N-MODULAR REDUNDANCY In the previous chapter, parallel and standby systems were discussed as means of introducing redundancy and ways to improve system reliability. After the concepts were introduced, we saw that one of the complicating design features was that of the coupler in a parallel system and that of the decision unit and switch in a standby system. These complications are present in the design of analog systems as well as digital systems. However, a technique known as voting redundancy