Para Rubber Study Hevea brasiliensis Lao P.D.R.

Lao - German Program Rural Development in Mountainous Areas of Northern Lao PDR Para Rubber Study Hevea brasiliensis Lao P.D.R. Charles Alton David Bluhm Somsouk Sananikone 2005 i Table of Contents GLOSSARY OF TERMS & ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.......................................................................................................VIII CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 1 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................... 1 COMMENTS ON TOR...................................................................................................................... 1 STUDY .......................................................................................................................................... 2 STUDY TEAM ................................................................................................................................ 2 APPROACH AND METHODS............................................................................................................. 2 STUDY REPORT ............................................................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2 – BACKGROUND................................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 3 – THAILAND ........................................................................................................ 8 LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS IN ISAAN ..................................................................................................... 9 RUBBER IN LIVELIHOODS SYSTEM.................................................................................................. 9 INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS............................................................................................................. 10 Rubber Research..................................................................................................................... 10 Office of Rubber Replanting Aid Fund (ORRAF) ....................................................................... 11 Bank of Agriculture and Cooperatives....................................................................................... 12 Private Sector ......................................................................................................................... 12 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ....................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 4 – CHINA............................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 5 – BAAN HAT NYAO: FIRST RUBBER VILLAGE....................................... 18 BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................. 18 History.................................................................................................................................... 18 LIVELIHOODS SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................... 19 CAPITAL ..................................................................................................................................... 21 PERFORMANCE............................................................................................................................ 22 COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION ....................................................................................................... 23 Rubber Grower’s Association................................................................................................... 23 Village Rubber Grower’s Association Fund (VRGAF)................................................................ 25 LEADERSHIP................................................................................................................................ 25 SAMPLED HOUSEHOLDS IN BAAN HAT NYAO................................................................................ 26 RUBBER TREE CULTIVATION PREPARATION AND ESTABLISHMENT STAGE ...................................... 27 Land....................................................................................................................................... 27 Labor...................................................................................................................................... 28 Capital.................................................................................................................................... 28 IMMATURE STAGE – MAINTENANCE............................................................................................. 29 ii MATURE STAGE – TAPPING (YEARS 9-11)..................................................................................... 30 RUBBER PRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 32 RUBBER MARKETING................................................................................................................... 32 BAAN HAT NYAO FINANCIAL ANALYSIS....................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 6 – OTHER VILLAGES IN LUANG NAM THA............................................... 36 BAAN HUAY DAM ....................................................................................................................... 36 General Background................................................................................................................ 36 Farming System and Natural Resources.................................................................................... 36 Rubber Cultivation .................................................................................................................. 37 Threats to Village Land Resources............................................................................................ 39 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 40 MEUANG SING............................................................................................................................. 41 KHET MEUANG MOM (AKHA) AND BAAN OUDOMSIN (YAO).......................................................... 42 DISTRICT AGRICULTURE AND PLANNING OFFICES ......................................................................... 43 NAM HA NPA ............................................................................................................................. 44 CHAPTER 7 – RUBBER TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS47 FOREST AND WATERSHED CONSIDERATIONS................................................................................. 47 TECHNOLOGY: FERTILIZERS......................................................................................................... 51 TECHNOLOGY: RUBBER CLONAL VARIETIES ................................................................................. 52 TECHNOLOGY: TAPPING TECHNIQUES........................................................................................... 54 TECHNOLOGY: NURSERY MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................... 55 TECHNOLOGY: CONTOUR PLANTING............................................................................................. 56 TECHNOLOGY: DISEASE CONTROL ............................................................................................... 56 TECHNOLOGY: INFORMATION SOURCES........................................................................................ 56 TECHNOLOGY: ABIOTIC AND BIOPHYSICAL ASPECTS..................................................................... 57 TECHNOLOGY: AGROFORESTRY AND CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR RUBBER.......................................... 59 Cropping Systems and Cover Crops.......................................................................................... 59 AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS AND RUBBER ....................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 8 – SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS........................................................ 70 RISKS.......................................................................................................................................... 70 Climate................................................................................................................................... 70 Market Uncertainty ................................................................................................................. 70 Policy..................................................................................................................................... 71 Land and Tenure ..................................................................................................................... 71 OTHER IMPORTANT FACTORS....................................................................................................... 72 Cultivation Practices and Technical Information....................................................................... 72 Labor...................................................................................................................................... 72 Funds ..................................................................................................................................... 73 Profitability............................................................................................................................. 73 Social Interactions................................................................................................................... 74 Ethnicity ................................................................................................................................. 74 Livelihoods Systems................................................................................................................. 74 iii Food Security.......................................................................................................................... 75 AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS AND RUBBER ....................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 9 – FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF RUBBER........................................................ 76 BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................. 76 FACTORS AND COSTS................................................................................................................... 76 Immature Stage (Years 1-7)...................................................................................................... 76 Mature Stage (Years 8-30) ....................................................................................................... 78 Production.............................................................................................................................. 78 Sales....................................................................................................................................... 79 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF RUBBER ................................................................................................ 79 Full fertilizer (discounted)........................................................................................................ 80 50% fertilizer (discounted)....................................................................................................... 81 25% fertilizer (discounted)....................................................................................................... 81 Summary................................................................................................................................. 81 COMPARISONS............................................................................................................................. 82 ALTERNATIVES TO MONOCROPPING ............................................................................................. 83 CHAPTER 10 – LEGAL SITUATION .................................................................................... 85 CHAPTER 11 – RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................... 90 RUBBER RESEARCH AND EXTENSION............................................................................................ 90 Rubber Extension .................................................................................................................... 90 Rubber Research..................................................................................................................... 92 Marketing ............................................................................................................................... 92 Legal Framework.................................................................................................................... 93 OTHER ISSUES............................................................................................................................. 95 Ethnicity ................................................................................................................................. 95 Land....................................................................................................................................... 96 Livelihood Systems .................................................................................................................. 96 Credit..................................................................................................................................... 97 Policy..................................................................................................................................... 97 Programs and Agencies ........................................................................................................... 98 RUBBER IN ENVIRONMENT AND WATERSHEDS .............................................................................. 98 Rubber Technology................................................................................................................ 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................... 103 iv Glossary of Terms & Abbreviations ACF AFS APB B BAAC Baan chao khwaeng chao meuang CPI CSU DAFES DAFO DICO DOA DOF DPCO EU GDP GIS GOC GOI GOL GTZ HHs HRD INRA IRSG LA LNB LNFC Action Contre le Faim agroforestry system Agriculture Promotion Bank abbreviation for Baan – village (in Lao language) Bank of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand) village provincial governor (in Lao language) district chief (in Lao language) consumer price index collection and sales unit of VRGA District Agriculture & Forestry Extension Service/DAFO/PAFO/MAF District Agriculture & Forestry Office/PAFO/MAF District Information and Culture Office Department of Agriculture/MOAC (Thailand) Department of Forestry/MAF District Planning & Cooperation Office/CPC European Union gross domestic product geographic information system Government of China Government of Indonesia Government of Lao PDR Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit Gmb (German Organization for Technical Assistance & Cooperation) households human resources development International Natural Rubber Agreement International Rubber Study Group land allocation Lao National Bank Lao National Front for Construction v ... - tailieumienphi.vn