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  3. Measuring high performance work practice systems: the training, information, participation and autonomy (tipa) scale

Measuring high performance work practice systems: the training, information, participation and autonomy (tipa) scale

The primary aim of this research was to develop a scale for measuring HPWPs and to validate it using structural equation modelling. The study sample comprised 3046 employees of 33 organizations in the industry and services sectors of the Basque Country (northern Spain). International Journal of Management (IJM) Volume 11, Issue 2, February 2020, pp. 248–263, Article ID: IJM_11_02_026 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijm/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=11&IType=2 Journal Impact Factor (2020):

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  1. International Journal of Management (IJM) Volume 11, Issue 2, February 2020, pp. 248–263, Article ID: IJM_11_02_026 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijm/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=11&IType=2 Journal Impact Factor (2020): 10.1471 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 0976-6510 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed MEASURING HIGH PERFORMANCE WORK PRACTICE SYSTEMS: THE TRAINING, INFORMATION, PARTICIPATION AND AUTONOMY (TIPA) SCALE Nekane Balluerka, Aitor Aritzeta*, Arantxa Gorostiaga Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain Unai Elorza and Damian Madinabeitia Higher Polytechnic School, University of Mondragon, Spain *Correspondence Author Email: aitor.aritzeta@ehu.eus ABSTRACT High performance work practices (HPWPs) have shown positive effects on organizational performance outcomes. However, valid and reliable measures of HPWPs are lacking, as are tools that examine employee-level perceptions of HPWPs in non-English speaking countries. Thus, the primary aim of this research was to develop a scale for measuring HPWPs and to validate it using structural equation modelling. The study sample comprised 3046 employees of 33 organizations in the industry and services sectors of the Basque Country (northern Spain). Development and validation of a measure to examine a HPWP ‘system’ was carried out over two studies. In the first, and based on previous studies, we selected variables related to training, information, participation and autonomy (TIPA). Items for each variable were then developed, and their psychometric properties were analysed. In the second study, we tested a structural equation model which hypothesized that TIPA scale scores would predict perceived organizational support and organizational commitment; relationships with firm size and employees´ educational level were also analysed with the aim of providing additional validity evidence. Based on the results of the two studies we conclude that the TIPA scale shows appropriate validity and reliability indexes and can therefore be considered an adequate tool for assessing a HPWP system encompassing training, information, participation and autonomy. Keywords: High performance work practices; Training; Information; Participation; Autonomy; TIPA Scale; organizational commitment. Cite this Article: Nekane Balluerka, Aitor Aritzeta, Arantxa Gorostiaga, Unai Elorza and Damian Madinabeitia, Measuring High Performance Work Practice Systems: The Training, Information, Participation and Autonomy (TIPA) Scale, International Journal of Management (IJM), 11 (2), 2020, pp. 248–263. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=11&IType=2 http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 248 editor@iaeme.com
  2. Nekane Balluerka, Aitor Aritzeta, Arantxa Gorostiaga, Unai Elorza and Damian Madinabeitia 1. INTRODUCTION Theories of strategic human resource management (SHRM) systems sustain that a ‗system‘ consisting of various human resource practices can have considerable positive effects on an organization‘s performance outcomes (Beckmann & Kuhn, 2010). However, inadequate implementation or the use of a single SHRM activity or high performance work practice (HPWP) may show no positive effect or even have a negative influence on the organization‘s economic performance and employee outcomes (Ichniowski, Shaw, & Prennushi, 1997). Some HPWPs are synergistic, since the overall effect of the HPWP system is greater than the sum of the effects of the individual practices by themselves. However, there is currently no consensus about which practices and techniques are the most appropriate for building HPWP activities or bundle. In fact, researchers have demonstrated that there is no such thing as the best bundle, but rather a set of practices that are the most suitable in each case (Ones, Denis, & Schmidt, 2017). Most of the published research in this field has been conducted in the USA and the UK (Guest, Michie, Conway, & Sheehan, 2003), and consequently there is a strong need for additional evidence to support the strategic HPWP-performance relationship from different contexts (Gerhart, 2007). In Spain, research on strategic HPWPs (i.e. HPWP systems) is still scarce. A review of 67 studies covering HPWPs in Spain between 2001 and 2010 indicated that although the increase in the number of publications during this period was larger in Spain than in any other European country, no studies were conducted with the aim of creating and validating measures of a HPWP system (Bayo-Moriones & Larraza-Kintana, 2012). Furthermore, the majority of studies conducted in this field have focused on managers‘ perceptions or on actual or implemented HPWPs (organizational level), rather than on employees´ perceptions of these HPWPs. In this context, some studies have shown that the relationship between employees‘ perceptions of HPWPs and their actual behaviour is far from constant across organizations. This means that it is the perception of the system of practices, rather than the system itself, that is the key to understanding workers‘ behaviour (Elorza, Harris, Aritzeta, & Balluerka, 2016). In order to address these gaps in the literature and to further examine the process through which HPWPs impact employees´ behaviour and perceptions, as well as organizational performance, it is important to conduct analyses in a non-US/UK context. Given the gap in the SHRM literature in Spain and the need for reliable and valid measurement tools in native languages, the primary aim of the present research was to develop and validate a scale to measure employees´ perceptions of a HPWP system defined by four organizational practices: training, information, participation and autonomy (TIPA). The development and psychometric validation of the TIPA scale are presented over two empirical studies. Study 1 involved the process of developing the scale and analysing the psychometric properties of its constituent items. In study 2, and with the aim of giving more support to the validation process, we used a structural equation model to test the hypothesis that TIPA scale scores would predict employees´ perceived organizational support and organizational commitment. 2. TRAINING, INFORMATION, PARTICIPATION AND AUTONOMY AS PART OF A HPWP SYSTEM The SHRM literature assumes that a bundle of combined variables — rather than single practices — affects employees' behaviour and attitudes, both of which will, in turn, contribute to organizational performance. This suggests that it is more important to consider people‘s perceptions of HPWPs than managers‘ HPWP reports (Arthur & Boyles, 2007). There is, in fact, evidence that rather than the actual or implemented HPWP it is employees‘ perceptions http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 249 editor@iaeme.com
  3. Measuring High Performance Work Practice Systems: The Training, Information, Participation and Autonomy (TIPA) Scale of HPWPs that determine their behaviour and, therefore, outcomes (Elorza, Aritzeta, & Ayestaran, 2011). The intended HPWP system is mostly defined by the leader‘s knowledge and perception of the practices that will maximize employees´ positive responses to the organization. However, not all intended HPWPs are implemented, and those that are often differ from the leader`s initial intention, due to divergent perceptions of the leader‘s strategy and the actual strategy implemented (Mintzberg, 1983), or simply because of non-uniform input from the middle managers responsible for implementing HPWPs (Zohar & Luria, 2005). In addition to these likely differences, actual HPWPs may be perceived and interpreted differently by employees. Since employees´ perceptions of HPWPs vary depending on their values, personality and other individual variables, employees will show different attitudinal and behavioural reactions, which may affect organizational performance outcomes (Nishii & Wright, 2008). From the perspective of SHRM theory, the HPWP system should aim to enhance employees' ability, motivation and opportunity to perform, which, in turn, would boost performance in manufacturing organizations (Appelbaum, Bailey, Berg, & Kalleberg, 2000). In the SHRM field this is known as AMO theory and it is the most widely used SHRM theory among those that include individual employee-level processes (Paauwe, 2009). It evokes three different employee characteristics: (A) the ability to perform (selection, skills improvement); (M) stimulating employee motivation by offering outstanding work conditions (career paths, information provision, excellent rewards); and (O) providing the opportunity for performance (stimulating teamwork, voice and employee involvement). Since its inception, this model has become dominant in SHRM research. The set of practices that together look to stimulate employees´ performance is also referred to as a high-involvement work system (HIWS), with the most widely researched set of HIWS practices being the so-called 'PIRK' bundle (based on Lawler, 1986). The acronym PIRK refers to power (participation and autonomy of the individual to make decisions within the company), information (different relevant data about outputs, costs, profitability, etc. for employees), rewards (focusing their power, information and knowledge in a way that benefits the organization) and knowledge (training and development in relation to skills and abilities) (Vandenberg, Richardson, & Eastman, 1999). Although the value of the PIRK model for employee and organizational performance alike has been widely tested in a variety of contexts (Butts, Vandenberg, DeJoy, Schaffer, & Wilson, 2009; Riordan, Vandenberg, & Richardson, 2005; Vandenberg et al., 1999), such practices are firmly grounded in the work enrichment and worker empowerment literature (Maynard, Gilson, & Mathieu, 2012; Wood, Van Veldhoven, Croon, & de Menezes, 2012). Since the organizational sample used in the present research does not involve any (or barely any) job rotation the ‗abilities policy‘ cannot be improved by selecting and hiring qualified people. Therefore, it is important to train and develop the skills and knowledge of existing employees in order to improve this aspect. Aligning employees with the organization's objectives will enhance motivation, which could be achieved through participation, information, global performance-related retribution or employment security. Finally, opportunity policies can be developed through autonomy and customer orientation (internal or external). The main objective of these policies is to empower employees to perform freely in pursuit of the organization's common goals. While we acknowledge that a larger number of different practices could be implemented, the objective of this research is not to identify all these practices but, rather, to examine employees‘ perceptions of the specific training, information, participation and autonomy practices which are central to most theories in SHRM (i.e. the AMO theory). Although these practices are also central to the HIWS approach (the PIRK model) we have not considered another core practice, that is, the http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 250 editor@iaeme.com
  4. Nekane Balluerka, Aitor Aritzeta, Arantxa Gorostiaga, Unai Elorza and Damian Madinabeitia contingent reward. The reason for this was that most of the participants in this study were members of cooperatives. In cooperatives the contingent reward policy is implicitly considered, so no variability was expected in this HPWP. It seems obvious that AMO policies should be implemented together or should enable other HPWP policies to grow through the development of some of them. In this regard, Garman, McAlearney, Harrison, Song, and McHugh (2011) proposed a conceptual model of HPWPs with four practice bundles, comprising 14 management practices and nine factors influencing the adoption and perceived sustainability of these practices, and in which autonomy, participation, information and training practices were considered central. In a similar vein, Boxall and Macky (2009) argued that giving employees autonomy and allowing them to participate in decision making about their work will make them feel more motivated. Thus, they will try to perform better and will use all the information the organization provides them with to the benefit of common goals. In addition, receiving information about organizational results may make them feel more attached to the organization, in which case they will try to take advantage of all the training they receive in order to reach common personal and organizational objectives. If they lack training they may feel frustrated at not being able to perform at their maximum, and if they do not receive information about the results they are obtaining through their work they may not feel involved in the project. In the event that they lack autonomy as regards using their training in new (innovative) ways, they may feel as if they have wasted time on training, leading them to be less motivated. If the different HR policies are working together the outcome may be additive or even synergistic (Macky & Boxall, 2007). However, if some policies are encouraging employees while others are limiting their experience, the outcome may become negative rather than simply of no benefit. This line of reasoning leads us to expect that all SHRM policies will be subsumable under a higher-order factor which we will call the ‗system‘. 3. THE EFFECT OF THE ‘SYSTEM’ ON INDIVIDUALS Social exchange theory is based on the idea that when employees perceive they are supported by the organization in relation to their job performance activities they will reciprocate with an exchange behaviour that is regarded as fair to the other party. This reciprocal exchange will take the form of attitudes and behaviours that will benefit the organization (Blau, 1964). In this context, research has shown a positive association between the implemented HPWPs of AMO theory and perceived organizational support (POS). Specifically, Nishii and Wright (2008) and Whitener (2001) suggested that employees showed high POS through the help of HR practices. In particular, HR practices combined as a system will result in employees having a positive perception of organizational support (Kehoe & Wright, 2013). For their part, Eisenberger, Armeli, Rexwinkel, Lynch and Rhoades (2001) noted that employees consider the organization to have a positive or negative orientation towards their contribution and well-being based on the organization‘s SHRM practices. This means that the behaviour of an employee is influenced by his/her perceived organizational support. A positive perception of organizational support leads to commitment from employees and a desire to repay the organization by attaining better outcomes and increased performance (Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison, and Sowa, 1986). This relationship between HPWPs and POS is explained by employees´ perceptions of implemented practices, because what really affects employees´ behaviours are their perceptions of HPWPs rather than their literal exposure to such practices (Elorza et al., 2011). In order to elicit the desired attitudes and behaviours from employees, it is therefore more important to meet their perceptions (as far as possible) than it is to implement more HPWPs or to seek to implement them perfectly (Lepak, Jiang, Han, Castellano, & Hu, 2012; Van de Voorde, Paauwe, & Van Veldhoven, 2012). In http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 251 editor@iaeme.com
  5. Measuring High Performance Work Practice Systems: The Training, Information, Participation and Autonomy (TIPA) Scale light of the above, we expect that the selected practices will strengthen employees‘ perceptions about organizational support and, therefore, we expect that the HPWPs, measured and defined as a system, will show a positive effect on workers‘ POS. Commitment is generally defined as ―a force that binds an individual to a course of action of relevance to one or more targets‖ (Meyer & Herscovitch, 2001, p. 301). According to these authors, commitment in the workplace can take a number of forms, such as commitment to the organization, the job, the occupation or profession, the supervisor and co-workers. The association between HPWPs and organizational commitment has been demonstrated in several studies (e.g. Ang, Bartram, McNeil, Leggat, & Stanton, 2013; Kehoe & Wright, 2013; Takeuchi & Takeuchi, 2013), the results of which have shown a positive relationship between SHRM practices and organizational commitment. For example, a study in New Zealand by Edgar and Geare (2005) found that HPWPs had a significant positive relationship with employee´s organizational commitment, while Innocenti, Pilati, and Peluso (2011) showed, using structural equation modelling, that such practices had a significant positive effect on employees´ organizational commitment in Italy. Ang et al. (2013) found that when employees perceived solid high-performance work systems, this had a positive and significant impact on affective commitment. Boon, Den Hartog, Boselie, and Paauwe (2011), using regression analyses with cross-sectional data, found that perceived HPWPs had a significant positive relationship with employees´ organizational commitment in The Netherlands. Based on the aforementioned evidence, we expected to find a positive association between our HPWP system and employees‘ organizational commitment. 4. STUDY 1 4.1. Overview The purpose of Study 1 was to generate and refine items for measuring HPWPs and to test the psychometric properties of the items that would then constitute the TIPA scale (i.e. those covering training, information, participation and autonomy). The latter was done by examining the dimensionality and convergent validity of the TIPA scale using confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was analysed by means of Cronbach‘s alpha, composite reliability (CR) and the average variance extracted (AVE). Comparisons between the values of the squared inter-dimensional correlations and the AVE values for these dimensions were used to provide evidence of the discriminant validity of the TIPA scale. 4.2. Content Background The initial version of the scale was developed by drawing up a set of self-rating items for four core aspects of a HPWP system: training, information, participation and autonomy. We examined the review conducted by Garman et al. (2011) in order to consider the key elements associated with HPWPs. Items were written by a panel of two doctoral-level specialists, taking into account the HPWPs and policies that are mainly used in Spanish firms. First drafts of the items were discussed with managers and supervisors from several organizations and were improved prior to inclusion in the final battery. The initial TIPA scale comprised 12 items, three for each of the abovementioned dimensions (see Appendix 1). All items were designed to be answered on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (Totally disagree) to 6 (Totally agree). http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 252 editor@iaeme.com
  6. Nekane Balluerka, Aitor Aritzeta, Arantxa Gorostiaga, Unai Elorza and Damian Madinabeitia 5. METHOD 5.1. Participants Participants for this study were 3046 employees of 33 organizations from the industry (70.7 %) and services (29.3%) sectors. Overall, 87.6% of employees belonged to organizations that were cooperatives, 11.9% to private limited companies, and 0.6% of employees did not report any information on the type of organization; 10.8% of them worked in small organizations (fewer than 50 employees), 50% in medium-size organizations (between 50 and 250 employees), 32.9% in large organizations (more than 250 employees), and 6.3% did not report the size of their organization. With respect to age, 14.2% of employees were under 30, 39.9% were aged between 30 and 45, 6.1% between 45 and 60, 6.1 % were over 60, and 18.2% did not report their age. 5.2. Procedure Employees were invited to complete a structured questionnaire in order to provide information about the perceived system of HPWPs and discretionary behaviour. Employees‘ regular meetings were used to inform and invite them to complete the questionnaire. A few days after the study was announced, employees who wished to participate reported to a specified room in the organization, where they completed the survey. Before administering the questionnaire, the general objectives of the study were explained and standard instructions were given, emphasizing the confidentiality of all information provided and the voluntary nature of participation in the study. 5.3. Data Analysis To test the four-dimensional structure and the convergent validity of the TIPA scale, a robust least squares factor analysis was conducted over the polychoric correlation matrix, using the EQS v6.3 software (Bentler, 2006). This estimation method was used for two reasons: 1) the indicators were not measured on a continuous scale, and 2) this method produces accurate test statistics, parameter estimates and standard errors under a great variety of conditions. The adequacy of model fit was assessed by means of the following indices: Satorra-Bentler (SB) chi-square statistic (Satorra & Bentler, 1994); Bentler-Bonnet normed fit index (BBNFI) and non-normed fit index (BBNNFI) (Bentler & Bonnet, 1980); comparative fit index (CFI) (Bentler, 1990); incremental fit index (IFI) (Bollen, 1989); and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) (Browne & Cudeck, 1993; Steiger, 2000). Values for the BBNFI, BBNNFI, CFI and IFI range from zero to 1.00, and a value above .95 indicates a good fit (Hu & Bentler, 1999). For the RMSEA, values of less than .05 are considered a close fit, and those of less than .08 an adequate fit (Finch & West, 1997). Cronbach‘s alpha coefficients, composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) values were used to estimate the reliability of each dimension of the scale. As Cronbach‘s alpha assumes that the items have been measured without error, it sometimes overestimates reliability (Bollen, 1989). Hence, CR and the AVE constitute good complements to this index. The conventional cut-off criterion for an acceptable alpha statistic is .70 and above (Nunally & Bernstein, 1994). The same cut-off value can be considered acceptable for CR (Bacon, Sauer, & Young, 1995). The AVE is generally considered acceptable at or above 50%. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 253 editor@iaeme.com
  7. Measuring High Performance Work Practice Systems: The Training, Information, Participation and Autonomy (TIPA) Scale 6. RESULTS 6.1. Convergent Validity and Dimensionality The factor loadings of the items ranged between .72 and .94, except for the item ―Siento que me falta información para hacer bien mi trabajo (I feel I need more information to do my job properly)‖, part of the Information dimension or latent construct, whose value was .28. Furthermore, the Lagrange multiplier suggested that this item should also be related to the other three dimensions. Given that convergent validity is only guaranteed when all the items have factor loadings above .60 (Bagozzi & Baumgartner, 1994) and show clear relationships with their corresponding dimensions (Hatcher, 1994), the abovementioned item was removed from the TIPA scale. After removing this item, all the obtained factor loadings were statistically significant and ranged between .74 and .94, indicating that all the items were important to the definition of their corresponding dimensions and that the scale had convergent validity. The four dimensions or latent constructs assessed by the TIPA scale, with indicator items, item loadings and their statistical significance, are shown in the first four columns of Table 1. The value of the Satorra-Bentler chi-square statistic (df = 38, n = 3,040) equal to 487.13, p = .0001 indicated a statistically significant lack of fit of the model. However, the sensitivity of the chi-square statistic to the violation of the assumptions on which it is based (Bollen, 1989) and, specifically, its dependence on sample size (Floyd & Widaman, 1995) means that the assessment of fit should be based mainly on alternative indices. Those measures of fit which are less sensitive to sample size showed a good fit, with values of the BBNFI (.98), BBNNFI (.97), CFI (.98) and IFI (.98) close to 1.00 and the RMSEA equal to .06. Table 1 Reliability and convergent validity of the TIPA scale Dimensions or Indicator Standardized t robust Cronbach’s α CR AVE latent loading constructs sf1 .855 69.36* Training sf2 .914 74.98* .93 .93 .81 sf3 .903 72.28* Information si1 .737 40.17* .74 .75 .60 si2 .812 42.12* sp1 .744 48.35* Participation sp2 .852 62.36* .85 .86 .67 sp3 .860 62.46* sa1 .862 58.79* Autonomy sa2 .943 73.28* .93 .93 .83 sa3 .920 73.11* S-B (df = 38, n = 3,040) = 487.13 (p < .0001); BBNFI = .98; BBNNFI = .97; CFI =. 98; IFI = .98; RMSEA = .06 * p < .05 6.2. Reliability Cronbach‘s alpha coefficients for each dimension or latent construct are shown in the fifth column of Table 1. The indices ranged between .74 and .93, exceeding the recommended value of .70. Composite reliability (CR) values were above .70 for all the dimensions, ranging between .75 and .93. The AVE values ranged between .60 and .83, exceeding the recommended level of .50 (see the last two columns of Table 1). http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 254 editor@iaeme.com
  8. Nekane Balluerka, Aitor Aritzeta, Arantxa Gorostiaga, Unai Elorza and Damian Madinabeitia 6.3. Discriminant Validity The AVE values for the four dimensions were higher than the squared inter-construct correlations (the latter values ranged between .22 and .43), which can be regarded as evidence for the discriminant validity of the TIPA scale. 7. STUDY 2 7.1. Overview The overall results obtained in Study 1 led us to propose a scale comprising 11 items corresponding to the four dimensions defined in our HPWP system: training, information, participation and autonomy. These items provide the basis for turning these four dimensions into observed variables by averaging their indicators, thus enabling us to analyse their predictive capacity by means of a structural equation model. Specifically, the hypothesis is that the four dimensions of the TIPA scale, as a HPWP system, have a direct effect on employees‘ perceived organizational support and organizational commitment. As a prior step, we test the reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity of the measurement model. Evidence of validity based on relationships between the TIPA scale and other relevant variables is also provided. The specific purpose of Study 2 was to test the psychometric properties of the TIPA scale, in other words, to examine the components of a structural equation model in which the HPWP system is considered as an exogenous latent construct and perceived organizational support and organizational commitment are treated as endogenous unobserved variables. In addition to providing evidence of validity based on the predictive capacity of this model, relationships between HPWPs and relevant organizational variables such as size of the organization, employee position and employees‘ level of education are analysed in order to complete the validation process. 8. METHOD 8.1. Participants and Procedure The sample was the same as in Study 1, and the same procedure was used for data collection. 8.2. Measures In addition to the aforementioned TIPA scale, three additional tools were included in the pool of instruments. The first was a questionnaire that gathered employees‘ sociodemographic data and characteristics of the organization, and which included questions about age, department, level of education and size of the organization, among others. Perceived organizational support (POS) (Eisenberger, Cummings, Armeli, & Lynch, 1997) was measured by means of three questions answered on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (Totally disagree) to 6 (Totally agree). A sample item is ―My organization really cares about my wellbeing.‖ The internal consistency of this tool, measured by Cronbach‘s alpha, was .87. Finally, affective commitment was measured using a shortened version of the instrument proposed by Meyer, Allen, and Smith (1993). The items used were those which showed the highest factor loadings on this dimension. Items (an example of which is ‗I feel a strong sense of belonging to my organization‘) were answered on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (Totally disagree) to 6 (Totally agree). The alpha coefficient value for this variable was .91. 8.3. Data analysis The convergent validity and the overall fit of the measurement model were analysed by means of a robust least squares factor analysis conducted over the polychoric correlation matrix, http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 255 editor@iaeme.com
  9. Measuring High Performance Work Practice Systems: The Training, Information, Participation and Autonomy (TIPA) Scale using the EQS v6.3 software (Bentler, 2006). Cronbach‘s alpha coefficients, CR and AVE were again used to estimate the reliability of the people-based management system, perceived organizational support and organizational commitment latent constructs. The value of the squared correlation between two latent constructs was compared with the AVE values of these latent constructs in order to obtain evidence of the measurement model‘s discriminant validity. The difference between the fit of the overall measurement model and the fit of the structural model was taken as nomological validity evidence. The hypotheses about the direct effects of a people-based management system on perceived emotional support and organizational commitment were tested by means of the standardized B coefficient, unstandardized t coefficient and R square statistic. Finally, the Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyse whether the implementation of a people-based management system in an organization was associated with the size of the organization or his/her educational level. 9. RESULTS 9.1. Convergent Validity and Overall Fit of the Measurement Model The latent constructs included in the structural model, with indicator items, item loadings and their statistical significance are shown in the first four columns of Table 2. Table 2 Reliability and convergent validity of the measurement model Latent Indicator Standardized t robust Cronbach’s α CR AVE construct loading Training .750 40.13* TIPA Information .733 35.28* .80 .82 .53 Participation .727 39.46* Autonomy .690 32.90 Pos1 .874 55.42* POS Pos2 .871 47.76* .89 .89 .72 Pos3 .804 39.49* rc1 .866 45.06* OC rc2 .789 46.53 .87 .88 .64 rc3 .769 36.64* rc4 .769 36.21* S-B (df = 42, n = 3,040) = 466.15 (p < .0001); BBNFI = .95; BBNNFI = .94; CFI = .96; IFI = .96; RMSEA = .08 * p < .05. POS: Perceived organizational support; OC: Organizational commitment The factor loadings of the items ranged between .69 and .75 for the TIPA latent construct, between .80 and .87 for perceived organizational support, and between .77 and .87 for organizational commitment, indicating that the items were important for the definition of their corresponding constructs and that the model has convergent validity. The value of the Satorra-Bentler chi-square statistic (df = 41, n = 3,040) equal to 466.15, p = .0001 indicated a lack of fit of the model. However, as already noted, the sensitivity of the chi-square statistic to sample size means that the fit assessment should be based on alternative indices. Measures of fit less sensitive to sample size indicated that the hypothesized model showed a good fit to the data, with BBNFI (.95), BBNNFI (.94), CFI (.96) and IFI (.96) values close to 1.00 and a RMSEA value equal to .08. 9.2. Reliability Cronbach‘s alpha coefficient values for TIPA, perceived organizational support and organizational commitment were .80, .89 and .87, respectively. The corresponding CR values http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 256 editor@iaeme.com
  10. Nekane Balluerka, Aitor Aritzeta, Arantxa Gorostiaga, Unai Elorza and Damian Madinabeitia were .82, .89 and .88, and the AVE values .53, .72 and .64, respectively. These sets of values allow us to conclude that the measurement model shows good reliability. 9.3. Discriminant and Nomological Validity Except for one case, the AVE values for the three latent constructs were higher than the squared inter-construct correlation. These results indicate that the discriminant validity of the model is acceptable. Furthermore, as the difference between the fit of the overall measurement model and the fit of the structural model was not statistically significant, it can be concluded that the measurement model has nomological validity. 9.4. Predictive Capacity of the Structural Model Upon analysing the hypothesized association between latent constructs, several significant relationships emerged (see Figure 1). Scores on the TIPA scale had a direct and positive effect on both perceived organizational support (B = .86, t = 30.76, p < .05, R2 = .74) and organizational commitment (B = .75, t = 27, p < .05, R2 = .56). 9.5. Relationship with other Variables Figure 1 Predictive capacity of the structural model http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 257 editor@iaeme.com
  11. Measuring High Performance Work Practice Systems: The Training, Information, Participation and Autonomy (TIPA) Scale With the aim of providing additional validity evidence for the TIPA scale, a series of comparative analyses were conducted for sociodemographic variables associated with HPWPs. O´Connell and Byrne (2012) found that, among other factors, education and firm size are associated with training. Similarly, reviews in the field of SHRM indicate that the size of the organization and employees‘ level of education are associated with HPWPs (Combs, Liu, Hall, & Ketchen, 2006; O´Connell & Byrne, 2012). Thus, we expected that workers belonging to firms with fewer than 50 employees would show higher levels of TIPA practices than would those workers in firms with more than 250 employees. Testing this hypothesis by means of the Mann-Whitney U test we found statistically significant differences between workers in these two types of organization on all four dimensions (UT = 106026.5, p = .001; UI = 128727.5, p = .001; UP = 102575.5, p = .001; UA = 130579, p = .001). In all cases, the mean ranges were higher for workers in small firms than for those in the larger firms. Effect sizes were moderate for training (r = .24) and participation (r = .24) and small for information (r = .15) and autonomy (r = .12). Regarding the level of education, higher scores on TIPA dimensions were expected for employees with higher educational levels. The analysis showed that employees with university studies presented higher levels of training, information, participation and autonomy (UT = 104451.5, p = .001; UI = 102344, p = .001; UP = 89873, p = .001; UA = 90538.5, p = .001). Effect sizes were small for training (r = .16) and information (r = .17) and moderate for participation (r = .22) and autonomy (r = .24). 10. DISCUSSION The aim of this research was to develop a scale for measuring a HPWP system, one based on the dimensions of training, information, participation and autonomy, and to validate this scale by means of structural equation modelling. The results obtained across the two studies conducted indicate that the proposed scale has adequate psychometric properties; specifically, it shows good reliability, as well as factor, convergent, discriminant and nomological validity. We therefore conclude that the TIPA scale complies with the methodological requirements for the valid and precise assessment of employees‘ perceptions about the management system implemented in an organization. It should be emphasized that the TIPA scale is focused on employees´ perceptions of HPWPs and, in this sense, the present research contributes to the literature on SHRM and, specifically, to that on HPWP systems by offering a valid and reliable tool for use in Spanish-speaking contexts. Consistent with previous findings (Combs, Liu, Hall, & Ketchen, 2006) the synergistic ‗bundles‘ of policies and practices that are encompassed within the TIPA scale were observed to have a relevant influence on both perceived organizational support and the affective organizational commitment shown by employees. These results are also in line with those reported for other HPWPs implemented to emphasize worker training, socialization, and rewards such as team-building, performance-based incentives, job rotation or multiskilling, and participative decision making (Sullivan, 2004). In this respect, the HPWPs considered in the TIPA scale may improve the internal social structure of the organization, thereby facilitating communication and cooperation among employees (Evans & Davis, 2005). In line with the study by Chuang, Dill, Morgan, and Konrad (2012), who found that the only HPWP configuration that was sufficient for both high job satisfaction and quality of work included practices from both the staff motivation and empowerment dimensions, we conclude that incorporating actions from multiple HPWPs, as the TIPA scale does, might be more effective than focusing on just one isolated practice. The present study does have certain limitations. First, we only examined some of the HPWPs proposed by Garman et al. (2011), and additional research is therefore needed to http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 258 editor@iaeme.com
  12. Nekane Balluerka, Aitor Aritzeta, Arantxa Gorostiaga, Unai Elorza and Damian Madinabeitia determine the relative importance of a ‗bundled‘ approach involving practices from all dimensions. However, given that most of our participants were members of cooperatives we expected to find no variability in other key aspects of HPWPs such as contingent reward or employment security, which are frequently part of a HPWP system. Second, the cross- sectional nature of the sample prevents us from inferring the direction of causation between the studied variables. In addition, structural equation models are based on a linear relationship assumption, and thus significant nonlinear associations may be overlooked. Further research from a longitudinal perspective is now needed to examine the cause and effect relationships between the variables considered here. Third, the present results are derived from SME companies (mostly cooperatives co-owned by employees of Mondragon Humanity at Work) located in a specific geographical area (the Basque Country, northern Spain). As the validation of an instrument is an ongoing process, it would be useful in the future to collect data from employees of public limited companies from other geographical areas with different cultural backgrounds. 11. CONCLUSION This research shows that the TIPA scale can be regarded as a useful instrument for measuring a HPWP system and its effects on key employee and organizational outcomes. As we noted earlier, and contrary to the main assumption in almost all studies in the SHRM field, the relationship between employees‘ perceptions of the system and their discretionary behaviour is not constant across organizations (Elorza et al., 2016). This implies that the meaning which people ascribe to management practices may vary among different groups of employees, thus influencing the effect that these practices may have on their discretionary behaviour. In this respect, the availability of the TIPA scale will help to identify employees‘ perceptions of specific HPWPs in different contexts and different groups. REFERENCES [1] Ang, S. H., Bartram, T., McNeil, N., Leggat, S. G., & Stanton, P. (2013). The effects of high-performance work systems on hospital employees' work attitudes and intention to leave: a multi-level and occupational group analysis. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(16), 3086-3114. [2] Appelbaum, E., Bailey, T., Berg, P & Kalleberg, A. L. (2000). Manufacturing advantage - Why high performance work systems pay off. Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute. [3] Arthur, J. B., & Boyles, T. (2007). Validating the human resource system structure: A levels-based strategic HRM approach. Human Resources Management Review, 17 (1), 77- 92. [4] Bacon, D. R., Sauer, P. L. & Young, M. (1995). Composite reliability in structural equation modeling. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55, 394-406. [5] Bagozzi, R. P., & Baumgartner, H. (1994). The evaluation of structural equation models and hypothesis testing. In R. P. Bagozzi (Ed.), Principles of marketing research (pp. 386– 422). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Business [6] Bayo-Moriones, A., & Larraza-Kintana, M. (2012). Research in human resources in Spain between 2001 and 2010: The wonder decade?. Cuadernos de Economía y Dirección de Empresa [Economy and Firm Management Papers], 15, 181-191. [7] Beckmann, M., & Kuhn, D. (2010): Complementarities between workplace organization and human resource management: Evidence from Swiss firm-level panel data. WWZ Discussion Paper 2010/3, D-125, Basel. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 259 editor@iaeme.com
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  16. Nekane Balluerka, Aitor Aritzeta, Arantxa Gorostiaga, Unai Elorza and Damian Madinabeitia APPENDIX 1 Dimensions and items of the TIPA scale Dimension Item 1. Siento que la empresa dedica recursos suficientes para potenciar mi desarrollo profesional (I feel that the company dedicates enough resources to enhance my professional development) Training 2. Siento que la empresa me da suficiente formación para desempeñar mi trabajo (I feel that the company provides me with enough training to do my job) 3. Creo que la empresa da importancia y promueve mi formación (I think the company gives importance to and encourages my training) 4. Tengo información actualizada frecuentemente sobre cómo va mi departamento/sección (ventas, resultados, estado de proyectos, etc.) (I receive frequent updates on how my department/section is performing Information (sales, results, project status, etc.) 5. Tengo suficiente información para desempeñar bien mi trabajo (I have enough information to do my job properly 6. Participo en la definición de los objetivos anuales de mi departamento/sección (I participate in defining annual objectives for my department/section) 7. Participo en la definición, control y seguimiento del plan de gestión anualmente Participation (I participate in the definition, control and monitoring of the annual management plan) 8. Tengo oportunidades de participar en las decisiones importantes sobre el futuro de mi departamento/sección (I have opportunities to participate in important decisions about the future of my department /section 9. Mi puesto me permite tomar decisiones y ser proactivo a la hora de realizar el trabajo (My position allows me to make decisions and to be proactive when doing my job) Autonomy 10. Mi puesto me posibilita tomar muchas decisiones por mí mismo (My position allows me to make many decisions by myself) 11. Mi puesto me proporciona mucha autonomía para tomar decisiones (My position gives me a lot of autonomy as regards decision making) http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 263 editor@iaeme.com
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