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Para Rubber Study Hevea brasiliensis Lao P.D.R.
From each plot plant specimens for further herbarium identification were collected. The entire specimen collection has been left with botanist Vu Van Can in Hanoi. All specimens were conserved in alcohol before drying and identification. Some specimens were identified in the field, others later in Hanoi. Genus and species names follow the nomenclature used in Iconographia Cormophytorum Sinicorum (Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Plant Research 1972– 1976), Cây cỏ Việt Nam (Pham Hoang Ho 1993), Vietnam Forest Trees (Forest Inventory and Planning Institute 1996), Yunnan Kexue Chubanshe (Yunnan Shumu Tuzhi 1990) and the International Plant Names Index database...
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Opium Poppy Cultivation in South East Asia
Government of Vietnam (GoV) policies have affected the forest-related activities of Khe Tran village. Prior to 1992, the upland forest, one of the last remaining patches of lowland evergreen forest including and adjacent to Khe Tran, was considered a ‘productive forest’ and managed by logging companies under the Department of Forestry at the province level. Then in 1992 this site, ‘dominated by a ridge of low mountains, which extends south-east from the Annamite mountains and forms the border between Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue provinces’, was recognised for its ‘important role in protecting downstream water supplies and reducing flooding...
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Rubber Sector Profile: Value Chain Unit Trade Promotion Department Ministry of Commerce, Cambodia
In 1998, international bird conservation groups focused attention on the site after rediscovery of Edward’s Pheasant (Lophura edwardsi) in these hills, a fowl thought extinct. Today the site is part of a government forest strategy to create a system of 2 million ha of special use forest (national parks, nature reserves and historical sites) throughout the country and it is listed as one of the sites destined to become a nature reserve (41,548 ha) in 2010 (Barney 2005). Local forests around Khe Tran are one of the key biodiversity areas of the province, since many rare and endangered species of plants...
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Developing Smallholder Rubber Production
First among the threats to forest biodiversity identified by BirdLife International and the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (FIPI) is hunting, because of the value and rarity of the game, followed by firewood and other non- timber forest product (NTFP) collection, timber cutting, forest fires (including human-made as part of scrap metal collection) and clearance of forest land for agriculture (Le Trong Trai et al. 2001). But the threats are usually specific to each site, and detailed information is needed for each location, as we did in Khe Tran. In June and July 2001, the nature reserve project team including the...
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Vietnam natural rubber sector
The Protection Area and Development review, in collaboration with the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), BirdLife International and FPD undertook another field study in Khe Tran and other specific sites of Thua Thien Hue province in late 2001 and early 2002. The objective was to examine the actual and potential economic contribution of the protected areas to different economic sectors in the province and to define important policy and planning issues related to maintaining and enhancing the development benefits from the protected areas. This information helped policy-makers and planners to understand how their actions could influence protected area management, local livelihoods...
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FOREST OF THE LOST CHILD, DUS AILAL & DAHAS: RECOGNIZING INDIGENOUS PEOPLE'S TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN FOREST MANAGEMENT AS MEANS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION
A project on Community Participation for Conservation Success developed by WWF, Xuan Mai Forestry University and FPD used Khe Tran as one of the training sites in buffer zones. It was designed to increase the effectiveness of conservation programs in Vietnam by promoting community participation through community- based environmental education (CBEE). The project, started in 2003, aimed to increase the immediate and long-term capacity of government to incorporate CBEE training into mainstream training institutions. It also contributed directly to conservation actions in two priority sites in the Central Annamite, by integrating CBEE activities into the implementation of protected area conservation projects...
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ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS CREATED BY THE VLRC INDUSTRIAL RUBBER PLANTATION AND PROPOSED ENVIROMENTAL AND SOCIAL PLANS
Swidden cultivation was a major activity for local livelihoods until 1992–1993, when most of the households were resettled as part of the government’s fixed cultivation program. Called ‘327 Program’ (1992–1997), it was the first effort of the GoV to develop industrial plantations and to decentralize control over and reallocate benefit-sharing of forest resources in Vietnam (Barney 2005), in line with the ‘Doi Moi’ economic reform (which, with six major economic changes, helped Vietnam come out of the economic crisis in 1986). Since then most of the Khe Tran people have concentrated more on their new agriculture and plantation land...
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Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers: OVERVIEW OF FOREST PESTS
For more than one decade forestry activities have been implemented under a series of national forest development programs, most recently the ‘661 Program’ and its predecessor, the 327 Program. In Phong Dien district, the 661 Program is managed by Phong Dien Forest Enterprise and the management board of Bo River Watershed Protection Forest (Le Trong Trai et al. 2001). The main forestry activities focused on ‘afforesting’ bare lands and degraded areas, and establishing forest plantations. In Khe Tran village, households were paid VND 700,000 to VND 1 million per hectare for planting trees on land allocated for plantations (Acacia spp.)....
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GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2010: COUNTRY REPORT KENYA
Further, Le Trong Trai et al. (2001) described that payments from these national forestry programs have provided benefits to villagers in the short term, and Acacia spp. and pine plantations established under these programs are growing reasonably well. However, villagers brought attention to a number of problems they had to face in response to the needs of the national forestry programs. For example, villagers from Khe Tran and Ha Long pointed out that they faced considerable difficulties after their individual agreement (temporary Land Use Certificate) on plantation with the Forest Enterprise expired, and they were left without any further incentive....
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GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2010 COUNTRY REPORT: MYANMAR
In Phong Dien district, the main species for plantation establishment are Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium and Pinus kesiya, selected by project managers of the national forestry programs. The total area under forest plantation is substantial: according to Phong Dien Forest Enterprise, 30,366 ha of plantations have now been established in the three communes of Phong Dien district near the buffer zone, with support from the 327 and 661 programs. Most plantations have been established on flat lands and lower slopes, for accessibility and financial reasons. Rubber trees were also established under the 327 Program in Khe Tran. Unfortunately, according...
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GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2010: VIETNAM
Le Trong Trai et al. (2001) argued that with an abundance of heavily degraded land available for rehabilitation, forest management and other land uses, there is considerable potential for cash earning activities in the buffer zone (for example through economic crop plantations). This activity would also reduce the overall pressure on the forest resources in the nature reserve. They also suggested that current arrangements for forest development and management in the bare lands are costly, create social tensions and seem to be unsustainable in the long run. On the other hand some of the Acacia plantations have been established in...
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Action on Armed Violence Post-Conflict Rehabilitation and Reintegration
The village is in the buffer zone of PDNR, an area of forest and converted lands. The reserve and the village area are dominated by low mountains, which extend south-east from the Annamite Mountains and form the border between Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue provinces. The highest points within the nature reserve are Coc Ton Bhai (1,408 m), Ca Cut (1,405 m), Ko Va La Dut (1,409 m), Coc Muen (1,298 m) and Co Pung (1,615 m). Very little natural forest remains in the village vicinity, and plantations cover an increasing portion of the abundant bare lands. Village houses...
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RICH REWARDS FOR RUBBER?
The World Agroforestry Centre has classified rubber-based systems in Indonesia according to their intensity of management, as illustrated by the photographs on the opposite page. Intensively-managed monoculture rubber plantations contain less than 1% non-rubber trees, none of which have been planted deliberately. Simple mixed rubber agroforests contain up to one-third non-rubber trees, which have been deliberately planted or retained, between five and 20 non-rubber species greater than 2 m in height and 5–20 non-rubber trees as tall as, or taller than, the rubber trees. In complex rubber agroforests at least a third of the trees belong to species other than...
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Carbon sequestration in sub-tropical soils under rubber plantations in north-east India
Early research on rubber agroforestry in Indonesia was conducted by CIRAD, with whom the World Agroforestry Centre subsequently formed a close relationship when it began to explore the issue in the mid-1990s. Working with scientists from CIRAD and the Indonesian Rubber Research Institute, Ratna Akiefnawati and her fellow researchers, including Ilahang in West Kalimantan, collaborated with more than 150 farmers over the following decade, testing a range of rubber agroforestry systems in Jambi, West Sumatra and West Kalimantan. “One of our main considerations was selecting technologies that would be suitable for smallholders,” recalls Ratna. “This meant they had to work for...
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Biodiversity and Local Perceptions on the Edge of a Conservation Area, Khe Tran Village, Vietnam
We would like to express our profound gratitude to individuals and institutions for their assistance in the course of undertaking this research. We wish to thank the representatives of the Government of Vietnam, the Provincial Peoples Committee (PPC) of Thua Thien Hue province, Peoples Committee of Phong Dien district and Phong My commune for their interest in our work. Our appreciations are addressed to Tran Huu Nghi, Jinke van Dam, Tu Anh, Nguyen Thi Quynh Thu, from Tropenbos International Vietnam, for their cooperation and for their assistance in organising our surveys. We were lucky to collaborate with all the...
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WOOD-BASED BIOENERGY: THE GREEN LIE
Le Centre de Développement des Ressources de la Terre (l'un des organismes scientifiques de l'Administration Britannique de Développement Outremer) apporte son aide aux pays en voie de développement en matière de cartographie, recherche et evaluation des ressources de la terre et fourni t des recommandations quant ä l'exploitation de ces ressources pour le développement de l'agriculture, l'élevage et la sylviculture. Le Centre offre également des conseilles techniques aux gouvernements et organismes outremer, se charge de trouver du personnel scientifique pour les postes a pourvoir ä l'étranger ...
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WORKING AND LIVING CONDITIONS OF THE PLANTATION WORKERS IN ASIA
Two large blocks of land were appraised for suitability for the development of planta- tion crops: Block A, north-west of Cameroon Mountain, including some areas of its foothills; Block B, extending eastward from the Douala-Mbanga road at Kompina toward the Wouri and Dibombe rivers (see Text Maps 1.1, 1.2 and 3.1). Block B was rejected because most of the area was topographically unsuitable. Several areas in Block A were also rejected because they were already settled or topographically unsuit- able. In Block A, only the Boa Plain north-west of Cameroon Mountain was found to be suitable for large-scale estate development. ...
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RUBBER PLANTATION SECTOR (KAMPONG CHAM) BACKGROUND REPORT
The proposed Camdev II I developments are in the Boa Plain which occupies 177 km2 in the Bamusso Sub-division of Ndian Division of South West Province. It is a flat crescent-shaped coastal plain north-west of Cameroon Mountain. To the west are mangrove swamps, to the east mainly the hills of the Mokoko River Forest Reserve. In the north the Meme River is the boundary and the crescent narrows to a point in the south near the village of Njangassa. There is a general downward slope of about 0.5% toward the mangrove swamps in the west. It is estimated that 90%...
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ABOVEGROUND CARBON STOCK ESTIMATES OF RUBBER (Hevea brasiliensis) PLANTATION AT MAKILING FOREST RESERVE
The young alluvial soils show little profile development although they are sometimes stratified. With the exception of about 800 ha of sand to loamy sand soils in one area, textures vary from sandy loam to uniform clay, with the finer textures tending to occur toward the mangrove and in the flood-prone area between the Meme and Mokoko Rivers. Although there is evidence of flooding and seasonal waterlogging from several other rivers that traverse the plain, these soils rarely show evidence of strongly reducing conditions within 1.5 m of the surface. The soils are medium to strongly acid with a poor...
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Trade Reforms and Crisis in India’s Plantation Agriculture: Reflections on Tea and Rubber Plantation Sectors
Drainage wil l be of crucial importance to the success of the development proposals for the Boa Plain. Flooding is caused by a combination of heavy local rainfall and overflow from the rivers that flow across the plain. A separate drainage strategy is needed for the northern sector between the two largest rivers, the Meme and Mokoko, where floods, particularly from the former, are much larger and last longer than elsewhere. In this sector a number of major drains leading west, by the most direct route to the sea, wil l be required — with some remodelling of the Mokoko...
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AMAZONIAN ACCESSIONS OF WILD HEVEA GERMPLASM - A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE
Subsistence agriculture to produce cassava, plantains, cocoyams, yams, maize, ground- nuts, etc, mainly for home consumption, is the main activity on the plain. Small quantities of cocoa (for sale) and coffee (mainly for home consumption) are produced. There are smallholder cooperative associations at lloani and Mbongo villages which pro- duce palm oil , from two small Stork mills of 5t FFB per day capacity. The oi l is sold on the local market through the Catholic Mission at Mbonge. Members earn about 110 000 CFAF a year from palm oil . About 30 ha of plantation are maintained at each village. Because...
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Social and working conditions in Asia’s rubber plantations & CS policies and practices of rubber gloves, boots, mattresses and condoms brands in Denmark
The hard surfacing material required for the roads can be extracted in the hilly area to the east of the Boa Plain. It is proposed that a project manager with a wide international experience of planta- tion crop development be appointed to direct the operation and ensure that i t func- tions efficiently. He should be assisted by a field manager with a sound experience of oi l palm and rubber planting to ensure a high standard of crop establishment and early maintenance. Estate managers would be appointed during the development phase to gain experience. They would take over the estates when...
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Experiences of Plantation and Large-Scale Farming in 20th Century Africa
Electrification of workers' villages is strongly recommended. Water supplies from a single surface source for the whole development including the oi l palm mil l and from strategically sited groups of tube wells have been costed. An emergency system of suit- ably capped shallow wells is provided near each estate workers' village. CAMDEV has its own source of seed for improved planting material. As there is a dry season of 3 months over most of the Boa Plain, the normal CAMDEV two-stage nursery for the leeward side of Cameroon Mountain is recommended, ie seed set in a germinator at the end...
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An overview of industrial tree plantations in the global South
Land clearing is expected to be done mechanically, the technique being similar to that at present used by CAMDEV for rubber. Trees are pushed over, raked into windrows and burnt. On the Boa Plain an effective burn wil l be essential to facilitate drain excavation. This may be difficul t with the heavy rainfalls and short dry season. The timing of the clearing operations wil l be important. Felling one dry season and wind- rowing and burning the next may help, as may the use of flame-throwing equipment and fans to ignite the windrowed debris properly. Some pre-clearing drainage may also...
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THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TREE CROPS AND THE PREVENTION OF VEGETATION FIRES IN SOUTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA
The market prospects for palm oil are closely related to the world market for all oils and fats. The demand for food fats and oils is expected to increase at an average annual rate of 2.7%, ranging from 1.6% in developed to 4% in developing countries. Since 1970, production has increased annually by an average of 4.2%, with palm oil produc- tion growing at an average of 13% up to 1977 and expected to grow by 7% per annum from 1977 to 1985. At present palm oi l represents about 10% of the world's production of fats and oils, but it...
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Women raise their voices against tree plantations - The role of the European Union in disempowering women in the South
Palm oil production in Cameroon is expected to rise by about 6% per annum from 1980 to 1985 to 138 000 t and consumption by 4.5% per annum over the same period to 106 000 t , leaving 32 000 t available for export. By 1985 CAMDEV should be producing about 26 000 t. Future consumption in Cameroon is expected to grow at about 4.5% per annum and given the present per caput consumption of about 10 kg per annum, this growth must continue well into the future before the saturation level of about 30 kg...
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The rubber-tree boom in Cambodia: Assessing small landholders’ optimism
Le Cameroun couvre une superficie d'environ 470 000 km et comptait, en 1976, une population de 7,66 millions de personnes, dont 602 515 dans la Province du sud ouest. II existe de grandes étendues de forêts tropicales, des gisements d'huile (en cours d'exploitation), du gaz naturel, de la bauxite et du minerai de fer, ainsi que d'autres mineraux en quantites moins importantes; il existe egalement un potentiel considerable dans le domaine de la production d'énergie hydro-électrique — déja exploité pour ...
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Greasy palms - The social and ecological impacts of large-scale oil palm plantation development in Southeast Asia
The Pest Risk Analysis on South American Leaf Blight, The Contingency Plan for South American Leaf Blight of Rubber and the Model Work Plan for the Importation of Budded Stumps or Budwood of Hevea are supporting documents for the implementation of the Regional Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 7 – Guidelines for Protection against South American Leaf Blight of Rubber. These documents reflect the most up-to-date progress of APPPC in terms of management of SALB and are essential references for protection against SALB in Asia and Pacific region. Further development of additional operational guidelines, references and measures for prevention of SALB in the Asia-Pacific region are ongoing....
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PLANTATION FORESTRY IN THAILAND (TEAK, RUBBERWOOD, EUCALYPT) CASE STUDY IN CHIANG RAI PROVINCE
Cargo from SALB infested countries or areas should be screened for goods or shipments that are likely to contain or be contaminated by non-viable host material. A profile list should be established that identifies cargo most at risk of containing non-viable host material. Cargo such as used machinery (cars, logging equipment, chainsaws, cutters etc.) that may have been used in rubber plantations should be thoroughly steam cleaned of all organic material larger than 1 cm2 , and dismantled if there are parts that can not be easily cleaned. Household effects should be inspected for gardening equipment that may be contaminated by organic material. Any organic material that is...
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WASTE ABATEMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN NATURAL RUBBER PROCESSING SECTOR
This pest risk analysis (PRA) was prepared by rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) growing member countries of the Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission (APPPC); namely Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, China, Viet Nam and Sri Lanka. This PRA was prepared in response to the proposed deletion of Article IV and Appendix B (see Annex 2) on transitional measures for South American Leaf Blight (SALB) of rubber caused by Microcyclus ulei within the new proposed revised text of APPPC Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific region. The revision updates the Plant Protection Agreement and brings it into compliance with the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (SPS Agreement) and...
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