Tài liệu miễn phí Báo cáo khoa học
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Báo cáo khoa học: Right Attachment and Yorick Preference Wilks Semantics
The paper claims that the right attachment rules for phrases originally suggested by Frazier and Fodor are wrong, and that none of the subsequent patchings of the rules by syntactic methods have improved the situation. For each rule there are perfectly straightforward and indefinitely large classes of simple counter-examples. W e then examine suggestions by Ford et M., Schubert and Hirst which are quasi-semantic in nature and which we consider ingenious but unsatisfactory.
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Báo cáo khoa học: AMBIGUITY 0F DIBCOURSE
T h i s leads to the rule of restricted choice stating that whenever it i s possible the application of a prototype should be preferred. The rule of the restricted choice suggests the general outline of interpreting ambiguous sentences, strictly speaking, the method of ordering admissible interpretations:.
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Báo cáo khoa học: LANGUAGE-BASED ENVIRONMENT FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE ENGLISH PARSING
This paper introduces a special programming environment for the definition of grammars and for the implementation of corresponding parsers. In natural language processing systems it is advantageous to have linguistic knowledge and processing mechanisms separated. Our environment accepts grammars consisting of binary dependency relations and grammatical functions. Well-formed expressions of functions and relations provide constituent surroundings for syntactic categories in the form of two-way automata. ...
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Báo cáo khoa học: PARAHETRIZED FOR LINGUISTIC ABSTRACT FORMATION OBJECTS PROCESSING
Our w o r k on the p r o c e s s i n ~ of a special kind of linguistic information, namely temporal information ,has led us to advocate the use of can lead to some pointless discussions between different approaches which, at an abstract level, can be s h o w n to be equivalent; secondly, any e x t e n s i o n or modification of the implemented model requires a different program instead of a m e r e a d j u s t m e n t at...
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Báo cáo khoa học: ON THE REPRESENTATION OF QUERY TERM RELATIONS BY SOFT BOOLEAN oPERATORS
preconstructed dictionaries or thesauruses. Even in this relatively simplified environment one does not normally undertake a linguistic analysis of any scope. In fact, syntactic and semantic analysis have been used in b i b l i o g r a p h i c information retrieval only under special circumstances to analyze query phrases [22], to process structured text samples of a certain kind, [7,15], or finally to process texts in severely restricted topic areas. [2] Where s p e c i a l conditions do n o t o b t a i n , the preferred approach in...
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Báo cáo khoa học: THE BY RESOLUTION OF LOCAL SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY THE HUMAN SENTENCE PROCESSING MECHANISM
or not a referring expression provides sufficient information with which to identify a unique referent. Such an approach relies on the provision of adequate contextual information, something which has been lacking in experiments w h i c h have been. In support of this claim, Rayner et al. collected r e a d i n g times and eye movement data for sentences which, syntactically speaking, allow two attachment sites for a prepositional phrase.
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Báo cáo khoa học: A Parser That Doesn't
This paper describes an implemented parser-interpreter which is intended as an abstract formal model of part of the process of sentence comprehension. It is illustrated here for Phrase Structure Grammars with a translation into a familiar type of logical form, although the general principles are intended to apply to any grammatical theory sharing certain basic assumptions, which are discussed in the paper. The procedure allows for incremental semantic interpretation as a sentence is parsed, and provides a principled explanation for some familiar observations concerning properties of deeply recursive constructions. ...
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Báo cáo khoa học: PARSING DIFFICULTIES PHONOLOGICAL U PROCESSING IN INTALIAN
A recognition grammar to supply information to a text-to-speech system for the synthesis of Italian must rely heavily upon lexical information, in order to instantiate the appropriate grammatical relations. Italian is an almost free word order language which nonetheless adopts f a i r l y analysable strategies to move major constituents: some of these can strongly affect the functioning of the phonotogical component. Two basic claims w i l l be made: i. d i f f i c u l t i e s in associating grammatical functions to constituent structure can be overcome only i f...
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Báo cáo khoa học: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A LLXICAL DATA BASE
This paper is concerned with the specifications and the implementation of a particular concept of word-based lexicon to be used for large natural language processing systems such as machine translation systems, and compares it with the morpheme-based conception of the lexicon traditionally assumed in computational linguistics. It will be argued that, although less concise, a relational word-based lexicon is superior to a morpheme-based lexicon from a theoretical, computational and also practical viewpoint. ...
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Báo cáo khoa học: Lexifanis A Lexical Analyzer of Modern Greek
Through t h i s s t u d y o u r r e s e a r c h group has set the basis in designing an e x p e r t system which is intended to understand and process Modern Greek texts. Lexifanis is t h e first working t o o l f o r Modern Greek Language. PROLOGUE In L i n g u i s t i c s the systematic identification o f t h e word classes rises several questions in regard to the morphemic analysis. In Computer Science the...
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Báo cáo khoa học: A PROBABILISTIC APPROACH TO GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS OF WRITTEN ENGLISH BY COMPUTER
Work at the Unit for Computer Research on the Eaglish Language at the University of Lancaster has been directed towards producing a grammatically snnotated version of the Lancaster-Oslo/ Bergen (LOB) Corpus of written British English texts as the prel~minary stage in developing computer programs and data files for providing a grammatical analysis of -n~estricted English text. From 1981-83, a suite of PASCAL programs was devised to automatically produce a single level of grammatical description with one word tag representing the word class or part of speech of each word token in the corpus. ...
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Báo cáo khoa học: A PROBABILISTIC PARSER
The UCREL team at the University of Lancaster is engaged in the development of a robust parsing mechanism, which will assign the appropriate grammatical structure to sentences in unconstrained English text. The techniques used involve the calculation of probabilities for competing structures, and are based on the techniques successfully used in tagging (i.e. assigning grammatical word classes) to the LOB (Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen) corpus. The first step in the parsing process involves dictionary lookup of successive pairs of grammatically tagged words, to give a number of possible continuations to the current parse. ...
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Báo cáo khoa học: TOWARDS A DICTIONARY SUPPORT ENVIRONMENT FOR REAL TIME PARSING
In this article we describe research on the development of large dictionaries for natural language processing. We detail the development of a dictionary support environment linking a restructrured version of the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English to natural language processing systems.
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Báo cáo khoa học: TOWARDS A NEW TYPE OF ANALYSE
The present paper provides a report on 2. new system of an automated morphemic analysis of technical texts in Czech as a highly inflectional language, which is being 2re~oared by the linguistic tes_m of the :~cult~ of ~,~athematics and ~hysics in Pracae , within the project of man-machine cozununication without a pre-arranged data base (TIBAQ). The kind of morphemic analysis z~resented here is based on a retrograde (right-to-left) analysis of words by means of morphemically unambi~-uous or irresolvably ambiguous word-ends, which do not coincide with the etymological word-endinjs but correspond to the structure of the accidental cases of zorphemic...
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Báo cáo khoa học: A Computational Theory of ProseStyle for Natural Language Generation
We will begin by describing what we mean by prose style and then introducing the generation task that lead us to this theory, the reproduction of short encyclopedia articles on African tribes. We will then use that task to outline the parts of our theory and the operations of the attachment process.
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Báo cáo khoa học: ENGLISH GENERATOR FOR A CASE-LABELLED DEPENDENCY REPRESENING
The paper describes a progrmn which has been constructed to produce English strings from a case-labellea depenaency representation. The program uses an especially single and uniform control structure with a well defined separation of the different knowledge sources used during ge~,eration. Furthermore, the majority of t/le syst~n's knowledge is expressed in a declarative form, so in priciple the generator 's knowledge bases could be used for purposes other than gex,eration.
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Báo cáo khoa học: Augmented Dependency Grammer: A Simple Interface between the Grammer Rule and the Knowledge
This paper describes some operational aspects of a language comprehension model which unifies the linguistic theory and the semantic theory in respect to operations. The computational model, called Augmented Dependency Grammar (ADG), formulates not only the linguistic dependency structure of sentences but also the semantic dependency structure using the extended deep case grammar and fleld-oriented fact-knowledge based inferences. Fact knowledge base and ADG model clarify the qualitative difference between what we call semantics and logical meaning. ...
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Báo cáo khoa học: A NATUWAL LANGUAGE INTERFACE USING A WORLD MODEL
Databases are nowadays used by varied and diverse users, many of whom are unfamiliar with the workings of a computer, but who, nevertheless, want to use those databases more easily. Rising to meet this demand, authors are developing a Japanese language interface, called KID, as a database front-end system. KID incorporates a world model representing application and database knowledge to help make databases easier to use. KID has the following features: (I) parser extendability and robustness, (2) independence from the application domain, (3) ease of knowledge editing, (4) independence from the database. ...
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Báo cáo khoa học: INTERPRETING SINGULAR DEFINITE DESCRIPTIONS IN DATABASE QUERIES
The paper examines some of the characteristic features of natural language interaction with a database system and its implications for the processing of singular definite descriptions. Some proposals are made for assessing the uniqueness claim of the singular definite article in the context of retrieval from a relational database. Other standard assumptions such as the extensional evaluation and referent evaluation exclusively in the database - rather than within the discourse model - are critically examined. INTRODUCTION A comprehensive treatment of the phenomenon of singular definite description in natural language processing constitutes a research program par excellence in the...
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Báo cáo khoa học: NON STANDARD USES OF IF
ome proposals are made for assessing the uniqueness claim of the singular definite article in the context of retrieval from a relational database. Other standard assumptions such as the extensional evaluation and referent evaluation exclusively in the database - rather than within the discourse model - are critically examined.
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Báo cáo khoa học: GENERATION SIMONIN
the one hand rearrange a whole sentence in order to respect certain stylistic rules and on the other hand modify the order of these sentences. Some of them may be deleted and others added. In any ease, in order to be able to generate a coherent text by means of the information extracted from a source text, it seems most important to us to understand what the text is refering to. We have restricted our scope to economic geography texts, taken from a French review named ATLASECO.
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Báo cáo khoa học: THE SIMULATION OF STRESS PATTERNS IN SYNTHETIC SPEECH
This paper is part of an MSc. report on a program called GENIE (Generator of Inflected English), written in CProlog, that acts as a front end to an existing speech synthesis program. It allows the user to type a sentence in English text, and then processes it so that the synthesiser will output it with natural-sounding inflection; that is, as well as transcribing text to a phonemic form that can be read by the system, it assigns this text an fO contour. The assigning of this stress is described in this paper, and it is asserted that the...
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Báo cáo khoa học: A RULE-BASED APPROACH TO EVALUATING IMPORTANCE IN DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS
Importance evaluation is one of the most challenging problems in the field of text processing. In the paper we focus on the notion of importance from a computational standpoint, and we propose a procedural, rule-based approach to importance evaluation. T h i s novel approach is supported by a prototype experimental system, called importance evaluator, that can deal with descriptive texts taken from computer science l i t e r a t u r e on operating systems. The evaluator relies on a set of importance rules that are used to assign importance values to the different parts...
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Báo cáo khoa học: A PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH TO GENERATING TEXT FROM SYSTEMIC GRAMMARS
Systemic grammar has been used for AI text generation work in the past, but the Implementations have tended be ad hoc or inefficient. This paper presents an approach to systemic text generation where AI problem solving techniques are applied directly to an unadulterated systemic grammar. This approach is made possible by a special relationship between systemic grammar and problem solving: both are organized primarily as choosing from alternatives. The result is simple, efficient text generation firmly based in a linguistic theory. ...
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Báo cáo khoa học: A MODEL OF SENTENCE PRODUCTION
The paper describes GEMS, a system for Generating and Expressing the Meaning of Sentences, focussing on the generation task, i.e. how GEMS extracts a set of propositional units from a knowledge store that can be expressed with a well-formed sentence in a target language. GEMS is lexically distributed. After a central processor has selected the first unit(s) from the knowledge store and activated the corresponding lexical entry, the further construction of the sentences meaning is entrusted to the entries in the vocabulary. Examples of how GEMS constructs the meaning of a number of English sentence types are briefly described....
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Báo cáo khoa học: TOWARDS AN AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION 0F TOPIC AND FOCUS
The purpose of the paper is (i) to substantiate the claim that the output of an automatic analysis should represent among other things also the hierarchy of toplc-focus articulation, and (ii) to present a general procedure for determining the toplc-focus articulation in Czech and English. (i) The following requirements on the output of an automatic analysis are significant: (a) in the output of the analysis it should be marked which elements of the analyzed sentence belong to its topic and which to the focus$ (b) the scale of communicative dynamism (CD) should also be identified for every representation...
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Báo cáo khoa học: USER MODELLING, DIALOG STRUCTURE, DIALOG STRATEGY IN RAM-ANS
AI dialog systems are now developing from question-answering systems toward advising systems. This includes: - structuring dialog - understanding a n d generating a wider range o f speech acts than simply information request and answer user modelling discussed here, but see (Jameson, Wahlster 1982). The second part o f this paper presents user modelling with respect to a dialog strategy which selects and verbalizes the appropriate speech act of recommendation.
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Báo cáo khoa học: CONYEXR OF DIALOGUE INTERACTION
we propose a draft scheme of the model formalizing the structure of o~ut~tnicative context in dialogue interaction. The relationships between the interacting partners are considered as system of three automata representing the partners of the dialogue and enviror~ent.
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Báo cáo khoa học: The Linguistic Basis of Text Generation
This study presents an original and penetrating analysis of the complex problems surrounding the automatic generaton of natural language text. Laurence Danlos provides a valuable critical review of current research in this important and increasingly active field, and goes on to describe a new theoretical model that is thoroughly grounded in linguistic principles. The model emphasizes the semantic, syntactic and lexical constraints that must be dealt with when establishing a relationship between meaning and form, and it is consideration of such linguistic constraints that determines Danlos' generation algorithm. The book concludes with a description of a generation system based...
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Báo cáo khoa học: Nonconcatenative Finite-State Morphology
In the last few years, so called finite.state morphology, in general, and two-level morphology in particular, have become widely accepted as paradigms for the computational treatment of morphology. Finite-state morphology appeals to the notion of a finite-state transducer, which is simply a classical finite-state automaton whose transitions are labeled with pairs, rather than with single symbols. The automaton operates on a pair of tapes and advances over a given transition if the current symbols on the tapes match the pair on the transition. ...
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