Curriculum English for Nutrition and Food Siences: Part 2

HUMAN DIET 35 6 HUMAN DIET READING COMPREHENSION Because the human diet is typically diverse, human beings are classified as omnivores rather than as herbivores (plant eaters) or carnivores (meat eaters). Certain groups of people do derive most of their food from animal sources while other people practice vegetarianism. By far the 5 majority of humankind, however, eats a wide range of foods of both animal and vegetable origin. Prehistoric humans were hunter-gatherers who fed on animals, insects, berries, roots, and leaves. The range of dietary choices was extended when humans learned how to use fire for cooking and when they developed weapons for hunting and trapping 10 larger game; most importantly, they eventually learned how to rear animals for their own use and how to cultivate crops. Today some isolated groups are still hunter-gatherers, but most human diets derive from agriculture and animal husbandry. Asian-style noodles Sưu tầm bởi: www.daihoc.com.vn 36 ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES Italian-style pasta 15 Social factors and cultural practices in most countries have a great influence on what people eat, on how they prepare food, on their feeding practices, and on the foods they prefer. Throughout history, different societies have exhibited great variations in diet. But during the 20th century, greatly increased world trade and improved communications 20 have resulted in major changes in the variety of foods eaten in many countries. Asian cuisines have become popular in Europe and North America, and Western "fast foods" are increasingly available in developing countries. In general, the staple food in most countries has not changed. 25 Throughout history, as long as the food supply was sufficient the traditional diets of most cultures have provided all the essential nutrients. These are divided into macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). In general, humans obtain most of their food energy from carbohydrates (perhaps 65% worldwide); 30 lesser amounts come from fat (about 20%) and protein (about 15%), mainly from meat and fish. The major cause of undernutrition and nutritional-deficiency diseases has seldom been traditional food habits. The usual cause has been a lack of adequate food due to poverty or consumption of too limited a variety of 35 food. Infectious diseases and lack of care contribute importantly to malnutrition in children. Protein-energy malnutrition is generally due to consumption of too little food, and micronutrient deficiencies such as anemia, iodine deficiency disorders, and pellagra are due to diets inadequate in specific minerals and vitamins. 40 Advances in agriculture and food-processing techniques have afforded the potential of increased food supply and a nutritionally enriched diet, but modernization and Westernization of food habits have also had deleterious effects. For example, at the turn of the 20th century new rice milling techniques caused an outbreak of beriberi (a thiamine-deficiency 45 disease) in Asia, resulting in millions of deaths. The substitution of bottle-feeding for breast-feeding among poor families in developing countries has been responsible for a great deal of malnutrition and diarrhea, as well as infant deaths. Sưu tầm bởi: www.daihoc.com.vn HUMAN DIET 37 Increasingly, changes in diets in the developing countries due to 50 Questions: Westernization and greater affluence has led to an increase in chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and certain cancers. These diseases are already major causes of mortality in the industrialized countries. Much of this is related to high intakes of foods of animal origin and a greater percentage of food energy coming from fats, oils, and sugar and less coming from complex carbohydrates. Answer the questions about the reading. 1) Why are human beings classified as omnivores? 2) When was the range of dietary choices extended? 3) What has the major cause of undernutrition and nutritional-deficiency diseases been? 4) What is the harmful effect of the substitution of bottle-feeding for breast-feeding among poor families in developing countries? 5) What have changes in diets in the developing countries resulted in? True-False: Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false. 1) _____ The major cause of nutritional-deficiency diseases has been traditional food habits. 2) _____ Most groups of people do derive most of their food from animal sources. 3) _____ Today no groups are still hunter-gatherers. 4) _____ Social factors and cultural practices in most countries have a great influence on their feeding practices. 5) _____ Modernization and Westernization of food habits have also had harmful effects. VOCABULARY Fill in these statements with the words in the box. reared hypertension feed deficiency malnutrition vegetarian mortality staple diet bottle-feeding breast-feeding 1) If you …………… your dog on cakes and biscuits, it`s not surprising he`s so fat. 2) A clean water supply played a large part in reducing the …………… rate. 3) A well-balanced …………… diet can be a lot healthier for you than the average meat-eater`s diet because it contains less fat and more fiber. 4) The scientists tracked one lot of infected meat back to the farms where the animals had been ……………. 5) Infectious diseases and lack of care contribute importantly to …………… in children. Sưu tầm bởi: www.daihoc.com.vn 38 ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES 6) …………… is extremely beneficial to the health of newborn babies. 7) Pregnant women often suffer from iron ……………. 8) We are conducting extensive research into treatments for ………… and heart disease. 9) Bamboo is the panda`s ……………. 10) She started …………… her baby when she went back to work. WORD STUDY A. WORD FORMS: ADJECTIVES Some common adjective endings are -al, -able, -ful, -less, -t, and -ous. Look at the words in the list below. Notice the endings on the adjectives. See how the adjectives are related to the other words. adjective 1) experimental verb experiment noun experiment 2) natural 3) preventable 4) suitable 5) believable 6) successful 7) violent 8) different 9) religious 10) useful, useless — prevent suit believe succeed — differ — use nature prevention — belief success violence difference religion use Exercise: Choose the best word to complete each sentence. Use a word from line 1 in sentence 1, and so on. 1) Scientists have planted jojoba and euphorbia crops on …………… farms in several countries. 2) The ancient Egyptians used plants as ……………………medicine to treat diseases. 3) Many common diseases of the 19th century are …………………… now. People no longer get sick from these diseases. 4) There are many wild plants in the woods, but not all of them are ……………………for humans to eat. 5) I don’t ……………………your story about meeting people from Mars. I don’t think it’s true. 6) The first experiment with the new crop did not ………………… . The plants died, and the scientists had to begin again. 7) Some people think that television is too …………………… . There are too many programs that show people fighting and killing each other. 8) It can be very cold in parts of the United States during the winter, but it is almost never cold in Australia. The …………………… in Sưu tầm bởi: www.daihoc.com.vn HUMAN DIET 39 weather is very great in these two areas of the world. 9) Helen goes to church every day and often reads the Bible. She is very ……………………. 10) The jojoba is a very …………………… plant. It can be used to soothe burns, to make hair shiny, and to make a drink similar to coffee. B. WORD FORMS: ADJECTIVES Adjectives have only one form. They can never be plural. Look at these examples: We have a two-week vacation from school in March. It is a four-hour flight from Chicago to Los Angeles. Exercise: Change the words in bold print to hyphenated adjectives and rewrite the sentences. The first one is done for you. 1) A flight from Los Angeles to London is ten hours. It is a ten-hour flight from Los Angeles to London. 2) High school students in California have a summer vacation for three months. ……………………………………………………………………… 3) It is a long drive from Toronto to Winnipeg. It takes four days. ……………………………………………………………………… 4) It is a short trip from New York to Boston. It is only 200 kilometers. ……………………………………………………………………… C. WORD FORMS Look at the list of verbs, nouns, and adjectives below. Notice how they are related to each other. Verb 1) — 2) — 3) persuade 4) protect 5) continue 6) — 7) enjoy 8) suggest 9) solve 10) organize Noun scene, scenery science, scientist persuasion protection continuation history, historian enjoyment suggestion solution organization Adjective scenic scientific persuasive protective continuous historical enjoyable suggestive — organized Sưu tầm bởi: www.daihoc.com.vn ... - tailieumienphi.vn