Electronic Power Units phần 4

4 Additional power unit functions 4.2.2 Input signal attentuation This function is used to reduce the maximum power output of the power unit, and so to adjust the power output to match the output signal from the preceding controller. The setting is made by first of all setting the controller to provide a 100% output level to the power unit (for instance, 10V or 20mA). The power output from the power unit is now reduced (usually by a potentiometer on the power unit) until it produces the maximum power that is actually required. 4.3 Soft start The soft start function ensures that the power unit does not suddenly apply a high power to the load when the system is switched on. The power applied to the load is gradually increased from 0 to the set value. This function provides increased operational safety with transformer loads, since the transformer is gradually magnetized and can then be operated at full power ⇒ the inrush effect is avoided. For thyristor power units in phase-angle control, the soft start is implemented by starting with the load switched to the supply at a phase angle completely cut back to a=180° and then gradually advancing the phase angle. If the thyristor power unit is configured for burst-firing mode, then the first half-cycle of the sine-waves are also initially cut back and then advanced to a firing angle of 0°. The following bursts are then switched through completely (see 2.3.3). The IGBT power unit alters its output level by varying the amplitude of the current or voltage. In this case, the soft start is implemented so that if there is a step change of the set level at the input to the power unit, the corresponding amplitude is gradually increased from 0 to the output level that corresponds to the set value. 4.4 Current limiting Current limiting is indispensible for heater elements that have a hot resistance Rh that is several times larger than the cold resistance Rc (such as Kanthal-Super elements, where ------ » ------ ). With V2 control, which is appropriate for these elements, the load current would be impermissibly high when the elements are cold (the same would occur with P control). In practice, the maximum permissible effective current is set by a trimmer, and an LED indicates when the power unit runs into current limiting. Thyristor power units only have a current limiting in phase-angle control: if the unit runs into cur-rent limiting the phase angle is not advanced any further. IGBT power units clamp the amplitude of the output current if they run into current limiting. JUMO, FAS 620, Edition 02.03 31 4 Additional power unit functions 4.5 Inhibit input An appropriate signal on this logical control input prevents the output of the unit from providing any power. In thyristor power units this is done by simply not firing the thyristors from the next half-cycle on. In an IGBT power unit a negative voltage is applied to the gate electrodes of the IGBTs. In effect, this instantly shuts off the collector-emitter path. When the unit is enabled again, by the external contact, the unit restarts through the soft start function. However, if a power system has to be electrically disconnected, then a contactor or main switch must be wired in series with the supply input, as otherwise a very low current (leakage current) will still flow through the semiconductor components (thyristors or IGBTs). 4.6 Actual power level output Power units often have a signal output to indicate the actual level of the power output. This can then generate a standard signal output to indicate the level of the power unit output (as V2, I2 or P). 4.7 External mode changeover for thyristor power units External mode switching is the option (for a thyristor power unit) of changing over from burst-firing mode to phase-angle control by closing an external contact. This will automatically activate the soft start function and current limiting, provided that they are configured in the instrument. The power unit will now remain in the phase-angle control mode for as long as the external contact is kept closed. When the contact is opened, the unit falls back automatically into burst-firing opera-tion, unless this is prevented by activation of the current limiting. 32 JUMO, FAS 620, Edition 02.03 5 Power units on single/3-phase supplies In the following chapter we will take a look at using power units on single and 3-phase supplies. The basic data of the heater elements, rated voltage and rated current, will also be used as aids for the dimensioning of the power units. Fig. 19: Parameters in a 3-phase system We will begin by defining a standardized nomenclature for currents and voltages in a 3-phase sys-tem (Fig. 19): VN: phase voltage (voltage between the phase and neutral conductors) VL: phase-phase voltage (voltage between two phases) IL: current in a phase IS: current through the power unit ILoad: load current Note: In a three-phase supply network 3~/N/400/230V, the phase-phase voltage is 400V and the phase voltage is 230V. We will also be using the following abbreviations in this chapter: Pnom/Load: nominal (rated) power of the load(s) Vnom/Load: nominal voltage for the load(s) Inom/Load: nominal current in the load(s) JUMO, FAS 620, Edition 02.03 33 5 Power units on single/3-phase supplies 5.1 Thyristor power units on single/3-phase networks The most important parameters for a thyristor power unit are the rated load voltage and the load current. The importance of these parameters becomes clear if we look at single-phase operation (Fig. 20). 5.1.1 Single-phase operation: phase-N or phase-phase Fig. 20: Single-phase operation (phase-N or phase-phase) Fig. 20 shows a thyristor power unit in single-phase operation. If the unit is connected between phase and neutral, then the voltage on the power unit, and hence the load, is the single-phase volt-age. If the power unit is connected between two phases, then the phase-phase voltage will be ap-plied to the load. The rated voltage of the thyristor power unit must correspond to the phase-neu-tral or phase-phase voltage of the supply. We can use Ohm’s Law to calculate the load current in the heater elements from the nominal volt-age (Vnom/Load) and the nominal power (Pnom/Load). The permissible load current IS of the thyristor power unit must be at least as high as the nominal current in the heater element. Load connected phase-phase (400V): IS = ----------------------------------- IL = IS (13) L Load connected between phase and neutral (230V): IS = ----------------------------------- IL = IS (14) N 34 JUMO, FAS 620, Edition 02.03 5 Power units on single/3-phase supplies 5.1.2 Power units in a 3-phase system 3-phase controls are often assembled from three individual single-phase instruments. This section describes the possible circuit options. 5.1.2.1 4-wire circuit (star configuration, with accessible neutral point) L1 L2 L3 N IS Fig. 21: The 4-wire circuit Each thyristor power unit switches its phase voltage VN through to the corresponding section of the load. This means that the units must be selected so that each unit has a nominal load voltage that is at least as high as the phase voltage. The nominal load current that must be provided by each unit is calculated as follows: IS = -----------------------------------N VS = VN (15) Note: as already defined, Pnom/Load is the sum of the three partial loads. When using this circuit, unfavorable circumstances such as a blown fuse, faulty heater element, assymetrical loading or phase-angle control can cause a current to flow in the neutral conductor N. In particular, using phase-angle control with current limiting and at firing angles a ³ 60° (e.g. 90°) can cause a current in the neutral lead that is twice the current in an individual phase. JUMO, FAS 620, Edition 02.03 35 ... - tailieumienphi.vn