English for Students of Physics - Vol 2

1 English for students of Physics – Vol 2 Ho Huyen NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội 2007. Từ khoá: English for students of Physic, Science, Grammar in use, English – Vietnamese translation, Practice, Relative clauses, Noun clauses, Motion, Making macroscopic models, The infinitive, The gerund, Earth’s magnetic field, Noun clause, Phase of matter. Tài liệu trong Thư viện điện tử ĐH Khoa học Tự nhiên có thể được sử dụng cho mục đích học tập và nghiên cứu cá nhân. Nghiêm cấm mọi hình thức sao chép, in ấn phục vụ các mục đích khác nếu không được sự chấp thuận của nhà xuất bản và tác giả. Table of contents Unit 06 MOTION...................................................................................................................5 READING PASSAGE...........................................................................................................5 Motion, speed, and velocity...............................................................................................5 READING COMPREHENSION...........................................................................................6 GRAMMAR IN USE:............................................................................................................8 Noun clauses (1; 2).............................................................................................................8 1. That - clause...................................................................................................................8 2. Wh-interrogative clause .................................................................................................9 PRACTICE.......................................................................................................................10 PROBLEMS SOLVING......................................................................................................11 Describing movements and actions..................................................................................11 TRANSLATION..................................................................................................................13 Task one: English-Vietnamese translation......................................................................13 Task two: Vietnamese - English translation.....................................................................13 KEY TERMS.......................................................................................................................14 FREE - READING PASSAGE............................................................................................15 Unit 07 GRAVITATION.....................................................................................................19 READING PASSAGE.........................................................................................................19 There is no gravitational pull . . . only a push!.................................................................19 2 EADING COMPREHENSION............................................................................................19 GRAMMAR IN USE...........................................................................................................21 A) Modal verbs to express certainty or possibility ..........................................................21 B) Past perfect tense.........................................................................................................23 PRACTICE.......................................................................................................................23 PROBLEM SOLVING ........................................................................................................25 TRANSLATION..................................................................................................................26 Task one: English-Vietnamese translation.......................................................................26 Task two: Vietnamese - English translation.....................................................................27 KEY TERMS.......................................................................................................................28 FREE-READING PASSAGE..............................................................................................29 Unit 08 OPTICS ...................................................................................................................33 READING PASSAGE.........................................................................................................33 Spectral analysis...............................................................................................................33 READING COMPREHENSION.........................................................................................34 GRAMMAR IN USE:..........................................................................................................35 The passive.......................................................................................................................35 PRACTICE.......................................................................................................................39 PROBLEM SOLVING ........................................................................................................41 Simple experiment description (2)...................................................................................41 TRANSLATION..................................................................................................................43 Task one: English-Vietnamese translation.......................................................................43 Task two: Vietnamese – English Translation...................................................................44 KEY TERMS.......................................................................................................................44 FREE-READING PASSAGE..............................................................................................46 Radioactive decomposition..............................................................................................46 Unit 09 WEIGHT AND MASS ...........................................................................................49 READING PASSAGE.........................................................................................................49 Weight and weightlessness...............................................................................................49 READING COMPREHENSION.........................................................................................50 GRAMMAR IN USE...........................................................................................................52 I) If-clauses.......................................................................................................................52 II) Special patterns of comparison ...................................................................................53 PRACTICE.......................................................................................................................54 PROBLEM SOLVING ........................................................................................................55 Describing process in chronological order.......................................................................55 TRANSLATION..................................................................................................................58 Task one: English-Vietnamese translation.......................................................................58 Task two: Vietnamese - English translation.....................................................................59 KEY TERMS.......................................................................................................................60 FREE-READING PASSAGE..............................................................................................62 Elasticity and friction.......................................................................................................62 Unit 10 ENERGY.................................................................................................................66 READING PASSAGE.........................................................................................................66 Friction, Internal energy, and Heat...................................................................................66 READING COMPREHENSION.........................................................................................67 3 GRAMMAR IN USE...........................................................................................................69 Present participle with some special functions ................................................................69 PRACTICE.......................................................................................................................72 PROBLEM – SOLVING .....................................................................................................75 Paragraph building...........................................................................................................75 TRANSLATION..................................................................................................................77 Task one: English-Vietnamese translation.......................................................................77 Task two: Vietnamese - English translation.....................................................................79 KEY TERMS.......................................................................................................................80 FREE-READING PASSAGE..............................................................................................81 Unit 11 QUANTUM PHYSICS...........................................................................................85 READING PASSAGE.........................................................................................................85 Making macroscopic models............................................................................................85 READING COMPREHENSION.........................................................................................86 GRAMMAR IN USE...........................................................................................................87 The infinitive....................................................................................................................87 PRACTICE.......................................................................................................................92 PROBLEM SOLVING ........................................................................................................94 Paragraph building...........................................................................................................94 TRANSLATION..................................................................................................................97 Task one: English-Vietnamese translation.......................................................................97 Task two: Vietnamese - English translation.....................................................................98 KEY TERMS.......................................................................................................................99 FREE-READING PASSAGE............................................................................................101 Unit 12 MAGNETISM.......................................................................................................106 READING PASSAGE.......................................................................................................106 Earth’s magnetic field ....................................................................................................106 READING COMPREHENSION.......................................................................................107 GRAMMAR IN USE.........................................................................................................109 The gerund......................................................................................................................109 PRACTICE.........................................................................................................................113 PROBLEM-SOLVING......................................................................................................115 Paragraph building.........................................................................................................115 TRANSLATION................................................................................................................117 Task one: English-Vietnamese translation.....................................................................117 Task two: Vietnamese - English translation...................................................................119 KEY TERMS.....................................................................................................................121 FREE-READING PASSAGE............................................................................................122 Electricity and Magnetism .............................................................................................122 Unit 13 PHASE OF MATTER..........................................................................................125 READING PASSAGE.......................................................................................................125 The solid state and the structure of Solids......................................................................125 READING COMPREHENSION.......................................................................................126 GRAMMAR IN USE.........................................................................................................128 A) Noun clause (3).........................................................................................................128 B) Patterns expressing result..........................................................................................129 4 PRACTICE.........................................................................................................................130 PROBLEM-SOLVING......................................................................................................133 Writing a summary.........................................................................................................133 TRANSLATION................................................................................................................136 KEY- TERMS....................................................................................................................140 FREE-READING PASSAGE............................................................................................141 Unit 14 ELECTRIC CHARGE.........................................................................................144 READING PASSAGE.......................................................................................................144 Electric charge and a measure for the quantity of charge..............................................144 READING COMPREHENSION.......................................................................................145 GRAMMAR IN USE.........................................................................................................147 A review of prepositions................................................................................................147 PRACTICE.........................................................................................................................149 PROBLEM - SOLVING....................................................................................................151 Writing a report on research...........................................................................................151 TRANSLATION................................................................................................................153 KEY TERMS.....................................................................................................................157 FREE- READING PASSAGE...........................................................................................159 Unit 15 NUCLEAR PHYSICS..........................................................................................162 READING PASSAGE.......................................................................................................162 Explaining fission and fusion.........................................................................................162 READING COMPREHENSION.......................................................................................163 GRAMMAR IN USE.........................................................................................................166 A) Some confusing pairs of conjunctions......................................................................166 B) Adverbs with two forms............................................................................................166 PRACTICE.....................................................................................................................167 PROBLEM - SOLVING....................................................................................................169 Writing research report (cont.).......................................................................................169 TRANSLATION................................................................................................................174 Task one: English-Vietnamese translation.....................................................................174 Task two: Vietnamese - English translation...................................................................175 KEY TERMS.....................................................................................................................177 FREE-READING PASSAGE............................................................................................179 APPENDIX............................................................................................................................180 References..........................................................................................................................188 Books in English................................................................................................................188 Books in Vietnamese..........................................................................................................189 CD Rom..............................................................................................................................190 Websites.............................................................................................................................190 5 Unit Six MOTION READING PASSAGE Motion, speed, and velocity Besides the blowing dust and the heavenly bodies, little else moves on the Martian landscape. This lack of movement might seem to be strangest of all, for we humans are used to motion. Almost from birth, infants follow motion with their eyes, and from then on we are continually aware of things moving about, starting, stopping, turning, bouncing. On earth we see liquids flowing, people moving, and the wind stirring the leaves of trees. Although we can not see them, we know that the very atoms and molecules of matter are continuously in motion. Even mosses and lichens that spend their lives fastened to rocks depend on the movements of gases and liquids to bring them the chemicals essential to life and to carry others away. We take part in motion in our daily lives. We describe and compare this motion in terms of speed, acceleration, and direction. The following will discuss the first two matters. If we just say something moves, someone else will not really know “what’s happening”. It is one thing to recognize motion but another to describe it. To describe motion accurately, we use rates. A rate tells how fast something happens, or how much something changes in a certain amount of time. An example of rate is a distance divided by a time. Suppose a girl runs a course that is 3 miles long. She might sprint at the beginning but tire and slow down along the way, or even stop to tighten a shoelace, so she won’t travel at the same rate for the entire 3 miles. But if she finishes in, say, 30 minutes, then 3 miles/30 minutes = 0.10 miles/minute is the average rate of travel during that time, or her average speed (average speed = total distance covered/time used). The average speed tells little of what happened during her run, however. If we are curious about her speed at one certain time or at a point along the way, we want to know her instantaneous speed, that is, how fast she was moving at one instant (instantaneous speed = the rate at which something is traveling at a specific time). If you say, ‘At twelve noon my car was moving at 35 mph’, then you have specified an instantaneous speed. If you ease a car away from its parking place and steady speed, and the road is straight and smooth, the ride is very comfortable. As a passenger, you could read a book or pour a cup of tea and drink it; if you were in a van or large motor home, you could even play a game of darts. But it is not easy to keep a car’s speed steady. Even when the road is straight and without any bumps or dips, traffic and the inevitable stop signs and traffic signals make us change speeds. A book you are holding leans forwards if the car slows down and then backward if it speeds up. If there is a cup of tea aboard, it sloshes about. Any deviations from a constant speed affect our bodies, too; we shift backward or forward in our car seats, so we ... - tailieumienphi.vn