Coastal Lagoons - Chapter 9

9 Case Studies I. Ethem Gönenç, Vladimir G. Koutitonsky, Angel Pérez-Ruzafa, Concepción Marcos Diego, Javier Gilabert, Eugeniusz Andrulewicz, Boris Chubarenko, Irina Chubarenko, Melike Gürel, Aysegül Tanik , Ali Ertürk, Ertugrul Dogan, Erdogan Okus, Dursun Z. Seker, Alpaslan Ekdal, Aylin Bederli Tümay, KiziItan Yüceil, Nusret Karakaya, and Bilsen Beler Baykal CONTENTS 9.1 Introduction I. Ethem Gönenç 9.1.1 Grande-Entrée Lagoon 9.1.2 Mar Menor Lagoon 9.1.3 The Baltic Sea Lagoons 9.1.4 Koycegiz–Dalyan Lagoon 9.2 Three-Dimensional Structure of Wind-Driven Currents in Coastal Lagoons Vladimir G. Koutitonsky 9.2.1 Introduction 9.2.2 Grande-Entrée Lagoon 9.2.3 Wind-Driven Currents: Observations 9.2.4 Wind-Driven Currents: Numerical Modeling 9.2.5 Conclusion Appendix 9.2.A: The MIKE3-HD Numerical Model 9.2.A.1 Governing Equations 9.2.A.2 Wind Stress 9.2.A.3 Eddy Viscosity 9.2.A.4 Bottom Stress Acknowledgments References 9.3 The Ecology of the Mar Menor Coastal Lagoon: A Fast-Changing Ecosystem under Human Pressure Angel Pérez-Ruzafa, Concepción Marcos Diego, and Javier Gilabert © 2005 by CRC Press 9.3.1 Functional Typology 9.3.1.1 Location, Origin, Climate, and Hydrography 9.3.1.2 Hydrodynamics 9.3.1.3 Sediment 9.3.1.4 Biological Assemblages 9.3.2 Recent History of Changes in the Lagoon Resulting from Human Activities 9.3.3 Main Changes Affecting the Lagoon’s Ecology 9.3.3.1 Changes Induced by Water Renewal Rates 9.3.3.2 Changes Related to Nutrient Inputs 9.3.4 Suggestions for Monitoring and Modeling Programs References 9.4 Vistula Lagoon (Poland/Russia): A Transboundary Management Problem and an Example of Modeling for Decision Making Eugeniusz Andrulewicz, Boris Chubarenko, and Irina Chubarenko 9.4.1 Transboundary Management Problems of the Vistula Lagoon 9.4.1.1 The Vistula Lagoon and Its Catchment Area 9.4.1.2 Anthropogenic Pressure and Its Environmental Effects 9.4.1.3 Economic Problems in the Catchment Area 9.4.1.4 Issues Affecting Transboundary Management 9.4.1.5 Efforts toward Transboundary Management of the Vistula Lagoon 9.4.2 Ecological Modeling as a Tool for Transboundary Management 9.4.2.1 Numerical Model of the Vistula Lagoon 9.4.2.2 Data Collection for Model Implementation 9.4.2.3 Hydrodynamic Modeling (MIKE21 HD) 9.4.2.4 Advection-Dispersion Modeling (MIKE21 AD) 9.4.2.5 Eutrophication Model (MIKE21 EU) 9.4.2.6 Scenario Assessment 9.4.2.7 Summary and Management Recommendations Acknowledgments References 9.5 Koycegiz–Dalyan Lagoon: A Case Study for Sustainable Use and Development Melike Gürel, Aysegül Tanik, Ali Ertürk, Ertugrul Dogan, Erdogan Okus, Dursun Z. Seker, Alpaslan Ekdal, K iziltan Yüceil, Aylin Bederli Tümay, Nusret Karakaya, and Bilsen Beler Baykal, and I. Ethem Gönenç 9.5.1 © 2005 by CRC Press Decision Support System (DSS) Development 9.5.1.1 Identification of Environmental, Social, and Economical Characteristics of Koycegiz–Dalyan Lagoon System 9.5.1.1.1 Environmental Characteristics 9.5.1.1.1.1 Geography 9.5.1.1.1.2 Climate 9.5.1.1.1.3 Meteorology 9.5.1.1.1.4 Air Quality 9.5.1.1.1.5 Geology and Hydrogeology 9.5.1.1.1.6 Soil Characteristics 9.5.1.1.1.7 Vegetation Cover 9.5.1.1.1.8 Hydrological Characteristics 9.5.1.1.1.9 Hydrodynamic Characteristics 9.5.1.1.1.10 Water Quality 9.5.1.1.1.11 Ecological Characteristics 9.5.1.1.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics 9.5.1.1.2.1 Demographical Characteristics 9.5.1.1.2.2 Land Use 9.5.1.1.2.3 Transportation, Energy, and Communication Facilities 9.5.1.1.2.4 Infrastructure Facilities 9.5.1.1.2.5 Social Facilities 9.5.1.1.2.6 Sectors and Their Characteristics 9.5.1.1.2.7 Income and Manpower Distribution 9.5.1.1.3 Pollution Sources and Waste Loads 9.5.1.1.3.1 Point Sources of Pollutants 9.5.1.1.3.2 Nonpoint Sources of Pollutants 9.5.1.1.3.3 Estimated Pollution Loads 9.5.1.1.4 Administrative and Legal Structure 9.5.1.2 Decision Support System Tools 9.5.1.2.1 GIS 9.5.1.2.2 Models 9.5.1.2.2.1 Rivers and Rural Area Run-Off Modeling 9.5.1.2.2.2 Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling of the Lagoon System 9.5.1.2.3 Monitoring 9.5.1.2.3.1 Monitoring System Design 9.5.1.2.3.2 Using Monitoring Results as a Tool 9.5.1.2.4 Indicators/Indexes 9.5.1.2.5 Economic Evaluations and Cost-Benefit Analysis 9.5.1.2.6 Public Involvement 9.5.1.2.7 Social Impact Assessment (SIA) 9.5.1.2.8 Discussions on Evaluation of Tools 9.5.2 Basis of Sustainable Management Plan Acknowledgments References © 2005 by CRC Press 9.1 INTRODUCTION I. Ethem Gönenç This chapter presents selected case studies from different areas of the world. These studies provide detailed information on how to apply the methodologies and practical approaches discussed in the other chapters of this book. These case studies are examples of how to integrate modeling into the decision-making process for sus-tainable management of lagoons. The brief summaries that follow outline the aim and scope of these case studies. 9.1.1 GRANDE-ENTRÉE LAGOON The first case study area is the Grande-Entrée Lagoon in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Québec, Canada. The aquaculture industries are focused on determining the carrying capacity of the lagoon for shellfish to maximize production. As defined in previous chapters, lagoons are shallow marine systems where tides and local and nonlocal winds play a major role in the dynamics of water motion. The management of shoreline ponds and/or caged/fenced areas for aquaculture depend on an understand-ing of water movement. Normally, when local winds blow along a lagoon axis, downwind drift currents (see Chapter 3 for details) develop in the shallow areas near both shores. Water pile-up at the lagoon end causes horizontal pressure gradients, which in turn force upwind gradient currents somewhere in the lagoon between the drift currents. The hypothesis put forth here is that gradient currents occur near the bottom in the deeper parts, away from the surface wind stress. This hypothesis was tested in Grande-Entrée Lagoon, using current observations recorded at 1 m above the bottom. A three-dimensional (3D) numerical model and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of currents and winds show that bottom currents are negatively correlated with the wind directions. The numerical model is first used to simulate the horizontally induced two-dimensional (2D) wind-induced current fields. Results show that currents are quickly set up near both shores, and that a weak and sluggish return flow occurs in between those shores. The model is then used to simulate the 3D current structure under the same wind conditions. The hypothesis is verified: gradient upwind currents occur in the deep layers of the lagoon basin, while currents near the surface are oriented downwind. Such a 3D current structure can have significant effects on water renewal in the bottom layers and on the general lagoon ecosystem dynamics. It suggests that a 3D model should be considered when developing lagoon ecosystem numerical models and when selecting optimal sites for aquaculture development. 9.1.2 MAR MENOR LAGOON The second case study area is the Mar Menor, a coastal lagoon in the Mediterranean Sea, Spain. As do many lagoons throughout the world, this area supports a wide range of beneficial uses and socio-economic interests. It is recognized as an emblem-atic environment of the Región de Murcia, on the southwestern Mediterranean coast © 2005 by CRC Press of Spain. The area is a vital part of the regional development plans to provide high-quality tourist and recreational services. The lagoon and surrounding coastal area maintain important fisheries, such as eel, grey mullet, gill-head bream, sea bass, striped bream, and crustaceans, partic-ularly shrimp. The lagoon is, however, an object of social concern because of its rapid rate of development in the last decade and the detrimental impact of this development on the ecosystem, such as point and nonpoint pollution, shoreline and habitat destruction that result in degradation of the aquatic environment, and decreased fishery production. Some of these changes result from coastal work on tourism facilities, such as land reclamation; the opening, deepening, and extending of channels; urban development and associated waste; construction of harbors for sport; and creation of artificial beaches. Other factors include changes in agricultural practices in the watershed, such as the change from extensive dry crop farming to intensively irrigated crop farming and the increase in agricultural waste and nutrient input into the lagoon and coastal aquatic environment. These circumstances make the Mar Menor a useful example for analyzing the biological patterns and processes affected by changes in hydrogeographic conditions, nutrient inputs, and lagoon characteristics (see Chapter 5). 9.1.3 THE BALTIC SEA LAGOONS The third case study area is the Baltic Sea lagoons. The Curonian, Odra, and Vistula lagoons are of great importance for the quality of coastal waters and open sea areas. These lagoons are natural filters for agricultural, industrial, and munic-ipal waste loads. These anthropogenic pressures are particularly intense in the southern and southeastern parts of the Baltic catchment area. This region is densely populated. Industrial activity is intense, and a large proportion of land is used for agriculture. The Vistula Lagoon experiences higher anthropogenic loading than the Odra or Curonian lagoons because of its relatively small water volume and very poor treat-ment facilities in its catchment area. The Vistula Lagoon was one of the first areas in the Baltic region where genuine strides in transboundary management have been attempted, including the implementation of modeling as a decision-making tool by both scientific institutions and national environmental authorities. 9.1.4 KOYCEGIZ–DALYAN LAGOON The fourth case study area is Koycegiz–Dalyan Lagoon in the Mediterranean Sea in Turkey. This lagoon is widely regarded as a stellar example of ecosystem modeling for sustainable management in the context of the NATO-CCMS pilot study. A decision support system has been established, and monitoring and modeling are used to support decision making in the lagoon and watershed. These four case studies are models that offer valuable insight into the decision-making process for ensuring thoughtful sustainable management of lagoons world-wide. © 2005 by CRC Press ... - tailieumienphi.vn