Coastal Lagoons - Chapter 0

Coastal Ecosystem Processes and Modeling for Sustainable Use and Development © 2005 by CRC Press Coastal Ecosystem Processes and Modeling for Sustainable Use and Development edited by I. Ethem Gönenç IGEM Research & Consulting Co. Turkey John P. Wolflin US Fish and Wildlife Service USA CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. © 2005 by CRC Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Coastal lagoons : ecostystems processes and modeling for sustainable use and development edited by I. Ethem Gönenc and John Wolfin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-686-6 (alk. paper) 1. Coastal ecology. 2. Sustainable development. I. Gönenc, I. Ethem. II. Wolfin, John. QH541.5.C65C5915 2004 577.7`8--dc22 2004051926 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. 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Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2005 by CRC Press Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-56670-686-6 Library of Congress Card Number 2004051926 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper © 2005 by CRC Press Preface Coastal lagoons are the most valuable components of coastal areas in terms of both ecosystem and natural capital. In most NATO coastal countries, the majority of the population lives within a 50-kilometer coastal band. Increasing human use and development pressures in the coastal areas make these dynamic and productive ecosystems very sensitive and vulnerable to deteriorations. This has resulted in direct and indirect impacts that have considerably reduced the ability of these ecosystems to meet an ever-increasing demand for their use and development. Therefore, a NATO-Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) Pilot Study on “Ecosystem Modeling of Coastal Lagoons for Sustainable Management” was initi-ated in 1995. Turkey acted as the Pilot Study Director and USA as Co-Pilot Study Director where Canada, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Poland, Russian Federation, and Romania were the main participants. Lithuania, Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan attended as observer and contributing countries. Sustainable use management is a conscious social decision that provides for the long-term health of both the ecological and economic systems of a lagoon. As reflected in case studies and other investigations by the scientists who have authored chapters of this manuscript and contributed to the Pilot Study, the finite capacity of the natural capital of lagoons cannot meet the growing demands of the socioeco-nomic system without a strategy of sustainable use and development. Accordingly, lagoon ecosystem components, which describe the “supply” side, or natural capital of the lagoon system and are available to the socioeconomic, or “demand” side, are defined in detail. The hierarchical interrelationships between these ecosystem com-ponents are considered to be the basic conceptual and methodological elements used to define and manage sustainability. Decision makers must balance the cost and benefits of alternative uses of the natural capital of the environment. This book summarizes the role of modeling as a support system for decision making to provide sustained use and development of lagoon ecosystems. Existing knowledge on hydrodynamics and ecology of lagoons has been investigated during the pilot study. As a product of the pilot study this book has been compiled. This manuscript points out that the use of models as a tool in the decision making process provides awareness of the interrelationships between input and output variables within the ecosystem and connected environments. Mod-eling will further enhance accuracy of predictions for, and awareness of the conse-quences of human actions and decisions concerning the use and development of lagoon systems as a whole. The authors present available knowledge in the field and experience gained from the pilot study. The use of a model to predict the outputs of the ecological system provides the basis for estimating both the ecological and economic changes expected. As a model predicts outputs, changes in the natural capital need to be recorded as assets or © 2005 by CRC Press liabilities for the affected economy. Changes in input variables result in correspond-ing output change in the natural capital that needs to be documented in economic terms. Assigning monetary values to goods and services is critical to decision makers. It allows the consequences of decisions on use of natural capital and the future benefit, or loss to public or private financial interests. Thus, modeling has become an essential part of modern coastal lagoon management as reflected in the book. GUIDANCE TO THE READER ON USE OF THIS MANUSCRIPT: The Introduction Chapter (Chapter 1) briefly identifies the focus of the manuscript. Chapter 2 provides the overall framework for the rest of the chapters. In this chapter, the organization and functional structural specifications of lagoons are defined. A phi-losophy of sustainable management is related. The processes of transport, biogeochem-ical cycle, and ecology are described, as are the challenges of modeling in lagoon environments. Chapter 2 is highly recommended for decision makers and managers, as it is an overview of the key issues that should be considered in management. In Chapter 3, the physical processes that drive transport in lagoon are reviewed. Equations for defining mass, momentum, and energy transfer are presented along with equations for determining temperature, salinity, and sediment transport. Finally, required input and boundary conditions, as well as the boundary processes are discussed for lagoon ecosystems. The material is intended for physical scientists. It presents the reader an excellent background on physical modeling of lagoons. Chapter 4 consists of detailed reviews on biogeochemical cycles (nutrients and organic chemicals) in lagoons and related processes and mechanisms, special con-ditions which raise impacts over these processes and mechanisms, and finally, the equations formulating all of these concepts. This information is a sound tool to aid nutrient and toxic modeling studies. Therefore, this chapter is strongly recommended to readers with particular interest in understanding internal dynamics of the lagoons, the impacts of inputs from the socio-economical system into a lagoon, and evaluation of lagoon carrying capacities. Chapter 5 outlines the changes in lagoons under different eutrophication states and morphologic conditions regarding main biological features and processes. The chapter provides a framework to smooth ecological modeling studies. The targeted readers for this chapter are those who have specific interest in assessing the trophic state in lagoons by a structural analysis on producers and consumers, as well as changes due to the impacts of socio-economical inputs into the lagoon environment. Chapter 6 contains valuable information that will assist experienced modelers. Premodeling analysis and model selection, critical considerations on model imple-mentation, stability and accuracy problems of numerical modeling, and model anal- ysis, are discussed. This chapter is advised for all modelers as a reference guide. In Chapter 7, the principles of developing a lagoon monitoring system are reviewed as athe first step towards modelling and management. The relationships between monitoring and modeling as well as guidance on evaluation of the moni-toring results also are also presented. Therefore, it is one of the chapters of the book available for common reference. © 2005 by CRC Press ... - tailieumienphi.vn