Electronic Business: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (4-Volumes) P242

A Roadmap for Ambient E-Service Figure 5. Class diagram of the information items distribution cooperation scenario positioning technology or subscribes certain po-sitioning mobile services. Consequently, mobile users of no positioning-empowered devices and no subscribed positioning services cannot attain desired location-based services. Fortunately, these peers can attain the location information from the nearby peers (possessing the location information) and then engage their desired location-based ser-vices (as long as those location-based services do not require precise location information). Figure 6 shows a picturesque view of this scenario. In this scenario, only when the peer is in a certain distance will the location information be XVHIXO7KHTXHVWLRQQRZDULVHV:KDWVSHFL¿F information do I pass to the nearby peers? Do I pro-vide my location information to everyone nearby or just some peers with different characteristics (e.g. in the same virtual community)? Considering the privacy sensitive data, the ambient e-service’s social context with privacy concern is the better choice for this scenario. Figure 7 represents the interactions between participators. With the loca-tion information, the mobile user then is able to undertake some location-based services. Figure 6. Ambient location information acquisi-tion scenario Cooperative Peer Group Scenario The cooperative peer group scenario is classi-¿HGLQWRWKHDSSOLFDWLRQFDWHJRU\RIGLVWULEXWHG collaboration (as depicted in Figure 8). Not only the one to one interaction, mobile users can form peer groups (who have the same interests or same goal) to work together. For example, when the workforce is dynamically deployed in the exhi-bition center and the environment has custom-ers coming and going, workforces can receive and update the exhibition center task ontology from the BC_Station (similar to as mentioned in the shopping mall scenario but with different information). To support real-time collabora-tion of distributed group work between mobile workforces, peers may exchange their current ZRUNLQJFRQWHQWLQIRUPDWLRQWR¿QGWKHEHVW¿W candidate peers for dynamic tasks encountered EDVHGRQWKHLUVRFLDOFRQWH[WSUR¿OHUHODWLRQ-ship, or experience) so as to maintain workforce task assignments of optimal allocations. In such scenario, peer groups become powerful because of the collective efforts. Various workforces can be dynamically allocated appropriately to resolve the subtasks involved in a goal, enhancing the total performance. 2344 A Roadmap for Ambient E-Service Figure 7. Class diagram of the ambient location information acquisition scenario Figure 8. Cooperative peer group scenario Ambient E-Services Infrastructure The ambient e-services infrastructure is depicted as a diagram shown in Figure 9, which represents the participators’ attributes, operations, and the relationships between them. This diagram cap-tures the major concepts of the scenarios men-tioned earlier. This diagram also highlights the peer interactive efforts with others. That is the major concept of the ambient e-services. These interactions and collaboration makes the mobile users to form certain peer groups and gain more power than a standalone mobile. CHALLENGES FOR EMBRACING AMBIENT E-SERVICE Different from the past mobile e-services, ambi-ent e-services address dynamic collective efforts of mobile users and dynamic interactions within ambient environments. It makes mobile commerce become a new paradigm and will develop certain revolutionary business models. Therefore, we GH¿QLWHO\QHHGWRSXWHPSKDVLVRQKRZWKLVQHZ ambient era progresses. In general, ambient e-services bring two im-portant issues, the social and economic issues. The social issues include the user interaction behaviors, intellectual property rights problems, 2345 A Roadmap for Ambient E-Service Figure 9. Class diagram of the ambient e-service infrastructure and security issues, etc. For ambient e-service implementation, user behavior and their interac-tions are very complex. Not only have the security LVVXHVWKDWLQÀXHQFHWKHXVHU¶VZLOOLQJQHVVWRMRLQ in an e-service, the legal issue is also troublesome. How do we protect intellectual property in ambi-ent e-services? Since the user interface and the usability of ambient e-services are quite different from the primal mobile commerce. Those issues should also be concerned as a vital social issue awaiting future studies. The economic issues include the pricing issues of e-services, the bargain and payment issues, and the collaboration and utility issues. Regarding the economics issues, one of the most important issues is the pricing utility issue. Ambient e-services require several kinds of supporting infrastruc-tures, such as sensor networks, wired/wireless network infrastructures, broadcast stations, and service providers. The ambient value is delivered with the combined efforts of the supporting in-frastructures. Accordingly, how to price ambient e-services and how to divide the revenue between the infrastructure providers will also become an important issue. However, a core issue is involved in both the social issues and the economics issues (as shown in Figure 10). That core is the issue of trust, repu-tation, and privacy. In a dynamic environment of ambient e-services, who can be trusted? Is the mobile user trustworthy? What do they know about me? These questions underlie the interac-tions and collaborations between mobile users. Accordingly, trust, reputation, and privacy issues act as the groundwork of ambient e-service. The Relationship Between Trust, Reputation, and Privacy Ambient e-services rest on the interactions and collective efforts of the surrounding environments and nearby participating peers. However, in the ambient environments of ad-hoc networks, peers DUHQRWIDPLOLDUZLWKRWKHUV8QOLNHWKH¿[HG Internet environment, there are no permanent databases of historical data that can be analyzed 2346 A Roadmap for Ambient E-Service Figure 10. Issues of ambient e-services Ambient e-services Figure 11. Semantic interactions of trust, reputation, and privacy Ambient e-service Success Economic Issues Trust Reputation Privacy Issues Social Issues The trustworthy relationship makes collaboration and trading possible Trust Reputation data may influence the trust decisions Reputation Significant reputation data requires a great extent of user participations Participation in the ambient environments. Consequently, it is rarely to see trust mechanisms with which peers interact with each other in the ad-hoc network domain. However, before cooperating with other Privacy is the barrier for users to consume an ambient e-service Privacy Consolidate peers, peers need to guard themselves and seek who can be trusted based on the peers’ reputa-tions. Over the past few decades, a considerable number of studies have been made on trustworthi-ness in different circumstances. The trust problem was recently brought to light by electronic com-merce scenario. Numerous attempts have been made by scholars to show trust is the essence of HFRPPHUFHVXFFHVV7KHUHLVVXI¿FLHQWHYLGHQFH to prove that reputation is usually considered as a core manner of how trust is manipulated and demonstrated in e-commerce scenarios. One may notice that privacy and security are the founda-tion for users to participate in such e-commerce programs. Surprisingly, little attention has been given to explore the relations between trust, reputation, and privacy and their impact to the e-commerce. However, the trust, reputation, and privacy issues are the core for users to embrace the e-service business model. On the other hand, privacy may have different PHDQLQJVDQGVLJQL¿FDQFHWRGLIIHUHQWPRELOH users. Privacy must be considered together with all other requirements: functionality, usability, performance, costs, security, and so on (Shand, Dimmonck, & Bacon, 2003). However, the privacy concern is a primitive barrier for mobile users to embrace ambient e-services. When users do not feel safe about their sensitive data, they may not participate in the e-services. In other words, the more participants an e-service has, the more power the ambient e-service would embody. The collective power comes into view only when the number of the connections reaches above a certain threshold. Accordingly, transcending this thresh-old is a crucial problem for developing ambient e-services. Privacy-aware ambient e-services are believed to encourage users to participate in the services for attaining collective power. Figure 11 then summarizes the semantic interactions of trust, reputation, and privacy (that underlie the embracing of ambient e-services). Embracing Challenges Various features of ambient e-service applications make our lives convenient and safe. Ambient e-services facilitate people to communicate and collaborate with others. Although there might exist some technical problems for ambient e-ser-vices, those problems will be solved through the continuous new techniques and innovations. 2347 A Roadmap for Ambient E-Service However, user participation will become the major barrier when we boost ambient e-service applications into public. From the past experi-ences, no matter how good a system could be, or how high the value of the system function can achieve, a system will never be popular if users can not trust the system or truly understand how environments (distributed interactive network environments of trust and reputation data stored in every user’s handheld devices). For driving the values of collective actions, there are four features required for the environment of ambient e-services. They are as follows: it works. In other words, the problem of user acceptance toward ambient e-service applications is worthy of further discussion. Many existing systems that might be useful to customers, users may be still reluctant to par-ticipate owing to the fear of invasions of privacy (even though the system functions provisioned DUHSRZHUIXODQGRISRWHQWLDOEHQH¿WV6HH+R\ Grubbs, & Phelps (2003) and Odlyzko (2003). In other words, the privacy concern goes deeply into the heart of the trust problem. Users will participate in those services only when they believe their private data is well protected and they feel safe to join in. With participants’ trust and interactions, ambient e-service applications are then able to become popular. • Convenient:Mobile users can conveniently interact with others in the environment. • Safe: Mobile users may exchange experience for safety protection cooperation but only when the environment provides a certain OHYHORISURWHFWLRQWKDWVDWLV¿HVWKHLUSULYDF\ requirement. • Fair: In the environment, communications are free from fears and with fair interac-tions. • Collaborative: The environment supports collaborative actions between mobile users, realizing the collective power of mobile users. To embrace ambient e-services, the afore- Trust and reputation studies have been proposed for large open environments, such as e-commerce and recommendation systems. mentioned challenges and features mainly rest on two directions: Although trust and reputation are different in how they are developed, they are closely related. There are many researches focusing on how to translate trust from reputation data, and reputation has been the major criterion to measure the trustworthiness. However, existing studies have been focused on reputation computation, and translation from reputation to trust. What seems to be lacking are a consideration of the relationship between trust, reputation, and privacy and integrating those abstract ideas into a whole framework. In other words, it is required to devise a framework that integrates and analyzes the relationship between trust, reputation, and privacy (so as to embrace ambient e-service applications). Moreover, this framework needs to take into account the nature of ambient e-service • Dynamic identity management: The dy-namic identity management problem refers to the dynamic organization of ambient e-service user groups and each user’s identity in the ambient environment. Owing to the nature of ambient e-services, every mobile device carries a temporary identity. The identity may be alive only for a certain short period of time under a limited com-munication range. Mobile users may leave or enter the e-service environment, update the user identity and refresh the environment composition. Accordingly, the problem of dynamic identity management in light of the trust, reputation, and privacy issues has to be carefully resolved. • Ambient data management: In an ambient environment, data spreading across the 2348 ... - tailieumienphi.vn