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GlAl PHAP PHAT TRiiN MOI TRI/ONG MI§N
NOI
VONG O 6 N G BAO DAN TOC THI^U S 6 NHAM G 6 P PHAN
THOC DAY TANG
TRfldNG KINH T^ B^N VONG
Trfing A Dfldng*
Mien nui Viet Nam chid'm khoang 70%
dien ti'ch dfi't tfl nhien, la dia bfin efl tru cua
dai sd' cac ddng bao dan tgc thieu so'. Mien mii
Ifi dia bfin cd nhiiu tilm nang kinh te vfi ddng
vai trd to ldn ddi vdi mdi trfldng sinh thai cua
Vidt Nam noi chung, ddng thdi c6 vi trf dfic
bidt quan trgng v l quo'c phong an ninh.
Hidn nay, tren dia bfin nfiy p h i n ldn ddng
bao cac dan tgc thidu sd' dang gap rfi't nhieu
khd khan nhfl: thieu Ifldng thflc, trinh do
dan trf thfi'p, ty Id mu chfl cao, cd sd ha t i n g
ye'u kem,... dang Ifi nhflng trd ngai ldn cho
sfl phat tridn. Hoa nhfip vdi sfl phat trien
chung cua ca nadc, nhflng vfi'n de v l sfl dung
khdng hdp ly cac ngudn tai nguyen thien
nhien; dd thi hoa dang dfin tdi sfl mfi't can
bang sinh thai, cha't ladng mdi trfldng bi
anh hadng, d i n de'n dien mao kinh te' - xa
hdi d mien nui, vung ddng bfio dan tdc thieu
sd'chaa thd hidn dadc t a m vdc cua mdt vung
nhieu tiem nfing.
Chinh vi vay, de phat t r i l n b i n vflng vide
bao ve mdi tradng sd'ng la va'n de ra't quan
trgng; trong dd, viec nghien cflu nhflng giai
phap phat tridn mdi tradng mien nui vung
ddng bfio dan tdc thieu sd' d Viet Nam cd y
nghia dac bidt quan trgng.
1. Mot so' vfii'n d e ly l u a n ve m o i trfldng
1.1. Khdi niem mdi
trUdng
Theo dinh nghia rdng nhfi't thi mdi
trfldng Ifi tap hdp tfi't ca cac dieu kidn vfi
hien tadng ben ngdfii cd anh hfldng tdi mgt
vfit t h i hofic mdt sfl ki$n. Ba't efl mdt vfit
t h i , mot sfl kidn nao cung tdn tgi vfi diln
b i l n trong mgt mdi tradng.
Dd'i vdi con ngfldi thi mdi tradng sd'ng la
tong hgp nhflng dieu kidn vat ly, hoa hgc,
sinh hgc, kinh t l , xa hgi bao quanh vfi anh
hadng tdi Bfl sd'ng, sfl p h a t trien cua tflng ca
nhan vfi cua tflng edng ddng ngadi.
Mdi trfldng song ciia con ngfldi cd the
dfldc hieu theo nghia rdng hofic nghia hep
n h a sau:
Theo nghia rdng thi mdi trfldng bao gdm
ca tfii nguyen thien nhien vfi cac nhan tove
cha't Ifldng cua mdi trfldng dd'i vdi sfle khoe
va tidn nghi sinh sd'ng ciia con ngadi.
Theo nghia hep thi mdi trfldng gdm cac
nhan to' ve chfi't Ifldng cua mdi trfldng ddi vdi
sfle khoe va tien nghi sinh sd'ng cua con ngfldi,
ggi tfit Ifi cha't Ifldng mdi trfldng. Cac nhfin to
dd thfldng la khdng khi, nadc, am thanh, anh
sfing, bflc xa, canh quan, t h i m my, dao dflc,
quan he chfnh tri xa hdi tai dia bfin sinh song
va Ifim viec cua con ngadi. Cdn theo Luat bao
vd mdi trfldng eua Viet Nam thi "Mdi trfldng
bao gdm cae yd'u td' t a nhien va vat chfi't nhfin
tgo bao quanh con ngadi, c6 anh hadng den
ddi sd'ng, san xufi't, sfl ton tai, phat trien cua
con ngadi va sinh vfit".
1.2. Mgt sd chUc ndng
moi trudng
chu ye'u cua
Mdi trUdng la khong gian sinh sd'ng cko
con ngudi vd sinh vat.
* Trang A DiiOng, Thac si, Pho Giam d6'c Ban Quan ly dii an Dien mat trdi - Uy ban Dan toe.
E 3 OUAN LY KINH TE
Sfii 48 (7+8/2012)
GlAl PHAP PHAT T R I ^ N MOi TRUONG MI^N NUI...
Trong cudc song hfing ngay, ehung ta d i u
e i n mdt khdng gian nha't dinh d l phuc vu
cho eae hogt ddng thie't yd'u nha: n h a d, ndi
nghi ngdi, da't d l san xua't ndng nghiep, Ifim
nghiep, thuy san, kho tfing be'n cang,... Ydu
cau v l khdng gian sd'ng cua con ngfldi thay
dd'i theo trinh do khoa hgc, cdng nghe. Trinh
do phat t r i l n cfing cao thi nhu c i u v l khdng
gian san xua't se cfing giam. Tuy nhien, mdi
tradng ludn Ifi ndi cung cfi'p mat bang va nen
mdng cho cfic dd thi, khu cdng nghidp, kie'n
true hg t i n g cho dd thi vfi nong thdn,...
Mdi trUdng Id ncfi chda dUng cdc ngudn
tdi nguyen cdn thii't cko ddi sd'ng vd sdn
xudt cua con ngUdi.
Vdi sfl hd trd cua eac he thd'ng sinh thai,
con ngfldi dfi Ifi'y tfl tfl nhien nhflng ngudn
tai nguyen thidn nhidn c i n thie't phuc vu
chd vide san xufi't ra cua cai vfit chfi't nhfim
dap flng nhu cau cua minh. Thien nhidn Ifi
ngudn cung ca'p mgi tai nguyen c i n thiet.
N6 cung ca'p ngudn vat lieu, nfing Ifldng,
thdng tin c i n thid't cho cac hoat dgng sinh
sd'ng, san xufi't vfi quan ly cua con ngfldi.
Rflng ta nhien cung cfi'p nadc, bao tdn tinh
da dgng sinh hge vfi do phi cua da't, cung cfi'p
gd, dfldc hdu vfi cai thien dieu kien sinh
thai; Thuy ldi cung c^p nadc, dinh daSng,
cac ngudn thuy hai san; ddng thflc vat cung
ca'p Ifldng thflc, thflc p h i m va cac ngudn gen
quy hiim.
Khdng khi, nhiet dd, nang Ifldng mat trdi,
gid, nfldc,... de con ngfldi hit thd, la mdi
trfldng de cay cd'i r a hoa k i t qua; cac loai
khoang san, d i u md cung cfi'p nang Ifldng vfi
nguyen lidu chd cac hoat ddng san xufi't
cdng, ndng nghiep.
Moi trUdng Id ndi chUa dUng cdc chdt phi
thdi do con ngUdi tgo ra trong cudc sd'ng vd
hogt ddng sdn xudt.
Sir 48 (7+8/2012)
NGHllH Cflu TRAP Ptfi f j ^ ^
Trong qua trinh san xufi't va tieu dung
cua cai vfit chfi't, con ngadi ludn dao thai vao
mdi trfldng cac cha't thai. Sfl gia tang dan so'
qua nhanh, qua trinh dd thi hofi, cdng
nghidp hoa ngay cfing Ifim cho khd'i ladng
cac chfi't thai tang Ieh khong ngflng, nhiiu
ndi qua tai gay d nhidm mdi trUdng nghiem
trgng.
Mdi trudng Id ndi lUu trU ud cung cap
thdng tin cho con ngUdi.
Qua cac hoa thgch, bfio tfl phfi'n hoa va
cac vdt tich cua qua trinh tien hoa trong tfl
nhien ma mdi trfldng cdn Iflu gifl lai, dfi
cung cfi'p cho chung sfl ghi chdp va Iflu trfl
lich sil dia chfi't, lich sfl tid'n hoa cua vfit cha't
va sinh v9,t, lich sfl xufi't hidn va phat trien
van hoa cua lofii ngadi; ddng thdi cung cfi'p
cac chl thi khdng gian vfi tam thdi mang
tinh chfi't tin hieu vfi bao dgng sdm cac hidm
hoa ddi vdi con ngadi. Mdi tradng lau trfl vfi
cung cfi'p cho con ngadi sfl da dang cac
ngudn gen, cac lofii ddng thflc vat, cac he
sinh thai tfl nhidn, cac canh quan tfl nhien
vfi n h a n tgo co gia tri t h i m my de con ngadi
chiem ngadng vfi thfldng ngogn.
1.3. Mdu thudn giua moi trudng vd
phdt trien
Phat t r i l n la qua trtnh nang cao dieu kidn
sd'ng v l vat cha't va tinh than cua con ngfldi
bfing vide phat trien Iflc ladng san xufi't, thay
ddi quan hd san xua't, quan hd xa hdi, nang
cao cha't ladng hoat ddng vfin hoa. Phfit tridn
la xu the tfl nhidn cua mdi ca nhan con ngadi
hoac cgng ddng ngadi. Dd'i vdi mdi qud'c gia,
qua trinh phat triln phai nh^m dat tdi mdt
muc tieu nha't dinh, tieu bilu cho mfle sd'ng
vat chfi't vfi tinh than cua ngfldi dan trong
qud'c gia dd. Cac muc tidu phat triln thfldng
dadc cu t h i hda hfing nhflng chi tieu v l ddi
Sdng vfit cha't nhfl ladng thflc, nha d, nang
ladng, vat hdu, dilu kidn sfle' khoe, va ddi
sd'ng tinh than nhfl giad due,...
OUAN LY KINH T£ E D
l O T l HfiHifeN cflu TBAO Blil
GlAl PHAP PHAT T R I ^ N MOI TRl/ONG MjgN NOI...
Mdi trfldng vfi p h a t t r i l n cd md'i quan hg nadc tren t h i gidi, nha^t Ifi cac nadc dang
ra't chat che. Mdi trfldng Ifi dia bfin vfi dd'i phfit t r i l n Ifi cac muc tidu v l phat trien kinh
tfldng cua phat t r i l n . Dd'i vdi mdi vung cu td' - xa hdi va bao vd mdi trfldng phai dfldc
the cua dfi't nadc hofic trong phgm vi ca nfldc gfin bd vdi n h a u trong xay dflng muc tieu,
ludn tdn tai ddng thdi hai hd thd'ng dd \k: hd xae dinh c h i i n \\igc, k l hogch hoa cung nhfl
thd'ng kinh t l
xa hdi vfi hd thd'ng mdi d i l u hfinh vfi quan ly thflc hidn. Ve phfldng
didn nay t h i hi$n nay mdi trfldng mien nui,
tradng.
vflng ddng bfid dan tdc thieu sd d Vidt Nam
He thd'ng kinh te - xa hdi dfl^c cfi'u thfinh thflc sfl da vfi dang bi suy thoai do vide khai
bdi cac thfinh p h i n s a n xufi't, Iflu thdng, thac tfii nguyen thidn nhien mdt each bfla
phfin phd'i, tieu dflng va tich luy, tao ndn bai nhfl: n a n p h a rflng, dfi't dai hi xdi mdn,
mdt ddng nguyen lidu, nang Ifldng, che thoai hoa,... Mdi trfldng m i l n nui, vung dong
p h i m hfing hoa, p h i thai, Iflu thdng gifla cac bfio dSn tdc t h i l u sd' d Vidt Nam khdng cdn
p h i n tfl cfi'u t h a n h he thd'ng.
kha nfing cung cfi'p du cho con ngfldi nhflng
He thd'ng mdi trfldng vdi eae thanh p h i n tai nguydn c i n thiet d l duy t r i cudc sd'ng va
mdi tradng tfl nhien va mdi tradng xa hdi. hoat ddng.
Khu vflc giao thoa gifla h a i he thd'ng tao
2. Thi^c t r a n g m d i t r i f d n g m i e n n u i
thanh mdi tradng n h a n tao. Khu vflc giao
v u n g d d n g b a o d a n t o e thie'u so' d Viet
thoa nfiy thd hidn tfi't ca cac md'i quan hd
Nam hien nay
gifla phat trien vfi mdi trfldng.
2.1. Diim mgnh, lgi the cua mien nui
vung ddng bdo ddn tgc thieu so'
Mdi tradng thien nhien cung ca'p tai
nguyen eho he tho'ng kinh t l , ddng thdi tie'p
n h a n cha't thai tfl he thd'ng kinh td'. Chfi't
thai nay eo thd d lai h a n trong mdi tradng
thien nhien, hoac qua chd' bid'n rdi trd v l lgi
he thd'ng kinh td'. Mgt hoat ddng kinh td' mfi
cha't phe thai khong the sfl dung trd lgi dadc
vfio he thd'ng kinh te, dfldc xem la hogt ddng
gay ton hgi den mdi tradng. Viec lang phf
tfii nguyen khdng t a i tao dadc n h a than da,
d i u md, khoang san,... hoac viec sfl dung tfii
nguyen tai tao dadc n h a cac san p h i m lam
nghiep, thuy san,... mdt each qua mfle khid'n
cho no khdng t h e h l i phuc dadc, hoae h l i
phuc sau mdt thdi gian qua dai, Ifi nhflng
hogt ddng td'n hgi dd'n mdi trfldng. Cac hoat
ddng phat tridn ludn ed h a i mat ldi va hgi.
Ban than thien nhidn cung ed h a i mat.
Thidn nhien la ngudn tai nguyen va phuc ldi
dd'i vdi con ngfldi, nhflng ddng thdi cung la
nguon thien tai, h i i m hog dd'i vdi ddi sd'ng
va san xufi't eua con ngadi.
Theo so' heu thd'ng kd thd Viet Nam hien
cd khoang 9,42 trieu h a dfi't ndng nghidp vfi
n h i i u loai da't dfldc xem la td't nhfl dfi't do ba
zan, dfi't n a u dd da vdi,... Mdt so' vung dfi't
ndng nghiep, lam nghidp t a p trung hang
tridu hdc ta, dia h i n h bang phang cho phdp
to' chflc nhflng vung kinh td' ndng - lam edng nghidp tfip t r u n g nhfl Tay Nguyen va
mdt sd'vflng p h u can Tay Nguyen.
Mdt d i l u h i l n nhidn dd'i vdi tfi't ca eae
Do dinh ca Ifiu ddi d mien nui, dong bao
EOI OUAN Lt KINH TE
Ve phfldng didn phat tridn ndng • lam
nghiep, m i l n nui, vung ddng bfio dan tgc
t h i l u sd' d Viet Nam co nhflng diem mgnh,
ldi thd' so s a n h nhfl sau:
Khi h a u d m i l n n u i Vidt Nam Ifi ra't khac
nhau, n h a n g nhin chung la t h u a n ldi, fim
mat, v l m u a ddng cd nhiet dd tha'p, cd thd
gieo trdng dfldc nhieu logi cfiy trdng cd
ngudn gdc dn ddi va gia t r i kinh te' eao nhfl
mdt sd'loai r a u xanh, dadc lieu, lua,...
Sfii 48 (7+8/2012)
GlAl PHAP PHAT TRI^N MOI T R I / O N G MISN N
NGHIEN cuu TRAU
cac dfin tdc thieu so' co t r u y i n tho'ng dofin
kd't, tadng trd n h a u cung xay dflng cudc
sd'ng. Qua nhieu thd' he, ho da due rut dadc
nhieu kinh nghidm trong san xufi't, canh tfic,
bid't tan dung ngudn tfii nguyen thien nhien,
khfic phuc dadc n h i i u h a n che v l dia hinh,
nhieu kinh nghiem canh tac tren dfi't dd'c,
kinh nghidm luan canh, xen canh, goi V\L....
vk lam ndng - lam k i t hdp cd gia Lri khoa
hgc va gia tri thflc tidn cao.
2.2. Nhdng hgn
cua mien nui
che, bdt lgi chu
ye'u
Dia hinh chia cat lam cho dfi't canh tfic
phan tan, m a n h m u n khdng bfing phang,
khid'n eho viec fip dung ky thufit tien tien
vfio canh tac, san xua't, nhfi't la vide cd gidi
hoa gap nhieu kho khfin. Ngay tren mdt dia
bfin, nhang chd' do canh tac cung khac nhau,
anh hadng khdng nhd den kd't qua san xufi't
"tren mgt sadn dd'c vung Phong Thd' (Lai
Chdu), ngadi ta da xay dflng tdi hdn 400 bac
thang rugng, va n h a the', sfldn dd'c phai chia
lam 3 phan: dinh, gifla va chfin dd'c, mdi
phan CO mdt thdi vu, mgt mat do ca'y rieng,
khdng phu thudc vao nhau, ngadi dan dia
phadng ggi la " Cao san cu "; " Trung san cu
" va " Ti san cu ", n h i m I l n se Ifim mfi't mua
hofic it ra Ifi giam thu hoach (Li Van Khoa
(1997, tr 41)).
Theo bfio cao cua Cue Kiem Ifim thudc Bd
Ndng nghidp vfi P h a t t r i l n ndng thdn, td'ng
dien tich tflng trong ca nfldc khoang 10,9
tridu ha; ty Id rflng trdn dau ngfldi thfi'p
nha't tren the' gidi mdi chi dat 0,14ha/ngadi
(thi gidi Id 0,97haIngUdi) them vae dd do
ehe phu dfi't vfi tang da't m a t trong nhflng
nfim g i n day eung bi tha hoa t r i m trgng
rflng mfi't d i n dd'n dfi't bi xdi mdn, lu lut, han
han vfi lam cho da't dai ngfiy cang trd nen
trd'ng, trge, mdi trfldng tfl nhidn hi tfin pha,
can bang sinh thai bi dao ldn.
Cd sd h a t a n g yd'u kdm hdn so vdi m i l n
Sfli48 (7+8/2012)
«6>rmi
xudi, mfle do vo'n d i u tfl vd'n da thfi'p, nhflng
cdng trinh da co xud'ng cfi'p, giao thdng di lai
khd khfin, hidn tadng lu qudt x;iy ra ngay
cang n h i i u vdi cfldng dd manh liet d i n den
tan pha khdng ehi mua mfing, tfii san,
nhflng cdng trinh giao thdng, thuy ldi mfi
con cadp dl nhieu sinh mang con ngadi nhfi't
la trong m&'y n&m g i n day.
2.3. Thuc trgng mdi trudng mien nui,
vdng ddng bdo ddn tgc thieu sd d Viet
Nam hien nay
2.3.1 RUng bi suy thodi tdi phd
Ndi de'n moi tradng, trfldc he't Ifi ndi de'n
didn tieh rflng vfi mat do ehe phu cua tham
thifc vfit va day cung Ifi thadc do de danh gifi
mfle do an toan sinh thai cua mdt Quo'c gia.
Hidn nay d Viet Nam co tong didn tich rflng
la 13.118.773 ha, trong d6 rflng tfl nhidn la
10.348.591 ha va rflng trong la 2.770.182
ha. Rflng Vidt Nam dang bi suy thoai
nghiem trgng, hang nam cd hang trfim ha
rflng bi tfin pha va chung ta cung dang ganh
chiu nhflng hfiu qua ma minh gay ra dd'i vdi
rflng. Theo thd'ng ke cua Cue kilm lam vfio
12/2009: Viet Nam efl 4145,74 ha rflng bi
tfin pha. Rflng bi chat pha trade tien Ifi de
Ifi'y da't trdng cay cdng nghidp, nudi thuy
san, xay dflng, cho muc dich ndng nghiep
nha; trdng ca phe, trdng eao su va phfit trien
trdng nhflng cay ladng thflc, cdng nghidp
khac, hay pha rflng d l lam cac khu du lich,
vui chdi, giai tri,... Theo cfic nha chuyen
mdn da bao dd'n n a m 2020 ca nadc se cd
40% rflng cdn lgi bi t a n p h a .
Vdi khu vflc mien nui phfa Bfic va Tay
Nguydn dadc xem Ifi cd tilm nang rflng ldn
nhfi't cua Vidt Nam. Tuy nhidn, trong nhflng
nam gan day, chieu hfldng pha rflng lam
nadng rfiy ngfiy cfing tfing. Dieu la lung la
riing d khdi nui thadng ngudn sdng Chay (Ldo
Cai) tuy hiem trd nhang didn tfch cdn rfi't it.
2.3.2 Suy gidm tdi nguyin
ddt
OUAN Lt KINH T£ E S
f'lJiiliiHfiHlfeN cflu TBAO Bfll
Tac ddng Liou cflc cua con ngadi d che do
canh tac n h a dot pha rflng bfla bai, Ifim
nadng rfiy du canh, ke ca c h l do trdng cay
Iddng thflc vfi cay cdng nghidp ngfin ngfiy da
gay ra khdng it tai hai cho vi^c tfin pha dfi't
dai, khid'n cho tfii nguydn rflng hi suy giam
nghiem trgng. "d Viet Nam do hdu qUii ciia
viec chat pha rflng, dot rflng bfla bai, sfl
dung da't khdng ben vflng qua n h i i u thd hd
nen da't bi thoai hoa nghiem trgng, nhiiu
ndi mfi't kha nang san xua't va xu hfldng
hoang mgc hoa ngfiy cang phfit triln, nhfi't
Ifi d cac da't trd'ng ddi trge "(Le Vdn Khoa,
Nguyin Nggc Sinh, (2000. tr 114)). Hign
tfldng xdi mdn, huy hogi dat xay ra nghiem
trgng hdn ca la d cac vung ddi nui va eao
nguyen nhfl Tay Bfic, Ddng Bfic, dai nui
miln Trung vfi Tay Nguyen; nhflng vung
nay ngoai vide phai chiu trflc tiep hau qua
cua vide tfin pha ldp phu thfle vfit rflng, cac
dilu kien chung cua chd' do tfl nhien, cdn c6
mdt so' dieu kidn t h u a n ldi cho xdi mdn n h a
dia hinh cao, dd'c, hi chia cfit manh, trong dd
cd nhiiu sUdn dd'c tdi 25 - 30 do, Ifi nhflng
ye'u td' tfl nhien thue day cho vide rfla trdi
ldp da't mau canh tac d ben tren de trd lgi da
gd'c, khdng cd kha nang trdng ca'y.
De'n nay, Viet Nam vfin chfla co each nao
ngan chan dadc qua trinh dai khi h a u nhfl
ngfin chan khdng eho gid mua Ddng Nam
fim adt luon vfio cac thung lung va mang
de'n nhflng cdn mfla gay n h i i u lu lut, nhflng
chung ta co the hgn chd' mdt p h i n rfi't ldn
tac hai do chung gay r a bfing each bao ve ldp
phu thflc vfit rflng, tfl dd d i l u tid't dfldc ehe
dd nadc sdng, ngan chan nan xdi mdn tren
cac ddi nui. Do dd, de bao ve vfi ngfin chgn
sfl suy giam tai nguyen da't, c i n khai thac
rflng ndi rieng vfi cac tfii nguyen thien nhien
khac mgt each hdp ly.
2.3.3 Suy gidm tdi nguyin nUdc
Khi ldp phu thflc vfit bi tfin pha, dfi't
EU OUAN Lt KINH T£
GlAl PHAP PHATTRI^N M 6 I TRUONG MICN NOI...
khdng chi bi xdi mdn, Ifim thay dd'i cae tinh
cha't v§t ly va hoa hoc mfi cdn gfiy ra hfing
loat hfiu qua dd'i vdi mdi tradng sd'ng. Dfi't bi
rfla trdi, d nhiem nadc vfi nong do tap ch^t
ldn, tinh chfi't hoa hgc cua nadc thay dd'i.
Mat khac, vdi Ifldng bfln, cat tfch tu theo cac
sdng, sud'i chay v l Ifing dgng lgi trong cac hd
chfla, bdi Ifi'p trfldc cac cac dap dang, cac ctia
la'y nfldc vao cac hd thd'ng thuy ndng vung
ha Iflu, iam anh hfldng den sfl vfin hfinh vfi
thfim chi Ifim td li^t hogt ddng cua nhieu
cdng trinh. Dfic bidt vfio mua khd, nhflng ndi
mfi't rflng trd nen r a t khfie nghiet, eae suoi
khd egn, nan thieu nfldc trd ndn t r i m trgng,
cd vung n g a dfin phai di hfing chuc cfiy sd'de
Ifi'y nadc sinh hogt nhfl vung Luc Khu d Cao
Bfing, vung Ddng Vfin, Meo Vgc d Ha
Giang,... Tinh t r a n g khan hiem nadc cfing
trd ndn nghidm trgng d Tfiy Nguydn, ndi cd 6
thang mua mfla vfi 6 t h a n g mua khd. Nhflng
nam g i n day, do phfit trien khong can ddi
cac loai cay cdng nghidp d vung nfiy, dfin den
tinh trgng k h a i thfic ngudn nadc ngam de
tadi bfla bai, Ifim eho ngudn nadc mat bi can
kidt, tut mfle nfldc n g i m .
2.3.4 Suy thodi da dgng sinh hgc
Ckc hd sinh thai vung doi nui thay doi tfl
rflng mfla nhiet ddi den cac ddng cd gid mua,
cac trang cay bui da cho Viet Nam mdt tai
nguyen ddng thflc vat phong phu n h a cac
lofii chim, thfl, ca, cung ca'p mdt ngudn gien
da dang cho nudi t r l n g . Cho dd'n nay nhiiu
loai thflc vat bac eao cd h a t dung Ifim nguon
ladng thflc, thflc pham, lam thud'c chfla
bdnh, thfle fin gia siic, Ifi'y go, tinh dau va
nhieu nguydn lidu khac de'n nay da mfi't dan.
Theo dfinh gia ciia cac nha nghien cflu thi
nhieu loai ddng vfit va thflc vat d Viet Nam
dang giam s u t n h a n h chdng, ben canh viec
ma't ndi efl tru do rflng hi tfin pha, ngudn
nfldc bi egn kidt v l Ifldng va cha't, cdn cd
nguyen n h a n do ngn san bfin, budn ban bfla
bai, da tieu diet nhieu lofii, t h a m chi cd lofii
Stf 48 (7+8/2012)
nguon tai.lieu . vn
NOI
VONG O 6 N G BAO DAN TOC THI^U S 6 NHAM G 6 P PHAN
THOC DAY TANG
TRfldNG KINH T^ B^N VONG
Trfing A Dfldng*
Mien nui Viet Nam chid'm khoang 70%
dien ti'ch dfi't tfl nhien, la dia bfin efl tru cua
dai sd' cac ddng bao dan tgc thieu so'. Mien mii
Ifi dia bfin cd nhiiu tilm nang kinh te vfi ddng
vai trd to ldn ddi vdi mdi trfldng sinh thai cua
Vidt Nam noi chung, ddng thdi c6 vi trf dfic
bidt quan trgng v l quo'c phong an ninh.
Hidn nay, tren dia bfin nfiy p h i n ldn ddng
bao cac dan tgc thidu sd' dang gap rfi't nhieu
khd khan nhfl: thieu Ifldng thflc, trinh do
dan trf thfi'p, ty Id mu chfl cao, cd sd ha t i n g
ye'u kem,... dang Ifi nhflng trd ngai ldn cho
sfl phat tridn. Hoa nhfip vdi sfl phat trien
chung cua ca nadc, nhflng vfi'n de v l sfl dung
khdng hdp ly cac ngudn tai nguyen thien
nhien; dd thi hoa dang dfin tdi sfl mfi't can
bang sinh thai, cha't ladng mdi trfldng bi
anh hadng, d i n de'n dien mao kinh te' - xa
hdi d mien nui, vung ddng bfio dan tdc thieu
sd'chaa thd hidn dadc t a m vdc cua mdt vung
nhieu tiem nfing.
Chinh vi vay, de phat t r i l n b i n vflng vide
bao ve mdi tradng sd'ng la va'n de ra't quan
trgng; trong dd, viec nghien cflu nhflng giai
phap phat tridn mdi tradng mien nui vung
ddng bfio dan tdc thieu sd' d Viet Nam cd y
nghia dac bidt quan trgng.
1. Mot so' vfii'n d e ly l u a n ve m o i trfldng
1.1. Khdi niem mdi
trUdng
Theo dinh nghia rdng nhfi't thi mdi
trfldng Ifi tap hdp tfi't ca cac dieu kidn vfi
hien tadng ben ngdfii cd anh hfldng tdi mgt
vfit t h i hofic mdt sfl ki$n. Ba't efl mdt vfit
t h i , mot sfl kidn nao cung tdn tgi vfi diln
b i l n trong mgt mdi tradng.
Dd'i vdi con ngfldi thi mdi tradng sd'ng la
tong hgp nhflng dieu kidn vat ly, hoa hgc,
sinh hgc, kinh t l , xa hgi bao quanh vfi anh
hadng tdi Bfl sd'ng, sfl p h a t trien cua tflng ca
nhan vfi cua tflng edng ddng ngadi.
Mdi trfldng song ciia con ngfldi cd the
dfldc hieu theo nghia rdng hofic nghia hep
n h a sau:
Theo nghia rdng thi mdi trfldng bao gdm
ca tfii nguyen thien nhien vfi cac nhan tove
cha't Ifldng cua mdi trfldng dd'i vdi sfle khoe
va tidn nghi sinh sd'ng ciia con ngadi.
Theo nghia hep thi mdi trfldng gdm cac
nhan to' ve chfi't Ifldng cua mdi trfldng ddi vdi
sfle khoe va tien nghi sinh sd'ng cua con ngfldi,
ggi tfit Ifi cha't Ifldng mdi trfldng. Cac nhfin to
dd thfldng la khdng khi, nadc, am thanh, anh
sfing, bflc xa, canh quan, t h i m my, dao dflc,
quan he chfnh tri xa hdi tai dia bfin sinh song
va Ifim viec cua con ngadi. Cdn theo Luat bao
vd mdi trfldng eua Viet Nam thi "Mdi trfldng
bao gdm cae yd'u td' t a nhien va vat chfi't nhfin
tgo bao quanh con ngadi, c6 anh hadng den
ddi sd'ng, san xufi't, sfl ton tai, phat trien cua
con ngadi va sinh vfit".
1.2. Mgt sd chUc ndng
moi trudng
chu ye'u cua
Mdi trUdng la khong gian sinh sd'ng cko
con ngudi vd sinh vat.
* Trang A DiiOng, Thac si, Pho Giam d6'c Ban Quan ly dii an Dien mat trdi - Uy ban Dan toe.
E 3 OUAN LY KINH TE
Sfii 48 (7+8/2012)
GlAl PHAP PHAT T R I ^ N MOi TRUONG MI^N NUI...
Trong cudc song hfing ngay, ehung ta d i u
e i n mdt khdng gian nha't dinh d l phuc vu
cho eae hogt ddng thie't yd'u nha: n h a d, ndi
nghi ngdi, da't d l san xua't ndng nghiep, Ifim
nghiep, thuy san, kho tfing be'n cang,... Ydu
cau v l khdng gian sd'ng cua con ngfldi thay
dd'i theo trinh do khoa hgc, cdng nghe. Trinh
do phat t r i l n cfing cao thi nhu c i u v l khdng
gian san xua't se cfing giam. Tuy nhien, mdi
tradng ludn Ifi ndi cung cfi'p mat bang va nen
mdng cho cfic dd thi, khu cdng nghidp, kie'n
true hg t i n g cho dd thi vfi nong thdn,...
Mdi trUdng Id ncfi chda dUng cdc ngudn
tdi nguyen cdn thii't cko ddi sd'ng vd sdn
xudt cua con ngUdi.
Vdi sfl hd trd cua eac he thd'ng sinh thai,
con ngfldi dfi Ifi'y tfl tfl nhien nhflng ngudn
tai nguyen thidn nhidn c i n thie't phuc vu
chd vide san xufi't ra cua cai vfit chfi't nhfim
dap flng nhu cau cua minh. Thien nhidn Ifi
ngudn cung ca'p mgi tai nguyen c i n thiet.
N6 cung ca'p ngudn vat lieu, nfing Ifldng,
thdng tin c i n thid't cho cac hoat dgng sinh
sd'ng, san xufi't vfi quan ly cua con ngfldi.
Rflng ta nhien cung cfi'p nadc, bao tdn tinh
da dgng sinh hge vfi do phi cua da't, cung cfi'p
gd, dfldc hdu vfi cai thien dieu kien sinh
thai; Thuy ldi cung c^p nadc, dinh daSng,
cac ngudn thuy hai san; ddng thflc vat cung
ca'p Ifldng thflc, thflc p h i m va cac ngudn gen
quy hiim.
Khdng khi, nhiet dd, nang Ifldng mat trdi,
gid, nfldc,... de con ngfldi hit thd, la mdi
trfldng de cay cd'i r a hoa k i t qua; cac loai
khoang san, d i u md cung cfi'p nang Ifldng vfi
nguyen lidu chd cac hoat ddng san xufi't
cdng, ndng nghiep.
Moi trUdng Id ndi chUa dUng cdc chdt phi
thdi do con ngUdi tgo ra trong cudc sd'ng vd
hogt ddng sdn xudt.
Sir 48 (7+8/2012)
NGHllH Cflu TRAP Ptfi f j ^ ^
Trong qua trinh san xufi't va tieu dung
cua cai vfit chfi't, con ngadi ludn dao thai vao
mdi trfldng cac cha't thai. Sfl gia tang dan so'
qua nhanh, qua trinh dd thi hofi, cdng
nghidp hoa ngay cfing Ifim cho khd'i ladng
cac chfi't thai tang Ieh khong ngflng, nhiiu
ndi qua tai gay d nhidm mdi trUdng nghiem
trgng.
Mdi trudng Id ndi lUu trU ud cung cap
thdng tin cho con ngUdi.
Qua cac hoa thgch, bfio tfl phfi'n hoa va
cac vdt tich cua qua trinh tien hoa trong tfl
nhien ma mdi trfldng cdn Iflu gifl lai, dfi
cung cfi'p cho chung sfl ghi chdp va Iflu trfl
lich sil dia chfi't, lich sfl tid'n hoa cua vfit cha't
va sinh v9,t, lich sfl xufi't hidn va phat trien
van hoa cua lofii ngadi; ddng thdi cung cfi'p
cac chl thi khdng gian vfi tam thdi mang
tinh chfi't tin hieu vfi bao dgng sdm cac hidm
hoa ddi vdi con ngadi. Mdi tradng lau trfl vfi
cung cfi'p cho con ngadi sfl da dang cac
ngudn gen, cac lofii ddng thflc vat, cac he
sinh thai tfl nhidn, cac canh quan tfl nhien
vfi n h a n tgo co gia tri t h i m my de con ngadi
chiem ngadng vfi thfldng ngogn.
1.3. Mdu thudn giua moi trudng vd
phdt trien
Phat t r i l n la qua trtnh nang cao dieu kidn
sd'ng v l vat cha't va tinh than cua con ngfldi
bfing vide phat trien Iflc ladng san xufi't, thay
ddi quan hd san xua't, quan hd xa hdi, nang
cao cha't ladng hoat ddng vfin hoa. Phfit tridn
la xu the tfl nhidn cua mdi ca nhan con ngadi
hoac cgng ddng ngadi. Dd'i vdi mdi qud'c gia,
qua trinh phat triln phai nh^m dat tdi mdt
muc tieu nha't dinh, tieu bilu cho mfle sd'ng
vat chfi't vfi tinh than cua ngfldi dan trong
qud'c gia dd. Cac muc tidu phat triln thfldng
dadc cu t h i hda hfing nhflng chi tieu v l ddi
Sdng vfit cha't nhfl ladng thflc, nha d, nang
ladng, vat hdu, dilu kidn sfle' khoe, va ddi
sd'ng tinh than nhfl giad due,...
OUAN LY KINH T£ E D
l O T l HfiHifeN cflu TBAO Blil
GlAl PHAP PHAT T R I ^ N MOI TRl/ONG MjgN NOI...
Mdi trfldng vfi p h a t t r i l n cd md'i quan hg nadc tren t h i gidi, nha^t Ifi cac nadc dang
ra't chat che. Mdi trfldng Ifi dia bfin vfi dd'i phfit t r i l n Ifi cac muc tidu v l phat trien kinh
tfldng cua phat t r i l n . Dd'i vdi mdi vung cu td' - xa hdi va bao vd mdi trfldng phai dfldc
the cua dfi't nadc hofic trong phgm vi ca nfldc gfin bd vdi n h a u trong xay dflng muc tieu,
ludn tdn tai ddng thdi hai hd thd'ng dd \k: hd xae dinh c h i i n \\igc, k l hogch hoa cung nhfl
thd'ng kinh t l
xa hdi vfi hd thd'ng mdi d i l u hfinh vfi quan ly thflc hidn. Ve phfldng
didn nay t h i hi$n nay mdi trfldng mien nui,
tradng.
vflng ddng bfid dan tdc thieu sd d Vidt Nam
He thd'ng kinh te - xa hdi dfl^c cfi'u thfinh thflc sfl da vfi dang bi suy thoai do vide khai
bdi cac thfinh p h i n s a n xufi't, Iflu thdng, thac tfii nguyen thidn nhien mdt each bfla
phfin phd'i, tieu dflng va tich luy, tao ndn bai nhfl: n a n p h a rflng, dfi't dai hi xdi mdn,
mdt ddng nguyen lidu, nang Ifldng, che thoai hoa,... Mdi trfldng m i l n nui, vung dong
p h i m hfing hoa, p h i thai, Iflu thdng gifla cac bfio dSn tdc t h i l u sd' d Vidt Nam khdng cdn
p h i n tfl cfi'u t h a n h he thd'ng.
kha nfing cung cfi'p du cho con ngfldi nhflng
He thd'ng mdi trfldng vdi eae thanh p h i n tai nguydn c i n thiet d l duy t r i cudc sd'ng va
mdi tradng tfl nhien va mdi tradng xa hdi. hoat ddng.
Khu vflc giao thoa gifla h a i he thd'ng tao
2. Thi^c t r a n g m d i t r i f d n g m i e n n u i
thanh mdi tradng n h a n tao. Khu vflc giao
v u n g d d n g b a o d a n t o e thie'u so' d Viet
thoa nfiy thd hidn tfi't ca cac md'i quan hd
Nam hien nay
gifla phat trien vfi mdi trfldng.
2.1. Diim mgnh, lgi the cua mien nui
vung ddng bdo ddn tgc thieu so'
Mdi tradng thien nhien cung ca'p tai
nguyen eho he tho'ng kinh t l , ddng thdi tie'p
n h a n cha't thai tfl he thd'ng kinh td'. Chfi't
thai nay eo thd d lai h a n trong mdi tradng
thien nhien, hoac qua chd' bid'n rdi trd v l lgi
he thd'ng kinh td'. Mgt hoat ddng kinh td' mfi
cha't phe thai khong the sfl dung trd lgi dadc
vfio he thd'ng kinh te, dfldc xem la hogt ddng
gay ton hgi den mdi tradng. Viec lang phf
tfii nguyen khdng t a i tao dadc n h a than da,
d i u md, khoang san,... hoac viec sfl dung tfii
nguyen tai tao dadc n h a cac san p h i m lam
nghiep, thuy san,... mdt each qua mfle khid'n
cho no khdng t h e h l i phuc dadc, hoae h l i
phuc sau mdt thdi gian qua dai, Ifi nhflng
hogt ddng td'n hgi dd'n mdi trfldng. Cac hoat
ddng phat tridn ludn ed h a i mat ldi va hgi.
Ban than thien nhidn cung ed h a i mat.
Thidn nhien la ngudn tai nguyen va phuc ldi
dd'i vdi con ngfldi, nhflng ddng thdi cung la
nguon thien tai, h i i m hog dd'i vdi ddi sd'ng
va san xufi't eua con ngadi.
Theo so' heu thd'ng kd thd Viet Nam hien
cd khoang 9,42 trieu h a dfi't ndng nghidp vfi
n h i i u loai da't dfldc xem la td't nhfl dfi't do ba
zan, dfi't n a u dd da vdi,... Mdt so' vung dfi't
ndng nghiep, lam nghidp t a p trung hang
tridu hdc ta, dia h i n h bang phang cho phdp
to' chflc nhflng vung kinh td' ndng - lam edng nghidp tfip t r u n g nhfl Tay Nguyen va
mdt sd'vflng p h u can Tay Nguyen.
Mdt d i l u h i l n nhidn dd'i vdi tfi't ca eae
Do dinh ca Ifiu ddi d mien nui, dong bao
EOI OUAN Lt KINH TE
Ve phfldng didn phat tridn ndng • lam
nghiep, m i l n nui, vung ddng bfio dan tgc
t h i l u sd' d Viet Nam co nhflng diem mgnh,
ldi thd' so s a n h nhfl sau:
Khi h a u d m i l n n u i Vidt Nam Ifi ra't khac
nhau, n h a n g nhin chung la t h u a n ldi, fim
mat, v l m u a ddng cd nhiet dd tha'p, cd thd
gieo trdng dfldc nhieu logi cfiy trdng cd
ngudn gdc dn ddi va gia t r i kinh te' eao nhfl
mdt sd'loai r a u xanh, dadc lieu, lua,...
Sfii 48 (7+8/2012)
GlAl PHAP PHAT TRI^N MOI T R I / O N G MISN N
NGHIEN cuu TRAU
cac dfin tdc thieu so' co t r u y i n tho'ng dofin
kd't, tadng trd n h a u cung xay dflng cudc
sd'ng. Qua nhieu thd' he, ho da due rut dadc
nhieu kinh nghidm trong san xufi't, canh tfic,
bid't tan dung ngudn tfii nguyen thien nhien,
khfic phuc dadc n h i i u h a n che v l dia hinh,
nhieu kinh nghiem canh tac tren dfi't dd'c,
kinh nghidm luan canh, xen canh, goi V\L....
vk lam ndng - lam k i t hdp cd gia Lri khoa
hgc va gia tri thflc tidn cao.
2.2. Nhdng hgn
cua mien nui
che, bdt lgi chu
ye'u
Dia hinh chia cat lam cho dfi't canh tfic
phan tan, m a n h m u n khdng bfing phang,
khid'n eho viec fip dung ky thufit tien tien
vfio canh tac, san xua't, nhfi't la vide cd gidi
hoa gap nhieu kho khfin. Ngay tren mdt dia
bfin, nhang chd' do canh tac cung khac nhau,
anh hadng khdng nhd den kd't qua san xufi't
"tren mgt sadn dd'c vung Phong Thd' (Lai
Chdu), ngadi ta da xay dflng tdi hdn 400 bac
thang rugng, va n h a the', sfldn dd'c phai chia
lam 3 phan: dinh, gifla va chfin dd'c, mdi
phan CO mdt thdi vu, mgt mat do ca'y rieng,
khdng phu thudc vao nhau, ngadi dan dia
phadng ggi la " Cao san cu "; " Trung san cu
" va " Ti san cu ", n h i m I l n se Ifim mfi't mua
hofic it ra Ifi giam thu hoach (Li Van Khoa
(1997, tr 41)).
Theo bfio cao cua Cue Kiem Ifim thudc Bd
Ndng nghidp vfi P h a t t r i l n ndng thdn, td'ng
dien tich tflng trong ca nfldc khoang 10,9
tridu ha; ty Id rflng trdn dau ngfldi thfi'p
nha't tren the' gidi mdi chi dat 0,14ha/ngadi
(thi gidi Id 0,97haIngUdi) them vae dd do
ehe phu dfi't vfi tang da't m a t trong nhflng
nfim g i n day eung bi tha hoa t r i m trgng
rflng mfi't d i n dd'n dfi't bi xdi mdn, lu lut, han
han vfi lam cho da't dai ngfiy cang trd nen
trd'ng, trge, mdi trfldng tfl nhidn hi tfin pha,
can bang sinh thai bi dao ldn.
Cd sd h a t a n g yd'u kdm hdn so vdi m i l n
Sfli48 (7+8/2012)
«6>rmi
xudi, mfle do vo'n d i u tfl vd'n da thfi'p, nhflng
cdng trinh da co xud'ng cfi'p, giao thdng di lai
khd khfin, hidn tadng lu qudt x;iy ra ngay
cang n h i i u vdi cfldng dd manh liet d i n den
tan pha khdng ehi mua mfing, tfii san,
nhflng cdng trinh giao thdng, thuy ldi mfi
con cadp dl nhieu sinh mang con ngadi nhfi't
la trong m&'y n&m g i n day.
2.3. Thuc trgng mdi trudng mien nui,
vdng ddng bdo ddn tgc thieu sd d Viet
Nam hien nay
2.3.1 RUng bi suy thodi tdi phd
Ndi de'n moi tradng, trfldc he't Ifi ndi de'n
didn tieh rflng vfi mat do ehe phu cua tham
thifc vfit va day cung Ifi thadc do de danh gifi
mfle do an toan sinh thai cua mdt Quo'c gia.
Hidn nay d Viet Nam co tong didn tich rflng
la 13.118.773 ha, trong d6 rflng tfl nhidn la
10.348.591 ha va rflng trong la 2.770.182
ha. Rflng Vidt Nam dang bi suy thoai
nghiem trgng, hang nam cd hang trfim ha
rflng bi tfin pha va chung ta cung dang ganh
chiu nhflng hfiu qua ma minh gay ra dd'i vdi
rflng. Theo thd'ng ke cua Cue kilm lam vfio
12/2009: Viet Nam efl 4145,74 ha rflng bi
tfin pha. Rflng bi chat pha trade tien Ifi de
Ifi'y da't trdng cay cdng nghidp, nudi thuy
san, xay dflng, cho muc dich ndng nghiep
nha; trdng ca phe, trdng eao su va phfit trien
trdng nhflng cay ladng thflc, cdng nghidp
khac, hay pha rflng d l lam cac khu du lich,
vui chdi, giai tri,... Theo cfic nha chuyen
mdn da bao dd'n n a m 2020 ca nadc se cd
40% rflng cdn lgi bi t a n p h a .
Vdi khu vflc mien nui phfa Bfic va Tay
Nguydn dadc xem Ifi cd tilm nang rflng ldn
nhfi't cua Vidt Nam. Tuy nhidn, trong nhflng
nam gan day, chieu hfldng pha rflng lam
nadng rfiy ngfiy cfing tfing. Dieu la lung la
riing d khdi nui thadng ngudn sdng Chay (Ldo
Cai) tuy hiem trd nhang didn tfch cdn rfi't it.
2.3.2 Suy gidm tdi nguyin
ddt
OUAN Lt KINH T£ E S
f'lJiiliiHfiHlfeN cflu TBAO Bfll
Tac ddng Liou cflc cua con ngadi d che do
canh tac n h a dot pha rflng bfla bai, Ifim
nadng rfiy du canh, ke ca c h l do trdng cay
Iddng thflc vfi cay cdng nghidp ngfin ngfiy da
gay ra khdng it tai hai cho vi^c tfin pha dfi't
dai, khid'n cho tfii nguydn rflng hi suy giam
nghiem trgng. "d Viet Nam do hdu qUii ciia
viec chat pha rflng, dot rflng bfla bai, sfl
dung da't khdng ben vflng qua n h i i u thd hd
nen da't bi thoai hoa nghiem trgng, nhiiu
ndi mfi't kha nang san xua't va xu hfldng
hoang mgc hoa ngfiy cang phfit triln, nhfi't
Ifi d cac da't trd'ng ddi trge "(Le Vdn Khoa,
Nguyin Nggc Sinh, (2000. tr 114)). Hign
tfldng xdi mdn, huy hogi dat xay ra nghiem
trgng hdn ca la d cac vung ddi nui va eao
nguyen nhfl Tay Bfic, Ddng Bfic, dai nui
miln Trung vfi Tay Nguyen; nhflng vung
nay ngoai vide phai chiu trflc tiep hau qua
cua vide tfin pha ldp phu thfle vfit rflng, cac
dilu kien chung cua chd' do tfl nhien, cdn c6
mdt so' dieu kidn t h u a n ldi cho xdi mdn n h a
dia hinh cao, dd'c, hi chia cfit manh, trong dd
cd nhiiu sUdn dd'c tdi 25 - 30 do, Ifi nhflng
ye'u td' tfl nhien thue day cho vide rfla trdi
ldp da't mau canh tac d ben tren de trd lgi da
gd'c, khdng cd kha nang trdng ca'y.
De'n nay, Viet Nam vfin chfla co each nao
ngan chan dadc qua trinh dai khi h a u nhfl
ngfin chan khdng eho gid mua Ddng Nam
fim adt luon vfio cac thung lung va mang
de'n nhflng cdn mfla gay n h i i u lu lut, nhflng
chung ta co the hgn chd' mdt p h i n rfi't ldn
tac hai do chung gay r a bfing each bao ve ldp
phu thflc vfit rflng, tfl dd d i l u tid't dfldc ehe
dd nadc sdng, ngan chan nan xdi mdn tren
cac ddi nui. Do dd, de bao ve vfi ngfin chgn
sfl suy giam tai nguyen da't, c i n khai thac
rflng ndi rieng vfi cac tfii nguyen thien nhien
khac mgt each hdp ly.
2.3.3 Suy gidm tdi nguyin nUdc
Khi ldp phu thflc vfit bi tfin pha, dfi't
EU OUAN Lt KINH T£
GlAl PHAP PHATTRI^N M 6 I TRUONG MICN NOI...
khdng chi bi xdi mdn, Ifim thay dd'i cae tinh
cha't v§t ly va hoa hoc mfi cdn gfiy ra hfing
loat hfiu qua dd'i vdi mdi tradng sd'ng. Dfi't bi
rfla trdi, d nhiem nadc vfi nong do tap ch^t
ldn, tinh chfi't hoa hgc cua nadc thay dd'i.
Mat khac, vdi Ifldng bfln, cat tfch tu theo cac
sdng, sud'i chay v l Ifing dgng lgi trong cac hd
chfla, bdi Ifi'p trfldc cac cac dap dang, cac ctia
la'y nfldc vao cac hd thd'ng thuy ndng vung
ha Iflu, iam anh hfldng den sfl vfin hfinh vfi
thfim chi Ifim td li^t hogt ddng cua nhieu
cdng trinh. Dfic bidt vfio mua khd, nhflng ndi
mfi't rflng trd nen r a t khfie nghiet, eae suoi
khd egn, nan thieu nfldc trd ndn t r i m trgng,
cd vung n g a dfin phai di hfing chuc cfiy sd'de
Ifi'y nadc sinh hogt nhfl vung Luc Khu d Cao
Bfing, vung Ddng Vfin, Meo Vgc d Ha
Giang,... Tinh t r a n g khan hiem nadc cfing
trd ndn nghidm trgng d Tfiy Nguydn, ndi cd 6
thang mua mfla vfi 6 t h a n g mua khd. Nhflng
nam g i n day, do phfit trien khong can ddi
cac loai cay cdng nghidp d vung nfiy, dfin den
tinh trgng k h a i thfic ngudn nadc ngam de
tadi bfla bai, Ifim eho ngudn nadc mat bi can
kidt, tut mfle nfldc n g i m .
2.3.4 Suy thodi da dgng sinh hgc
Ckc hd sinh thai vung doi nui thay doi tfl
rflng mfla nhiet ddi den cac ddng cd gid mua,
cac trang cay bui da cho Viet Nam mdt tai
nguyen ddng thflc vat phong phu n h a cac
lofii chim, thfl, ca, cung ca'p mdt ngudn gien
da dang cho nudi t r l n g . Cho dd'n nay nhiiu
loai thflc vat bac eao cd h a t dung Ifim nguon
ladng thflc, thflc pham, lam thud'c chfla
bdnh, thfle fin gia siic, Ifi'y go, tinh dau va
nhieu nguydn lidu khac de'n nay da mfi't dan.
Theo dfinh gia ciia cac nha nghien cflu thi
nhieu loai ddng vfit va thflc vat d Viet Nam
dang giam s u t n h a n h chdng, ben canh viec
ma't ndi efl tru do rflng hi tfin pha, ngudn
nfldc bi egn kidt v l Ifldng va cha't, cdn cd
nguyen n h a n do ngn san bfin, budn ban bfla
bai, da tieu diet nhieu lofii, t h a m chi cd lofii
Stf 48 (7+8/2012)