Environmental Flows in Water Resources Policies, Plans, and Projects

Paper number 117 E N V I R O N M E N T D E P A R T M E N T P A P E R S Natural Resource Management Series Environmental Flows in Water Resources Policies, Plans, and Projects Case Studies Rafik Hirji and Richard Davis April 2009 Sustainable Development Vice Presidency The World Bank environmenT depar TmenT Environmental Flows in Water Resources Policies, Plans, and Projects Case Studies Rafik Hirji and Richard Davis April 2009 Papers in this series are not formal publications of the World Bank. They are circulated to encourage thought and discussion. The use and citation of this paper should take this into account. The views expressed are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the World Bank. Copies are available from the Environment Department of the World Bank by calling 202-473-3641. © The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. Manufactured in the United States of America First printing April 2009 Design: Jim Cantrell Cover images: left: Chinese fisher, Shutterbox Images LLC right: The Lower Kihansi Hydropower Plant and bypass release valve, Tanzania; Dr. Fadhila H A Khatibu, National Environment Management Council Contents Foreword v Acknowledgments vii Acronyms ix Summary xiii I Case Study Criteria 1 Selection of Case Studies 3 Case Study Characteristics 3 Case Study Assessment 5 II Policy Case Studies 9 Australian Water Reform 11 European Union Water Framework Directive 21 South Africa National Water Policy and Legislation 31 Tanzania National Water Policy 41 Florida Water Management Policy 51 III Basin/Catchment Plan Case Studies 59 Kruger National park and Catchments 61 Mekong River Basin 71 Pangani Basin Environmental Flow Assessment 81 Pioneer Catchment 87 IV Project Case Studies 93 Restoration of the Northern Aral Sea 95 Berg Water Project 101 Bridge River Water Use Plan 111 Restoration of Chilika Lagoon 121 Lesotho Highlands Water Project 129 Lower Kihansi Gorge Restoration Project 137 Senegal River Basin 145 Tarim Basin 153 Institutions and Governance Series iii Environmental Flows in Water Resources Policies, Plans, and Projects — Findings and Recommendations Tables A.1 Characteristics of Case Studies 4 11.1 Condition Ratings for the Berg River 102 11.2 The Yield, Cost, and other Implications of Environmental Release Scenarios 108 16.1 Value of Floodplain Production under Pre-dam Conditions 147 Figures A.1 Location of Case Studies 4 2.1 Status options for water bodies in the WFD 22 13.1 Total Fish, Prawn, and Crab Landings in Chilika Lagoon, 1995–2005 122 Boxes A.1 Assessment Criteria for In-Stream Flow Programs in the United States 5 A.2 Drivers for Environmental Flows 7 A.3 Drivers for Water Resource Policy Reform and Inclusion of Environmental Flows 8 1.1 ARMCANZ/ANZECC National Principles for the Provision of Water for Ecosystems 12 1.2 Interpreting Environmentally Sustainable Levels of Extraction 15 2.1 Wetlands and Environmental Flows in Spain 27 3.1. Development of Environmental Flow Methods in South Africa 34 4.1 Tanzania Water Management Conflicts 42 5.1 Minimum Flows and Levels 52 6.1 Transboundary Water Management 61 6.2 Instream flow Requirements and the Building Block Methodology 63 7.1 The Tonle Sap Ecosystem 71 8.1 Water Use Conflicts in the Pangani Basin 81 11.1 The Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA) 104 12.1 The Stl’atl’imx First Nation 116 iv Environment Department Papers ... - tailieumienphi.vn