
va Vil. fy D (5-33)
Yi(i+l) = --n-- i(i+l)
L:Di
i=:1
f. Tfnh kiem tra thea cong thUc
n
va '\' V =-f (5-34)
L. ~Y'('+I) Y
1=1
g. Tinh so gia t9a 09 oi!J hif!u chlnh
D
AXhieu chinh
i(i.+1) = D
AX
i(i+1) + VLl.Xi(i+l) (5-35)
il yhieu chinh - il Y +V (5-36)
i(i+l) - i(i+l) LlYi(i+l)
h. Tfnh kif!Im tra thea cong thac
Doi vai duong chuy~n kinh vi khep kin'
L ~~~ll chinh =0 va L ,6.~i~u
chinh :::;0 (5-37)
87
- Giao trlnh r",e aia
D6i voi duang chuyen kinh VI phu h9'P
" A hieu chinh X X (5-38)
L. LlX. = cu6i - dau
" A
L. Ll.y.
hieu chinh
= ycu6i -
y
dau (5-39)
4. Tinh tfla dij clla cac diem
X . = X. + tl.hieu chinh (5-40)
(1+1) I Xi(i+l)
y. = y + tl. hieu chinh (5-41)
(1+1) I Yi(i+l)
III. Vf dl:l: Bang tfnh binh sai gan dung dlfdng chuyen kinh vi khep kfn
1.S6 li~ugal:
Bang 5-5
£)i~m X (m) Y(m)
A 5948.624 4769.123
B 5588.314 4942.838
L'.XAB = -360.310m L'.YAB = 173.715m
aAB = 154"15'36"
2. Sa do va Mt qua do trong duiTng chuye'n
4
A
Rink 5.16
88
- Bang 5.6. Bang tinh binh sai gdn dung dliiJng chuye"n kinh vi
Tinh loan va dieu chlnh s6 gia toa d6 Toa d6
56 hi~u G6c di'i G6c
G6cdo Khoimg each !'1hic y
8i~m chinh hi~u chinh phuong vi
0 (m) Ax VAx !'1hic
x
Ay VAy y X
~;
V~ a (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
~hi$uchinh (m)
A 'jl=43:19.04 43.19.04 ... ..... --_ .. ...... .__ .......•. _. ......... .. ........•. .....•.....•....• .- -_ ........•. ..•.•.•.•.. .... ... .............. I..
........ ..................•......... 154'15'36" ",. ",.
"
" " " -""----
.....• ..__ ... ....•..... ...•....•.•...... ...... _- ........ ....•........... I . ..•.....•.... ..•.......•..... 5588.314 4942.838
B 90.19.17 -9" 90.19.08 , "-"
..... - .. _-----,-_ .....
..•.......•. " "--"'"
............. ..........•......... .... ... .... 107.53.48 143.52 -44.104 -0.057 -44.161 136.575 0.024 136.599 ._--. ... ._-_.,--"'" -"
. .•.__ ..... - --_._-_. __ .•..• .. - .•.•...•. .•. .. . ...... "_._~ -_ .•. ..... "_."." ... ..•....•.•.... --- ."--,.... 5544.153 5079.437
-9 174.38.46
" ,,"""----_
,,-"---- '"',
1 174.38.55 ,,"""-"--
165.01 I...... ..........................
•....... .............. ........ ............ ....................... 102.32.34 169.016 -36.705 -0.068 -36.773 164.982 0.028
....... .._ •......• --- ..- .•....... .,._ ......• .. ........ ......•.•.• ... _,..
-9 92.09.01
...... __ .... __ . "---- . .... _.- .... -~ .. •.•.. ..••-. , " ....•.• - ... --
5507.38 5244.447
2 92.09.10
_._.- ................
.•.•..•.•-.----_ .. ......... -". ._..----- .......... - .. 14.41.35 80.244 77.62 -0.032 77.588 20.353 0.014 20.367 --
-_._ ... ..•. .•. ..•.•_ .•. ..••.•..-----_ ..... . .. ......... _ _
_., .. .•.•.•. .•.... . .•.•.•_" .•.•. 5584.968 5264.814
-9 181.02.16
.m •••• _ ••_____ , ", ,
181.02.25
•• m ••• __ •
3
.......... -- -_ ..... ,." .. ........ 15.43.51 154.204 148.428 -0.062 148.366 41.808 0.026 41.834
_._ •.•.,. ...... _._ ..• .._-_ .....
-.---_ .•.•.--.------- ..•.... ..•...• - ..•-- .•.... ..- .. ..... ..... _ .•.- .•....... •.•......• _ •.•.•.• •..
",
5733.334 5306.648
4 86.36.05 -9 86.35.56
-297.377 ...•. ..,_.... ----- ...• .....
..
._ .._ ...•. .•.... -
, --- _ .... ..• ............
, ......• ---,0--- ..•. 282.19.47 304.451 65.012 -0.121 64.891 -297.429 0.052 , "
.9" ...... .... ,. -_ .. .•.••.•.•. --- ... ....•.... ------ ...•... .....•.• --,----_._-, ........ ..._"." .. --- 5798.225 5009.271
95.14.53
_••••••• _ ••••
___• _____ ••••'m".' ,.
5 95.15.02 "
-66.433 _ •.... ,. ._ .•.•.,. ..•. ..
I. ........ ... ..... - .•.•_- _ .•....... 197.34.40 220.1 -209.823 -0.088 -209.911 -66.47 0.037 ,."
B .. ...•.•....... ........... .•. .... ----
"
_ ....• .•.,_ .•. .._.-----
, .......... __ . _._ .._ .. ...._ ..
, _
.-_ ..... _._ .•. .•.•.•. ... _ .. __ ._ •.•.••.,. . .•. _--
" ............ .- .•.--_._ .•.••.....•.• _ .. -_._._, .. .. .•.• .1 ..................
, ,
5588.314 4942.838
~ 720°00.54 -54 720°00.00 1071.535 0.428 -0.428 0 -0.181 0.181 0
f~= L~,,,- (n-2) 1800 = 720".00'.54"- (6-2) 180"= 54"
[fP] = :1:60'-16 = 147"
V~y f~< [f~]Kel qua do goc d':ltyeu cau.
fx = L!'1x = 0,428 (m); fy = L6.y = -0.181 (m)
f = l(f2 +f2) =0.465 m) 7 ~= 0.465 __ 1_
nguon tai.lieu . vn