Guide to Low-Emission Boiler and Combustion Equipment Selection

ORNL/TM-2002/19 Guide to Low-Emission Boiler and Combustion Equipment Selection C. B. Oland DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge. Web site http://www.osti.gov/bridge Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source. National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD 703-487-4639 Fax 703-605-6900 E-mail info@ntis.fedworld.gov Web site http://www.ntis.gov/support/ordernowabout.htm Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following source. Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail reports@adonis.osti.gov Web site http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. ORNL/TM-2002/19 GUIDE TO LOW-EMISSION BOILER AND COMBUSTION EQUIPMENT SELECTION C. B. Oland Date Published: April 2002 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Industrial Technologies Prepared by OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 ii CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................................. ix ACRONYMS.......................................................................................................................................... xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................................................................................................... xiii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... xv 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.1 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 APPROACH............................................................................................................................. 1-2 1.3 REFERENCE........................................................................................................................... 1-3 2. INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL BOILERS ......................................... 2-1 2.1 TYPES OF ICI BOILERS........................................................................................................ 2-1 2.1.1 Firetube Boilers............................................................................................................. 2-2 2.1.2 Watertube Boilers......................................................................................................... 2-5 2.1.3 Other Combustion Boilers............................................................................................ 2-16 2.2 FUEL FEED SYSTEMS.......................................................................................................... 2-18 2.2.1 Stokers .......................................................................................................................... 2-19 2.2.1.1 Underfeed stokers......................................................................................... 2-19 2.2.1.2 Overfeed stokers........................................................................................... 2-20 2.2.2 Burners.......................................................................................................................... 2-23 2.3 EMISSION RATES................................................................................................................. 2-24 2.3.1 Uncontrolled Emissions................................................................................................ 2-25 2.3.2 Controlled Emissions.................................................................................................... 2-26 2.4 REFERENCES......................................................................................................................... 2-26 3. FUELS, EMISSIONS, AND EFFICIENCY.................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 FUELS...................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Coal............................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1.1 Lignite .......................................................................................................... 3-5 3.1.1.2 Subbituminous.............................................................................................. 3-5 3.1.1.3 Bituminous ................................................................................................... 3-5 3.1.1.4 Anthracite..................................................................................................... 3-7 3.1.2 Fuel Oil......................................................................................................................... 3-7 3.1.3 Natural Gas................................................................................................................... 3-8 3.1.4 Biomass......................................................................................................................... 3-10 3.1.5 Refuse-Derived Fuel..................................................................................................... 3-10 3.1.6 Other Fuels.................................................................................................................... 3-10 3.1.7 Mixed Fuels.................................................................................................................. 3-11 3.2 EMISSIONS............................................................................................................................. 3-11 3.2.1 Nitrogen Oxides............................................................................................................ 3-12 3.2.1.1 Thermal NOx................................................................................................ 3-12 3.2.1.2 Fuel NOx....................................................................................................... 3-13 3.2.1.3 Prompt NOx.................................................................................................. 3-14 3.2.2 Sulfur Dioxide............................................................................................................... 3-14 3.2.3 Particulate Matter.......................................................................................................... 3-15 3.2.4 Carbon Monoxide......................................................................................................... 3-15 3.2.5 Hazardous Air Pollutants.............................................................................................. 3-16 iii ... - tailieumienphi.vn