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Energy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectors: Opportunities and Challenges for Environmentally Preferable Energy Outcomes
Although MECS data report that coal supplied only 10 percent of the pulp and paper industry’s energy requirements in 2002, NEI data show coal as contributing to 43 percent of the sector’s energy-related CAP emissions. As MECS reports more than 50 percent of the sector’s energy coming from “other” fuels (which includes biomass), NEI data show that biomass (wood waste) is a less emissions-intensive energy source than coal. For wood products, combustion of wood/bark waste is the dominant energy-related source of CAP emissions. The trend of increased renewable energy (biomass) consumption and decreased coal consumption projected by CEF and AEO...
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Adoption and Impacts of Improved Maize Production Technology: A Case Study of the Ghana Grains Development Project
This report, one of a series of adoption case studies coordinated by the Impacts Assessment and Evaluation Group (IAEG) of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), examines the adoption by Ghanaian maize farmers of improved production technologies developed through the Ghana Grains Development Project (GGDP). The GGDP, which ran from 1979 to1997, was an agricultural research and extension project implemented primarily by the Ghanaian Crops Research Institute (CRI), with technical assistance from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), and funding from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). The objectives of the case study were to...
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Filler Recovery Process to Recover Raw Material in the Paper Mill Mineral Loaded Rejects
This paper examines how the effort choices of workers within the same firm interact with each other, and how this interaction depends on the technology of production. In contrast to the existing literature, we focus on showing how the effort choice of one worker can affect the effort choices of his co-workers based purely on income-maximizing considera- tions, rather than relying on behavioral explanations such as peer pressure, shame, etc. In addition, we break from the existing literature by showing that the effortchoiceofone worker could have a positive or negative effect on his co-workers. ...
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The interaction between climate and the processing of coated papers in printing and finishing
For example, a mecha- nism based on behavioral considerations like peer pressure or shame predicts that a high level of effort by one worker will induce other workers to increase their effort level, or that alowereffort by one worker causes other workers to follow suit. We refer to both of these cases as a “positive interaction” in the sense that a change in effort by one worker causes others to change their effort in the same direction. However, we show that a “negative interaction” between workers is also possible, in the sense that a change in effort by one worker causes other workers to change their effort...
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A Comparative Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Coated Paper Production Key Differences between China and the U.S.
Therefore, this paper contributes to the existing literature by showing that the in- teraction of effort choices could work in both directions, even within the same firm at the same time. In particular, we show that a “positive interaction” should exist between complementary workers, while workers who are substitutes may free ride off the effort of each other, and thus generate a “negative interaction” in the effort choices of co-workers.
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Converted Paper Products The EU Ecolabel criteria DRAFT Background report
Our empirical findings are robust to controlling for individual fixed-effects, expe- rience, year effects, team, home ballpark characteristics, and managerial quality. The inclusion of individual fixed-effects means that the results cannot be explained by assorta- tive matching between complementary or substitutable players at the team level, since the analysis is exploiting variation over time within a given player’s performance. In addition, the results are robust to using a first-differences specification, as well as restricting the sample to only those workers who change teams (changing all of their co-workers), or using a sample of only those workers who remain with the same team, manager, and home ball- park in...
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A Study of the MRO Supply Chain for Paper Mills
With particular respect to environmental product innovations, we find that a large ma- jority of facilities in these OECD countries report that their measures are aimed at production processes and not so much at products to reduce environmental impacts. While pollution problems have been mastered quite successfully through the use of cleaner processes at the production site, product-integrated environmental innovations still seem to suffer from poor market incentives. Our estimation results based on a binary probit model indicate that the de- terminants of environmental product innovations are quite similar to those of process innova- tions. This might be explained by the...
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China’s Pulp and Paper Industry: A Review*
We conclude that additional investments in cleaner production and products may be stimulated by widening the cost gap between the two types of technologies, for instance, by additionally charging for the use of waste and energy. The potential for continuously substi- tuting end-of-pipe technologies with cleaner technologies might be limited, however, since not all regulations favoring end-of-pipe technologies can be cut down. For example, addi- tional filters currently reduce particulate emissions of Diesel cars more effectively than the more eco-efficient Diesel engines. Thus, a certain amount of end-of-pipe technologies will still be necessary to curb specific emissions which cannot easily reduced...
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Industry Consolidation and Price-Cost Margins --Evidence from the Pulp and Paper Industry
Given the potential relative advantages of cleaner products and production technolo- gies, it seems natural that policy makers are primarily interested in such incentives that affect the firms’ choice among various types of environmental innovations. Furthermore, it appears particularly desirable from the perspective of environmental policy to identify incentives that can be influenced by policy measures, such as performance standards, flexible economic in- struments, public procurement, voluntary measures, technology support programs, and to iso- late motives that are mainly spurred by other determinants, such as consumer preferences and firm-specific factors. ...
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Production and Cost in the U.S. Paper and Paperboard Industry
In the subsequent section, we commence with the description of environmental inno- vation types and how these types are addressed in our analysis. Section 3 reviews the litera- ture on trends and determinants pertaining to the shift from end-of-pipe to cleaner production. Section 4 provides a descriptive summary of our data set. In Section 5, we analyze the deci- sion between end-of-pipe and cleaner production technologies using a multinomial discrete choice model. Section 6 uses the same variables to investigate whether determinants regard- ing the introduction of cleaner processes and products differ from each other. The final sec- tion concludes this study. ...
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Computer Usage and Demand for Paper/Paperboard Products
The concept of technological capabilities, conceived by ROSENBERG (1974), encompasses the knowledge and know-how of the development of new processes and products. Empirical stud- ies support the hypothesis that technological capabilities are decisive determinants of innova- tion cost. They are thus important factors for innovation decisions (COHEN, 1995) and rele- vant for both cleaner production and end-of-pipe technologies. JANZ et al. (2003) find evi- dence that private R&D activities are decisive internal push factors for innovation activities, especially for knowledge-intensive sectors. Financial resources and skilled employees (CZARNITZKI, 2002), R&D activities, especially activities dedicated to environmental issues, and the support of organizational structures,...
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN PRINTED INTELLIGENCE
Research investment differs from physical investment, because it is difficult to exclude third parties from the assets produced by the research process. As noted in the classic contribution by ARROW (1962), the creator of these assets will typically fail to appropriate most or even all of the social returns it generates. Much of the social returns will accrue as spillovers to com- peting firms and consumers. The appropriation problem is likely to lead to significant under- investment in R&D by private firms (JAFFE et al., 2002). Innovation incentives may increase if the private innovator can appropriate the expected innovation rents. The creation...
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Cleaner Production Opportunity Assessment Study in SEKA Balikesir Pulp and Paper Mill
Tham khảo sách 'cleaner production opportunity assessment study in seka balikesir pulp and paper mill', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, hoá học - dầu khí phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả
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TECHNICAL GUIDELINES (WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT) FOR PAPER MAKERS IN EUROPEAN REGIONS WITH DIFFICULT BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON HOW TO OPERATE MILLS WITH MINIMUM WATER USE
Apart from country and industry-specific differences, the determinants of our estima- tion results 3 do not show any difference between the two innovation decisions (see Table 4). In short, the determinants of product and process innovations appear to be quite similar. This outcome might be explained by the fact that there is a wide overlap between these two types of innovations, which becomes obvious when taking a closer look at the European Commis- sion’s definition of product-integrated environmental innovations. According to this definition (see EC 2001 and 2003), environmental product innova- tions include process changes “from cradle to grave”, in other words, an improvement...
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Fisher ® Pulp and Paper Solutions Reliable control valve technologies for on-specification product.
This paper analyzes factors that may enhance a firm’s propensity to implement cleaner prod- ucts and production technologies rather than end-of-pipe technologies. While both of these two fundamental types of abatement measures mitigate the adverse environmental impacts of production, cleaner production technologies are frequently more advantageous than end-of- pipe technologies for both environmental and economic reasons. In fact, environmental inno- vations are more often identified with cleaner production measures than with end-of-pipe technologies, which reduce environmental impacts by using add-on measures without chang- ing the production process. ...
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Paper Manufacture in Central and Eastern Europe Before the Introduction of Paper-making Machines
Nevertheless, it is a widespread assumption that end-of-pipe technologies still domi- nate investment decisions in firms. This is because there has been exceptionally little empiri- cal analysis directed to the determinants of the use of specific types of abatement measures - principally because of the paucity of available data. On the basis of a unique facility-level data set based on a recent survey covering seven OECD countries (Canada, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Norway, and the U.S.) we find a clear dominance of cleaner production in these countries: Surprisingly, 76.8% of our sample facilities report that they predominantly invest in cleaner production...
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Survey of Newspaper Production Flow for E-paper
The picture of the Brazilian pulp and paper sector presented in this section is useful to qualify the preliminary hypotheses pointed out above based on the general review of the literature on FDI sustainable development impacts. The Brazilian pulp and paper sector is presently composed by 220 firms widely located in 16 Brazilian states. To give an idea about this sector importance for the Brazilian economy, in 2005: this sector directly employed 108.000 workers; it produced 10.1 millions tons of pulp and 8.6 millions tons of paper, corresponding to 1.4% of the GDP. It is a sector characterized by...
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Biofuel production technologies: status, prospects and implications for trade and development
This recent trend of the FDI into the Brazilian pulp and paper sector is probably connected to the general international trend for substituting long for short-fiber pulp that has been observed in the pulp industry. The international producers are searching for new mixtures of the two fibers aiming to increase the content of short-fiber pulp, which is the cheapest one. Consequently a strong increase in the international demand for short-fiber pulp is expected2 . This trend implies that Brazil has become the preferential destination for the big pulp and paper TNCs investments, because this a water and land resources abundant country...
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Does Foreign Direct Investment Work For Sustainable Development? A case study of the Brazilian pulp and paper industry
Tham khảo sách 'does foreign direct investment work for sustainable development? a case study of the brazilian pulp and paper industry', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, hoá học - dầu khí phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả
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End-of-Pipe or Cleaner Production? An Empirical Comparison of Environmental Innovation Decisions Across OECD Countries
The presence of TNCs in the Brazilian pulp and paper sector has not been significant from a historical perspective. The FDI in this sector represented just 4.5% of the FDI accumulated in Brazil in 2000. But since 2000 the sector has been receiving increasing influx of FDI. On average foreign investment in the sector increased from US$ 8.6 millions per year between 1996-1999 to US$ 139.4 millions per year between 2000-2004. This recent trend of the FDI into the Brazilian pulp and paper sector is probably connected to the general international trend for substituting long for short-fiber pulp that...
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Multiple Equilibria and Minimum Wages in Labor Markets with Informational Frictions and Heterogeneous Production Technologies
It is reasonable to suppose that TNCs affiliates operating in the Brazilian pulp and paper sector search for exploring the advantages of producing lower costs pulp to the domestic and international paper markets, but it is also expected that they make innovation efforts to absorb and to extend the short-fiber pulp technological knowledge based on eucalyptus. The participation of four important TNCs in two Research Consortiums on Eucalyptus in Brazil at the present time corroborates to this expectation. This implies a qualification on the first hypothesis (H.1): the technology spillover effects in the Brazilian pulp and paper industry could be...
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Interactions Between Workers and the Technology of Production: Evidence from Professional Baseball
This paper examines how the effort choices of workers within the same firm interact with each other. In contrast to the existing literature, we show that workers can affect the productivity of their co-workers based on income maximization considerations, rather than relying on behavioral considerations such as peer pressure, social norms, and shame. Theoretically, we show that a worker’s effort has a positive effect on the effort of co-workers if they are complements in production, and a negative effect if they are substitutes. The theory is tested using panel data on the performance of baseball players from 1970 to 2003....
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Treating Equals Unequally: Incentives in Teams, Workers' Motivation and Production Technology
Universal sensitivity to our environment and environmental considerations have led to the development of projects that not only minimize GHG (Green House Gas) emissions, but also help to displace GHG emissions from existing plants as well as other emissions sources. Thus, one of the more significant advantages for gas turbine, combined cycles and gas reciprocating engines is the potential for GHG reductions as compared to less efficient systems. This monetization of GHG reductions serves as a significant driver/incentive for the development of gas-turbine and gas-engine-based cogeneration applications. Cogeneration applications range from industrial applications such as pulp and paper mills, steel mills, and chemical processing plants to commercial and civic-based applications like...
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Draft Shape of the Australian Curriculum: Technologies
Cogeneration is frequently defined as the sequential production of necessary heat and power (electrical or mechanical) or the recovery of low-level energy for power production. This sequential energy production yields fuel savings relative to separate energy production facilities because both the heat and power requirements are satisfied from a common/single fuel source. The heat that would otherwise be wasted in the power production process is recovered and leveraged to provide process heat requirements (which otherwise would have to be generated with a separate fuel source), thus providing significant fuel savings. With the recent increases in gas and oil prices, advancements in gas-turbine and gas-reciprocating-engine fuel flexibility—combined with a...
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Renewable Energy Technologies for Rural Development
This paper focuses primarily on application considerations for topping cogeneration cycles. For comparative purposes Figure 1 illustrates energy utilization effectiveness (the percent of total energy output from the cycle which is useful heat and/or power) for a typical non-reheat coal- fired utility/industrial plant configuration (three-stage feed water heating with steam conditions of 1450 psig / 950°F [101 bar / 510°C] steam conditions vs. a cogeneration facility utilizing the same fired boiler but with a non-condensing steam turbine generator that supplies steam to process. This diagram suggests that relative to the typical coal-fired power generation application (as previously defined) the energy utilization associated with an equivalent cycle with cogeneration can be improved by...
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HANDBOOK FOR 2013 FACULTY of ENGINEERING AND THE BUIILT ENVIRONMENT
Similar performance benefits are also available in gas turbine an reciprocating gas engine cogeneration systems. For example, an class technology gas turbine generator with feeding to an HRSG (which in turn provides process steam) can yield overall energy effectiveness levels between 80-85% depending upon process steam conditions. In comparison, the same F-class gas turbine i combined cycle (and producing power only) yields an overall energy effectiveness of between 50-55% depending upon the c design. This comparison is illustrated in Figure 3. It is worthy to note that energy effectiveness as previously defin differs from efficiency/CHP efficiency in that CHP Efficiency is defined as the useful energy-out (combined heat and...
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Turning the Page The Future of eBooks
Today, across the globe, many local governmental incentives have been established to help promote the development of new cogeneration applications with an objective of driving fuel utilization. One such example is the SPP (Small Power Plant) in Thailand. While such incentives are not new (for example, PURPA in the US), the underlying motivations can be different. More often than not, current incentives are borne out of a want, desire and need to reduce green house gas emissions, whereas the motivations of the past may have focused more on fuel utilization from an energy market perspective (deregulation and market competition). In support of today’s market drivers GE not only maintains a position...
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EURO AREA PRODUCTION FUNCTION AND POTENTIAL OUTPUT: A SUPPLY SIDE SYSTEM APPROACH
Coincidentally, in the case of the aforementioned regulations a STAG (STeam And Gas) cycle qualification is/was to provide about 6% of its steam generation to process. At this operating condition, the overall performance approaches that of a conventional STAG power generation cycle. Later in this paper, tables are provided that define GE’s gas turbine and gas engine product characteristics, which in turn illustrate the wide application range and flexibility of these products to support cogeneration applications. For purposes of the following discussions, “thermally optimized” cogeneration systems are defined as those developed using non- condensing steam turbine generators or condensing units operated at minimum flow to the condenser for cooling purposes....
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ECO-FRIENDLY HANDMADE PAPER MAKING
Turbines represented in Configurations 1 and 3 will yield power dependent directly on process demands, since no condensing section capability exists. Their power production depends on the rise and fall of the steam demand. The addition of condensing capability (Configurations 2, 4 and 5) provides added power- generating flexibility. When a condenser is used, power can be generated independently from the process steam demand (assuming that the steam turbine is sized accordingly). In “thermally optimized” steam turbine cogeneration cycles, steam is expanded in non-condensing or automatic-extraction non- condensing steam turbine-generators that extract and/or exhaust into the process-steam header(s). The FCP for these systems is typically in the 4000 to 4500 Btu/kWh HHV...
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The Potential of Cellulosic Ethanol Production from Municipal Solid Waste: A Technical and Economic Evaluation
Significant flexibility is achieved when combining a non- condensing turbine with a condensing steam turbine, or when a steam turbine supplies controlled pressure steam to more than one process header. This is accomplished with a single- or double-auto extraction condensing steam turbine generator. (See Figure 6.) Figure 9 illustrates a performance map (flow vs. kilowatt output) for a single auto extraction steam turbine generator. This generic performance map applies equally to single-auto non-condensing and to single-auto condensing steam turbine generators. The maximum throttle flow line (B-C) defines the maximum guarantee steam flow that can be admitted to the high-pressure inlet of the steam turbine, whereas the zero extraction line (E-D)...
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