Algorithms for Non-Product-Form Networks Although many algorithms are available for solving product-form queueing networks (see Chapters 8 and 9), most practical queueing problems lead to non-product-form networks. If the network is Markovian (or can be Markovized), automated generation and solution of the underlying CTMC via stochastic Petri nets (SPNs) is an option provided the number of states is fewer than a million. Instead of the costly alternative of a discrete-event simulation, approxima