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Exploring Challenges, Progress, and New Models for ENGAGING THE PUBLIC in the CLINICAL RESEARCH ENTERPRISE Clinical Research Roundtable Workshop Summary
The Institute of Medicine convened the Clinical Research Roundtable (CRR) in early 2000 to provide a forum for stakeholders to discuss approaches to resolving both acute and long-term issues affecting the Clinical Research Enterprise. It strives to enhance mutual understanding of clinical research between the scientific community and the general public, while improving the public’s understanding of and participation in clinical studies. The stakeholders involved in the CRR include individuals from the academic health community, federal agencies sponsoring and regulating clinical research, private-sector sponsors of clinical research, foundations, public- and private-sector insurance programs, health plans and insurance companies, corporate purchasers of health care, and representatives of patient interests....
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The Power of Video Technology in International Comparative Research in Education
The Board on International Comparative Studies in Education (BICSE) was established by the National Research Council (NRC) in 1988 at the request of the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) and the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). Under its initial mandate, the board monitored U.S. participation in large-scale international comparative studies. Beginning in 1998, BICSE expanded its charge to include synthesis, analysis, and strategic planning for international comparative education research and synthesis of lessons learned from past and current studies. The Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) has been the focus of much of BICSE’s agenda in the 1990s. BICSE has monitored each phase of TIMSS and...
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INTEGRATING RESEARCH AND EDUCATION BIOCOMPLEXITY INVESTIGATORS EXPLORE THE POSSIBILITIES
In recent years, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has been work ing to develop closer links between the funding of scientific research and increasing public understanding of science. Its efforts to improve public understanding of science have focused on schools, colleges, and universities but have included support for museums, aquariums, and other programs. Those efforts are designed to prepare future scientists and educators, as well as to inform the public about how science affects society....
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NASA Aeronautics Research— An assessment
The U.S. air transportation system is vital to the economic well-being and security of the United States. To support continued U.S. leadership in aviation, Congress and NASA requested that the National Research Council undertake a decadal survey of civil aeronautics research and technology (R&T) priorities that would help NASA fulfill its responsibility to preserve U.S. leadership in aeronautics technology. In 2006, the National Research Council published the Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics.1 That report presented a set of six strategic objectives for the next decade of aeronautics R&T, and it described 51 high-priority R&T challenges—characterized by five common themes—for both NASA and non-NASA researchers...
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FUNDING BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS Contributions of the Markey Trust
In response to a request by the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust, the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies, through the Board on Higher Education and Workforce (BHEW), is conducting an evaluation of the Markey Trust’s grant programs in the biomedical sciences. During an interval of 15 years, the Markey Trust spent more than $500 million on four programs in the basic biomedical sciences that support the education and research of graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, junior faculty, and senior researchers. This study addresses two questions: (1) Were these funds well spent? and (2) What can others in the biomedical and philanthropic communities learn from the programs of the...
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2001 Assessment of the Office of Naval Research’s Aircraft Technology Program
The mission of the Office of Naval Research (ONR) is to maintain a close relationship with the research and development community to support long-range research, foster discovery, nurture future generations of researchers, produce new technologies that meet known naval requirements, and provide innovations in fields relevant to the future Navy and Marine Corps. Accordingly, ONR supports research activities across a broad range of scientific and engineering disciplines. As one means of ensuring that its investments appropriately address naval priorities and requirements and that its programs are of high scientific and technical quality, ONR requires that each of its departments undergo an annual review (with a detailed focus...
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2003 Assessment of the Office of Naval Research's Marine Corps Science and Technology Program
The Office of Naval Research (ONR) funds research across a broad range of scientific and engineering disciplines in support of the Navy and Marine Corps. To ensure that its investments are serving those ends and are of high quality, ONR requires each of its departments to undergo annual review. Since 1999, the Naval Expeditionary Warfare Department of ONR has requested that the NRC conduct these reviews. This report presents the results of the second review of the Marine Corps Science and Technology program. The first review was conducted in 2000. ...
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STRATEGIC EDUCATION RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP
In 1996, the National Research Council, the working arm of the National Academy of Sciences and its sister institutions (henceforth, the National Academies), established a committee composed of educators, researchers, and policy experts to examine whether it might be feasible to mount a strategic program of education research that could make a strong contribution to improving education in the United States. Their answer, somewhat to the surprise of the committee members, turned out to be a unanimous and enthusiastic “yes!”...
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RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH A Systems Approach to Protecting Research Participants
The current extraordinary advances in basic biomedical and social sciences have unprecedented potential to improve the human condition. These insights, together with the human genome project and its successor proteomics, will require an enormous commitment to translational research to harvest their applications for medicine and public health. The progress in political and social theory, linguistics, statistics, psychology, and behavioral sciences generally deserves a similarly broad application of human research to reach full expression. These endeavors will require individuals to accept possible risk to themselves, benefiting the greater good with uncertain (or no) benefit accrued in return. Thus, those performing and overseeing research are obligated to provide the most reasonable assurances of...
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Biobased Industrial Products Priorities for Research and Commercialization
Petroleum-based industrial products have gradually replaced products derived from biological materials. However, biologically based products are making a comeback--because of a threefold increase in farm productivity and new technologies. Biobased Industrial Products envisions a biobased industrial future, where starch will be used to make biopolymers and vegetable oils will become a routine component in lubricants and detergents.
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New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture
About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. High-Reward Opportunities New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13.html NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1985 New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture Committee on Biosciences Research in Agriculture...
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ISSUES IN THE INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH AND OPERATIONAL SATELLITE SYSTEMS FOR CLIMATE RESEARCH II.
This report is the final product of a Committee on Earth Studies (CES) examination of technical and programmatic issues related to the integration of research and operational Earth observation satellite systems in the support of climate research (see Appendix A for the statement of task). In a brief letter report (“On Climate Change Research Measurements from NPOESS,” May 27, 1998), the committee provided an overview of the many scientific, technical, and programmatic issues associated with integrating the measurement responsibilities of research agencies with those of operational agencies. These issues are analyzed in detail in the committee’s two-part report, Issues in the Integration of Research and Operational...
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Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research
We are pleased to offer our committee’s report on guidelines for human embryonic stem cell research. This report and its recommendations are the result of many hours of committee meetings as well as a public workshop. During those sessions we heard from many dedicated and talented people who represent a wide range of views. We have tried to take these diverse perspectives into account in a report that mirrors the seriousness with which we have reflected upon them. Our task was made more difficult and also more significant by events in the worlds of science and public affairs, which altered the terrain even as we explored it....
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Improving Access to and Confidentiality of Research Data Report of a Workshop
The Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) appreciates the time, effort, and valuable input of the many people who contributed to the workshop on confidentiality of and access to research data and to the preparation of this report. We would first like to thank those who made presentations, which, along with the background papers prepared for the workshop, helped identify many of the key issues in this area. The comments made by attendees contributed to a broad-ranging exchange of ideas that is captured in this summary report. We are also thankful for the additional input provided by participants on early report drafts. Thanks are due especially to Norman Bradburn, former...
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Embedded, Everywhere A Research Agenda for Networked Systems of Embedded Computers
Continued advances in information technologies are enabling a growing number of physical devices to be imbued with computing and communications capabilities. Aircraft, cars, household appliances, cellular telephones, and health monitoring devices all contain microprocessors that are being linked with other information processing devices. Such examples represent only the very beginning of what is possible. As microprocessors continue to shrink, wireless radios are also becoming more powerful and compact. As the cost of these and related technologies continues to decrease, computing and communications technologies will be embedded into everyday objects of all kinds to allow objects to sense and react to their changing environments. Networks comprising thousands or millions of sensors could...
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OPPORTUNITIES TO ADDRESS CLINICAL RESEARCH WORKFORCE DIVERSITY NEEDS FOR 2O1O
Increasing diversity in the U.S. population has sharpened concerns about the vitality and diversity of the clinical research workforce, concerns that have persisted for two decades. Our nation’s unprecedented level of investment in biomedical research has led to an explosion of new knowledge about human health and disease, but basic research achievements must be translated into treatments and therapies in order to benefit human health. This translation requires clinical research conducted by outstanding scientists, physicians, and other health professionals who understand the complexities and nuances of health and disease among different population groups....
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Cells and Surveys
In 1996, the Committee on Population of the National Research Council sponsored a novel workshop on the biodemography of aging, which resulted in the volume Between Zeus and the Salmon: The Biodemography of Longevity (National Research Council, 1997). The workshop and its report, which considered the continuing increases in human life span in a broad biological context, launched a new phase in studies of human aging at the population level. To no one’s surprise, a mere four years later, we still lack basic understanding of why human life expectancies continue to increase at roughly similar rates around the world, despite huge differences in the patterns of disease and lifestyle...
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ADVANCING SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATION
The central idea of evidence-based education—that education policy and practice ought to be fashioned based on what is known from rigorous research—offers a compelling way to approach reform efforts. Recent federal trends reflect a growing enthusiasm for such change. Most visibly, the No Child Left Behind Act requires that “scientifically based [education] research” drive the use of federal education funds at the state and local levels. This emphasis is also reflected in a number of government and nongovernment initiatives across the country. As consensus builds around the goals of evidence-based education, consideration of what it will take to make it a reality becomes the crucial next step....
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BIO2010: Transforming Undergraduate Education for Future Research Biologists
This report continues the National Academies’ efforts in the reform of education by calling on researchers to recognize the importance of teaching and to join together with educators to promote undergraduate learning. The goal in this case is to prepare the next generation of biological researchers for the tremendous opportunities ahead. Attaining this goal will require that faculty spend more time discussing their teaching with their colleagues, both within and outside of their own field or department. The enthusiastic participation of the Bio2010 committee members in this study demonstrates how deeply our leading researchers value education. It also proves that chemists, physicists, mathematicians, and biologists can learn from each other,...
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Preventing Earthquake Disasters THE GRAND CHALLENGE IN EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
The George E. Brown, Jr., Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) is a collaboratory for integrated experimentation, computation, theory, databases, and model-based simulation in earthquake engineering research and education intended to improve the seismic design and performance of the U.S. civil and mechanical infrastructure. Administered by the National Science Foundation (NSF), NEES is mandated to be operational by September 30, 2004. The NEES collaboratory will include 16 geographically distributed, shared-use, next-generation earthquake engineering experimental research equipment installations, with teleobservation and teleoperation capabilities networked through the Internet. ...
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REVIEW OF DOE’S VISION 21 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM—PHASE I
The Committee to Review DOE’s Vision 21 R&D Program—Phase I wishes to acknowledge and thank the many individuals who contributed significantly of their time and effort to this National Research Council (NRC) study. The presentations at committee meetings provided valuable information and insight on advanced technologies and development initiatives that assisted the committee in formulating the recommendations included in this report.
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Closing the gap between research and practice: Foundations for the acquisition of literacy
Teaching children how to read and write has always been the primary objective of education or schooling. However, in recent years there have been concerns that this major objective has not been achieved, or has not been achieved at a satisfactory level, by many students by the end of the compulsory years of schooling. This has led to a renewed focus on literacy at both Commonwealth and state level, and the introduction of new policies and practices which are aimed at improving literacy outcomes. These policies and practices parallel developments that have occurred in a number of other countries, and have included setting standards or benchmarks to make explicit the standards of achievement expected at different levels of schooling,...
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A Review of the Ocean Research Priorities Plan and Implementation Strategy
Ocean research offers countless benefits, from improving fisheries management to discovering new drugs to enabling early detection of tsunamis and hurricanes. At the request of the Joint Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology (JSOST), the National Research Council convened a committee to review the draft and final versions of the Ocean Research Priorities Plan and Implementation Strategy described in Charting the Course for Ocean Science in the United States: Research Priorities for the Next Decade, which represents the first coordinated national ocean research planning effort involving all federal agencies that support ocean science. ...
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Future Flight: A Review of the Small Aircraft Transportation System Concept
In August 1999, the Transportation Research Board (TRB) held a workshop at the request of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to examine its Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) concept. Individuals from the aviation, transportation infrastructure, public policy, research, and finance communities were invited to participate in the 2-day event, during which managers from NASA’s Office of Aerospace Technology described their ongoing efforts to advance the state of technology in general aviation and to further the development and use of advanced small aircraft as a means of personal transportation....
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ISSUES IN THE INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH AND OPERATIONAL SATELLITE SYSTEMS FOR CLIMATE RESEARCH
This is the first of two reports that address the complex issue of incorporating the needs of climate research into the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS). NPOESS, which has been driven by the imperative of reliably providing short-term weather information, is itself a union of heretofore separate civilian and military programs. It is a marriage of convenience to eliminate needless duplication and reduce cost, one that appears to be working.
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Weather Radar Technology Beyond NEXRAD
Weather radar is a vital instrument for observing the atmosphere to help provide weather forecasts and issue weather warnings to the public. The current Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) system provides Doppler radar coverage to most regions of the United States (NRC, 1995). This network was designed in the mid 1980s and deployed in the 1990s as part of the National Weather Service (NWS) modernization (NRC, 1999). Since the initial design phase of the NEXRAD program, considerable advances have been made in radar technologies and in the use of weather radar for monitoring and prediction. The development of new technologies provides the motivation for appraising the status of the...
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A Review of the EPA Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan
Water utilities have a long history of planning in preparation for emergencies, particularly natural disasters. But contingency and emergency planning has taken on a new dimension with current concern about potential threats to water system security. The range of crises that have become plausible has expanded, and utilities now are considering more robust security procedures and emergency plans than they have historically had in place. When it comes to ensuring a water system’s security, few utilities, regardless of size or geographic location, can function independently. The nation’s water utilities and agencies have an urgent need for the knowledge, information, and guidance related to water security, but they will...
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Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles
This is the seventh report by the National Research Council Standing Committee to Review the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV). The PNGV program is a cooperative research and development (R&D) program between the federal government and the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR), whose members are DaimlerChrysler Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors Corporation (GM). The program addresses improvements in national competitiveness in manufacturing and in the implementation of energy-saving innovations in passenger vehicles. In addition, it seeks to develop a new generation of vehicles by setting a stretch goal to achieve fuel economy up to three times (80 miles...
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Publicly Funded Agricultural Research and the Changing Structure of U.S. Agriculture
The U.S. food and agricultural sector is undergoing rapid change in production, distribution, and consumption of food and fiber, and in technology. There have been dramatic increases in production and marketing coordination, market contracting, concentration of agricultural output by fewer and fewer operations, and consolidation of agricultural operations. These increases are manifested in significant long- and short-term changes in farm size, number, distribution, and location. Production that once relied on small, independent, family-based farms increasingly occurs in large, consolidated, global operations. Small- and mid-sized operators often struggle to remain competitive and to adopt recent developments in technology and information....
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Thermionics Quo Vadis? An Assessment of the DTRA’s Advanced Thermionics Research and Development Program
Generating electricity from a heat source using no moving mechanical parts is the ultimate goal of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency’s thermionics program. However, developing thermionic energy conversion devices has proven difficult, although much progress has been made. In spite of initial success during the late 1960s and intermittent funding since that time, for a variety of reasons no thermionic system has yet been developed in the United States that can be used today on Earth or in space. The ability of humankind to reach farther and farther into the solar system and beyond is determined, in part, by our ability to generate power in space for spacecraft use. Thermionic energy conversion has...
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