Tài liệu miễn phí Báo cáo khoa học
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Báo cáo khoa học: The PANGLOSS MARK IMAT system
This can only be attained currently by keeping the human in the translation loop, in our case via a software module called the AUO~R. The main measure of progress in the development of the Pangloss system will therefore be the gradual decrease in need for user assistance, as the level of automation increases. The analyzer used in the first version of PANGLOSS,PANGLOSSMARKI, is a version of the ULTRASpanish analyzer from NMSU [Farwell 1990], while generation is carried out by the PENMANgenerator from ISI [Mann 1983]. ...
8/30/2018 3:08:10 AM +00:00
Báo cáo khoa học: A Constraint-based Representation Scheme of Collocational Structures
The HPSG grammars we are using, closely resemble the proposals in [Pollard and Sag, 1987]. As far as the coding of the lexical functions is concerned, we have simply interpreted these as relation names. 3 Representation The main aim of the ET-10/?5 project, 'Collocations and the Lexicalisation of Semantic Operations '1, is to evaluate the use of Mel'~uk's analysis of collocations in terms of lexical functions 2, as an interlingun device in a machine translation system. In this poster we only point out the main design issues involved in encoding the essential parts of this analysis in an HPSG-style...
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Báo cáo khoa học: The Linguistic Annotation System of the Stockholm
Our poster presents results and experiences from the application of the system to 300,000 word forms, a subpart of a larger corpus. The application of the system is carried out in two steps, an automatic lexical look up followed by homograph separation, which is done partly automatically, partly manually. Lexical and morphological analysis and disambiguation of Swedish is a rather complicated task, a fact which should hold for several other languages as well. Below a sample text is given, showing both the amount of information that has to be specified for each word form and the degree of...
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Báo cáo khoa học: An Automatic Inserter System for Hierarchical Lexica
Lip until now, no automated system for these insertion tasks existed. INSYST (INserter SYSTem), we describe here, can efficiently insert lexical items under the appropriate nodes in hierarchies. It currently handles hierarchies specified in the DATR formalism (Evans and Gazdar 1989, 1990). The system uses a classification algorithm that maximizes the number of inherited features for each entry.
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Báo cáo khoa học: Two-level Description of Turkish Morphology
This poster paper describes a full scale two-level morphological description (Karttunen, 1983, Koskenniemi, 1983) of Turkish word structures. The description has been implemented using the PCKIMMO environment (Antworth, 1990) and is based on a root word lexicon of about 23,000 roots words. Almost all the special cases of and exceptions to phonological and morphological rules have been implemented. Turkish is an agglutinative language with word structures formed by productive affixations of derivational and inflectional suffixes to root words. ...
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Báo cáo khoa học: Inflectional Thesaurus for Agglutinative Languages
In the environment of word-processors thesauri serve the user's convenience in choosing the best suitable synonym of a word. Words in text of agglutinative languages occur almost always as inflected forms, thus finding them directly in a stem vocabulary is impossible. H01y0ltu, the inflectional thesaurus coping with this problem is introduced in the paper.
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Báo cáo khoa học: Natural Language Front-Ends to Databases: Design and the Customisation Bottleneck
NLFE to databases have failed in a commercial context, largely because of two reasons. Current approaches to the management of ambiguity by relying on inference over a world model create ungoing customisation requirements. Furthermore the design of NLFEs is subject to constraints which research in CL/ NLP does not address. In particular, standard parsing techniques (including robust ones) require complete lexica and cannot be deployed because new data would create a constant need for dictionary update. The SQUIRREL [1] system (SERC Grant GR/E/ 69485) addresses some of these problems: its design reduces customisation effort as words are interpreted without...
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Báo cáo khoa học: Ambiguity resolution in a reductionistic
We are concerned with grammar-based surfacesyntactic analysis of running text. Morphological and syntactic analysis is here based on tags that express surface-syntactic relations between functional categories such as Subject, Modifier, Main verb etc.; consider the following simple sentence:
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Báo cáo khoa học: an interactive personal translation system
In its current status, ITS-2 translates French sentences into English or English into French over a still restricted vocabulary of approximately 3'000 bilingual entries. The main objectives of this project are (i) to show some of the advantages of interactive approaches to NL translation, (ii) to demonstrate the merits of generative grammar as a syntactic model for MT, (iii) to show the feasibility of personal translation on small personal computers (under MS-Windows).
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Báo cáo khoa học: On Reasoning with Ambiguities
The paper adresses the problem of reasoning with ambiguities. Semantic representations are presented that leave scope relations between quantifiers a n d / o r other operators unspecified. Truth conditions are provided for these representations and different consequence relations are judged on the basis of intuitive correctness. Finally inference patterns are presented that operate directly on these underspecified structures, i.e. do not rely on any translation into the set of their disambiguations. empt to systematically derive the consequence relation that holds for reasoning with ambiguities on the basis of an empirical discussion of intuitively valid arguments. ...
8/30/2018 3:08:10 AM +00:00
Báo cáo khoa học: Principle Based Semantics for HPSG
The paper presents a constraint based semantic formalism for HPSG. The syntax-semantics interface directly implements syntactic conditions on quantifier scoping and distributivity. 1 The construction of semantic representations is guided by general principles governing the interaction between syntax and semantics. Each of these principles acts as a constraint to narrow down the set of possible interpretations of a sentence. Meanings of ambiguous sentences are represented by single partial representations (so-called U(nderspecified) D(iscourse) R(epresentation) S(tructure)s) to which further constraints can be added monotonically to gain more information about the content of a sentence. ...
8/30/2018 3:08:10 AM +00:00
Báo cáo khoa học: LOCAL AND GLOBAL STRUCTURES IN DISCOURSE UNDERSTANDING
We are interested in the nature of content structures in terms of which it would be possible to account for reasoning processes in understanding natural language texts. One of the most crucial problems here at the present time is: how and by which mechanisms these reasoning processes are controlled and directed. As the emphasis in the design of discourse understanding systems so far has been on the problems of knowledge organization and representation, we are only beginning to guess what the corresponding processing mechanisms are and how they function, although an increasing number of papers has been devoted to...
8/30/2018 3:08:09 AM +00:00
Báo cáo khoa học: SYSTEMIC GRAMMAR IN COMPUTATION: THE NIGEL CASE
Computational linguistics needs grammars for several different tasks such as comprehension of text, machine translation, and text generation. 1 Clearly, any approach to grammar 2 has large computational systemic grammar for text generation (Nigel) that is currently being developed.
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Báo cáo khoa học: A Functional Semantics of Natural Language Grammar
Programming a computer to operate to a significant degree as an author is a challenging research task. The creation of fluent multiparagraph text is a complex process because knowledge must be expressed in linguistic forms at several levels of organization, including paragraphs, sentences and words, each of which involves its own kinds of complexity. Accommodating this natural complexity is a difficult design problem. To solve it we must separate the various relevant kinds of knowledge into nearly independent collections, factoring the problem. ...
8/30/2018 3:08:09 AM +00:00
Báo cáo khoa học: NATURAL LANGUAGE INPUT FOR SCENE GENERATION
In this paper a system which understands and conceptualizes scenes descriptions in natural language is presented. Specifically, the following components of the system are described: the syntactic analyzer, based on a Procedural Systemic Grammar, the semantic analyzer relying on the Conceptual Dependency Theory, and the dictionary.
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Báo cáo khoa học: A MULTILEVEL APPROACH TO NON-STANDARD INPUT
This double definition of c a s e s l o t s enables the parsing formalism to make a minimal interpretation of parts of the utterance in the c a s e of a m i s s i n g verb and thus gives suggestions for filling this gap. The QUESTION-ANSWER-INTERACTION~compo~ nent is an ATN. It has to c a t e g o r i z e an utterance as a question, a part of an answer or as communication maintaining categories s u c h as a s s u r a n c e...
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Báo cáo khoa học: CASE ROLE FILLING AS A SIDE EFFECT OF VISUAL SEARCH
This q u e s t i o n is particularly important for the construction of cooperative dialo 9 systems, since, i n many a p p l i cations, no e x p l i c i t knowledge about the dialog goals of the questioner is available at the outset. If a,system is nevertheless expected to 'over-answer , i.e. to volunteer information that has n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y been r e q u e s t e d , it must command a s e t...
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Báo cáo khoa học: natural language information retrieval system DIALOG
The paper presents the state of elaboration of the natural language information retrieval system DIALOG. Its aim is an automatic, conversational extraction of facts from a given text. Actually it is real medical text on gastroenterology, which was prepared by a team of specialists. The system has a modular structure. The first, and in fact very important module is the language analysis module. Its task is to ensure the transition of a medical text from its natural form, i.e. rentences formed by physicians, into a formal ~ogical notation. ...
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Báo cáo khoa học: NATOMAL LANGUAGES
The central claim o~ the p~per is that NL 8trlngsets ere rsgul~r° ~hz~m lndspmmdent ~rKuments ere o:~Jerad In ~•vor o ~p able posi el.n: one based on parsimony conslderat lens 9 one employing the ~(cCullo~h--Pltts (1943) eode~ o~ nsuruns: end a purety linguistic one. It |s posslhle to derive exptXcJt UPl~r bounds • or the number o~ (live) states In KL mcceptors= the results show that ~lnlts state HL p a r s e r s can ha Implemented on present--day computers. The positlcn o ~ HL strlngssts within the rmi[ular t,,-lly Is ale. Investigated: It is prOVed that...
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Báo cáo khoa học: HOW DOES NATURAL LANGUAGE QUANTIFY
It has traditionally been assumed that Natural Language uses explicit quantifier expressions (such as all and most, the and a) for the purpose of quantification. We argue that expressions of the first type are comparatively rare in real world Natural Language sentences, and that the latter (articles) cannot be considered straightforward quantlfiers in the first place. H o w ever, practically all applications of Natural Language Processfng require sentences to be quantified unambiguously. W e llst a few possible (syntactical, semantical, a n d pragmatical) sources of implicit quantiflcatlonal information in Natural Language; they combine in sometimes intricate...
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Báo cáo khoa học: DISTRIBUTIVES, QUANTIFIERS AND A MULTIPLICITY OF EVENTS
With the intention of indicating some temporal/event-theoretic characteristics of d i s t r i b u t i v e clauses, a generalisation is made over distributives and clauses marked for iterative aspect: two kinds of semantic phenomena which have normally been confined to separate theoretical domains. It is shown that in particular, both give rise to an 'inferential set construction' problem.
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Báo cáo khoa học: MONTAG OVIAN DEFINITE CLAUSE GRAMMAR
This paper reports a completed stage of ongoing research at the University oF York. Landsbergen's advocacy of analytical inverses ~or compositional suntax rules encourages the application of Defini t e C l a u s e Grammar t e c h n i q u e s to the const~uction of a parser r e t u r n i n g Montague analysis trees. A parser MDCg i s presented which implements an augmented Friedman Warren algorithm permitting post referencing, and interfaces with a l a n g u a g e oF i n t e n...
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Báo cáo khoa học: THE SPECIFICATION OF TIME MEANING FOR MACHINE TRANSLATION
there i s no d i f f e r e n c e between source and t a r g e t representation; in a transfer-based system, the step between the two i s usually c a l l e d t r a n s f e r , and t h i s step i s meant to be as simple as p o s s i b l e . The research described was o r i g i n a l l y done in the framework of the EUROTRA M p r o...
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Báo cáo khoa học: AN ATN TREATMENT WH-MOVEMENT
transformational gr, m m a r on the S-structure level. (See appendix for some examplesD Structures of that type seem to us very suited for further semantic interpretation, since they offer a level of syntactic structure which both expresses ~'~mmatical functions (which are defined ~onfigurationally) and constituent structure features which axe important for certain aspects of logical form as e.g.quantifier scoping. Especially the use of the device of traces (as a phonologically empty phrase) allows for displaced elements to appear in the phrase marker in their surface postion and at the same time expresses the role which this element's...
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Báo cáo khoa học: SAUMER: SENTENCE ANALYSIS USING METARULES
The SAUMER system uses specifications of natural language grammars, which consist of rules and metarules. to provide a semantic interpretation of an input sentence. The SAUMER ' Specification Language (SSL) is a programming language which c o m b i n ~ some of the features of generalised phrase structure grammars (Gazdar. 1981 ). like the correspondence between syntactic and semantic rules, with definite clause grammars (DCC-s) (Pereira and Warren. 1980) to create an executable g r a m m a r specification. ...
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Báo cáo khoa học: Effective Parsing With Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar
Generalised phrase structure grammars (GPSG's) appear to offer a means by which the syntactic properties of natural languages may be very concisely described. The main reason for this is that the GPSG framework allows you to state a variety of meta-grammatical rules which generate new rules from old ones, so that you can specify rules with a wide variety of realisations via a very small number of explicit statements.
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Báo cáo khoa học: An Evaluation of METAL: the LRC Machine Translation System
The Linguistics Research Center (LRC) at the University of Texas at Austin is currently developing METAL, a fully-automatlc high quality machine translation system, for market introduction in 1985. This paper will describe the current stat~s of METAL, e~phasizing the results of the most recent post-edltors' evaluation, and will briefly indicate some future directions for the system. A 6-page German original tex~ and a raw (unedIt~3d, but automatically reformatted) METAL translation of that text into English are included as appendices. ,...
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Báo cáo khoa học: A TWO-WAY APPROACH TO STRUCTURAL TRANSFER IN MT
The METAL machine translation project incorporates two methods of structural transfer - direct transfer and transfer by grammar. In this paper I discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches in general and with respect to the METAL project, and argue that, for many applications, a combination of the two is preferable to either alone.
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Báo cáo khoa học: VARIOUS REPRESENTATIONS OF TEXT PROPOSED FOR EUROTRA
We i n t r o d u c e s e v e r a l g e n e r a l n o t i o n s concerning the texts and the particularities of text processing on a computer support, in relation to some problems which are specific to M(A)T. And we present the solution we have proposed for the duration of the EUROTRA project. text is either paper with figures, formulas, tables and typographical conventions, or a magnetic support containing, in addition, formatting and page-setting commands for a special text processing system. ...
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Báo cáo khoa học: NATURALLANGUAGEPROCESSINGAND THE AUTOMATIC ACQUISITION OF KOLDENWEG
The paper presents the general design and the f i r s t results of a research project whose long term goal is to develop and implement ALICE, an experimental system capable of augmenting i t s knowledge base by processing natural language texts. ALICE (an acronym for Automatic Learning and Inference Computerized Engine) is an attempt to model the cognitive processes that occur in humans when they learn a series of descriptive texts and reason about what they have learned.
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