Tài liệu miễn phí Xã hội học

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How to Observe Morals and Manners

The best mode of exciting the love of observation is by teaching 'How to Observe.' With this end it was originally intended to produce, in one or two volumes, a series of hints for travellers and students, calling their attention to the points necessary for inquiry or observation in the different branches of Geology, Natural History, Agriculture, the Fine Arts, General Statistics, and Social Manners. On consideration, however, it was determined somewhat to extend the plan, and to separate the great divisions of the field of observation, so that those whose tastes led them to one particular branch of inquiry might not be encumbered with...

8/30/2018 2:27:28 AM +00:00

Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

Those who have denied the reality of moral distinctions, may be ranked among the disingenuous disputants; nor is it conceivable, that any human creature could ever seriously believe, that all characters and actions were alike entitled to the affection and regard of everyone. The difference, which nature has placed between one man and another, is so wide, and this difference is still so much farther widened, by education, example, and habit, that, where the opposite extremes come at once under our apprehension, there is no scepticism so scrupulous, and scarce any assurance so determined, as absolutely to deny all distinction between them. Let a man's insensibility...

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An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals

It has been remarked, my HERMIPPUS, that though the ancient philosophers conveyed most of their instruction in the form of dialogue, this method of composition has been little practised in later ages, and has seldom succeeded in the hands of those who have attempted it. Accurate and regular argument, indeed, such as is now expected of philosophical inquirers, naturally throws a man into the methodical and didactic manner; where he can immediately, without preparation, explain the point at which he aims; and thence proceed, without interruption, to deduce the proofs on which it is established. To deliver a SYSTEM in conversation, scarcely appears natural; and while...

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An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

Tham khảo sách 'an enquiry concerning human understanding', khoa học xã hội, xã hội học phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả

8/30/2018 2:27:28 AM +00:00

A History of Mediaeval Jewish Philosophy

Moral philosophy, or the science of human nature, may be treated after two different manners; each of which has its peculiar merit, and may contribute to the entertainment, instruction, and reformation of mankind. The one considers man chiefly as born for action; and as influenced in his measures by taste and sentiment; pursuing one object, and avoiding another, according to the value which these objects seem to possess, and according to the light in which they present themselves. As virtue, of all objects, is allowed to be the most valuable, this species of philosophers paint her in the most amiable colours; borrowing all helps from poetry...

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Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature

Ancient traditions, when tested by the severe processes of modern investigation, commonly enough fade away into mere dreams: but it is singular how often the dream turns out to have been a half-waking one, presaging a reality. Ovid foreshadowed the discoveries of the geologist: the Atlantis was an imagination, but Columbus found a western world: and though the quaint forms of Centaurs and Satyrs have an existence only in the realms of art, creatures approaching man more nearly than they in essential structure, and yet as thoroughly brutal as the goat's or horse's half of the mythical compound, are now not only known, but notorious....

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Is Life Worth Living Without Immortality?

I may be doing you an injustice, Bertie, but it seemed to me in your last that there were indications that the free expression of my religious views had been distasteful to you. That you should disagree with me I am prepared for; but that you should object to free and honest discussion of those subjects which above all others men should be honest over, would, I confess, be a disappointment. The Free-thinker is placed at this disadvantage in ordinary society, that whereas it would be considered very bad taste upon his part to obtrude his unorthodox opinion, no such consideration hampers those with whom...

8/30/2018 2:27:28 AM +00:00

The Idea of God in Early Religions

In The Varieties of Religious Experience the late Professor William James has said (p. 465): 'The religious phenomenon, studied as an inner fact, and apart from ecclesiastical or theological complications, has shown itself to consist everywhere, and at all its stages, in the consciousness which individuals have of an intercourse between themselves and higher powers with which they feel themselves to be related. This intercourse is realised at the time as being both active and mutual.' The book now before the reader deals with the religious phenomenon, studied as an inner fact, in the earlier stages of religion. By 'the Idea of God' may be...

8/30/2018 2:27:28 AM +00:00

Retaining students in grade

Many states and districts are moving toward test-based requirements for promotion at key transitional points in students’ schooling careers, thus ending the practice of “social promotion”— promoting students without regard for how much they have learned. The rationale for retention is that repetition of the grade will give students an additional year to master the academic content they failed to master the previous year, and, thus, students should be less at risk for failure...

8/30/2018 2:27:27 AM +00:00

Teacher Quality, Teacher Licensure Tests, and Student Achievement

Examines whether teacher licensure test scores and other teacher attributes affect elementary student achievement. Teacher quality is a key element of student academic success, but little is known about how specific teacher characteristics influence classroom outcomes.

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Assessing the Performance of Public Schools in Pittsburgh

Recognizing that financial considerations are not the only ones that are relevant in the decisions that must be made to close schools, Superintendent Mark Roosevelt appointed a committee to consider how to realign schools in a way that would not only save resources, but also better serve the academic needs of students across Pittsburgh. Closing schools can have substantial impacts on students, families, and neighborhoods.

8/30/2018 2:27:27 AM +00:00

The Reliability of Scores from the 1992 Vermont Portfolio Assessment Program

Tham khảo sách 'the reliability of scores from the 1992 vermont portfolio assessment program', khoa học xã hội, xã hội học phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả

8/30/2018 2:27:27 AM +00:00

Improving student achievement

Building on more than 25 years of research and evaluation work, RAND Education has as its mission the improvement of educational policy and practice in formal and informal settings from early childhood on. RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis.

8/30/2018 2:27:27 AM +00:00

Lessons From New American Schools' Scale-Up Phase

In the scale-up phase, RAND is conducting both qualitative and quantitative analyses to better understand the effects of the reform on schools and students. This report documents the findings from the implementation analysis of the first two years (1995–1997) of the five-year scale-up phase. This report should interest educational policymakers at all levels of government, school administrators and teachers, and communities concerned with improved schooling.

8/30/2018 2:27:27 AM +00:00

Making Sense of Test-Based Accountability in Education

This book is intended to address that need. With a grant from the National Science Foundation, RAND and other researchers have combined their knowledge to create this book, which should be of interest to practitioners, policymakers, and others who are involved in some way in test-based acco...

8/30/2018 2:27:27 AM +00:00

HỌC PHẦN ĐIỀU TRA XÃ HỘI HỌC - CHƯƠNG III KỸ THUẬT CÂU HỎI VÀ BẢNG HỎI

“Thiết kế bảng hỏi không được nêu ra từ sách vở, mỗi cuộc điều tra sẽ gặp những vấn đề mới và khác nhau” (Oppenheim 1966) Một số nguyên tắc cho người mới bắt đầu: Hạn chế việc bắt đầu ngay vào viết câu hỏi cho đến khi bạn thật sự hiểu câu hỏi nghiên cứu. Viết câu hỏi nghiên cứu vào giấy và luôn đặt trước mặt khi xây dựng bảng hỏi. Mỗi khi đặt câu hỏi cần phải tự hỏi mình “tại sao tôi cần biết điều này?” Sử dụng câu hỏi sẵn có từ các nguồn khác nhau. Lỗi trong các câu...

8/30/2018 2:23:23 AM +00:00

HỌC PHẦN ĐIỀU TRA XÃ HỘI HỌC - CHƯƠNG IV PHƯƠNG PHÁP THU THẬP THÔNG TIN

Là phương pháp phỏng vấn mà người hỏi vắng mặt, chỉ có sự tiếp xúc thông qua bảng hỏi, người trả lời tự điền câu trả lời vào bảng hỏi. Nhanh chóng Tiết kiệm chi phí Đảm bảo tính khuyết danh Câu trả lời mang tính khách quan hơn Đòi hỏi đối tượng có trình độ nhất định Tỷ lệ thất thoát phiếu điều tra cao Yêu cầu chặt chẽ về bảng hỏi Không kiểm soát được đối tượng trả lời...

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HỌC PHẦN ĐIỀU TRA XÃ HỘI HỌC - CHƯƠNG I NHỮNG VẤN ĐỀ CƠ BẢN CỦA ĐIỀU TRA XÃ HỘI HỌC

Điều tra xã hội học là phương pháp thu thập thông tin về các hiện tượng và quá trình xã hội trong điều kiện thời gian và địa điểm cụ thể nhằm phân tích và đưa ra những kiến nghị đúng đắn đối với công tác quản lý xã hội

8/30/2018 2:23:22 AM +00:00

The Challenge of Domestic Intelligence in a Free Society

Whether U.S. terrorism-prevention efforts match the threat continues to be central in policy debate. Part of this debate is whether the United States needs a dedicated domestic counterterrorism intelligence agency. To inform future policy decisionmaking, this book examines, from a variety of perspectives, the policy proposal that

8/30/2018 2:23:00 AM +00:00

Xã hội học Việt Nam vài nét phát triển

Cùng với nhân dân tòan thể giới, nhân dân ta đang sống những ngày tháng cuối cùng của thế kỷ 20 và chuẩn bị hành trang để bước vào thế kỷ 21. Trong lịch sử lâu đời của dân tộc, chưa bao giờ có một thế kỷ mang nhiều ý nghĩa sâu sắc như thể kỷ 20. Những thập niên đầu thế kỷ, đất nước Việt Nam chìm trong cảnh nô lệ lầm than dưới sự thống trị tàn bạo của chủ nghĩa thực dân Pháp...

8/30/2018 2:18:52 AM +00:00

Conservation of Historic Buildings

Basically, all conservation consists of actions taken to prevent decay, and within this objective it also includes management of change and presentation of the object so that the objects’ messages are made comprehensible without distortion. Architectural conservation is more complex; first because a building must continue to stand up; secondly, economic factors usually dictate that it should remain in use; thirdly, it has to resist and use the effects of climate; and, lastly, a whole team of ‘professionals’ have to collaborate. A professional can be defined as a person who contributes artistically, intellectually or practically to a project....

8/30/2018 2:18:43 AM +00:00

SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATORS Volume 1 An Introduction to MATERIALS Conservation Science Teaching Series

The science of conserving artworks and other items of cultural significance has undergone considerable change since 1982 when this series was instigated, mostly involving the development or application of new materials or techniques. Their understanding by conservators, restorers and students continues, nonetheless, to depend on familiarity with the underlying scientific principles which do not change and which are clearly explained in these books.

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Contemporary Theory of Conservation

Contact with other conservators and researchers has indeed been important in shaping Contemporary Theory of Conservation. Among these, my colleagues at the Conservation Department in the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia deserve recognition, as they have helped me to dare to think. For this same reason, Eugene F. Farrell and the kind people at Harvard’s Center for Conservation and Technical Studies (presently the Straus Center for Conservation) also had an influence upon this work.

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International Collaborations in Behavioral and Social Sciences

Many of the world’s problems—violence, overpopulation, substance abuse, poverty, terrorism, infant mortality, HIV/AIDS, chronic disease— involve human behavior. Since countries are increasingly interdependent, cross-national collaboration is imperative. U.S. psychological scientists can take an active role, working with colleagues in and from other countries, to improve the world’s capacity to address these pressing issues. International research collaboration in the psychological, behavioral, and social sciences is critical to improving the quality of peoples’ lives worldwide. However, such collaborations present numerous challenges, particularly since cross-cultural research faces issues of differences in cognitive styles and ways of analysis, both in the process of the research and as a subject of the research....

8/30/2018 2:14:41 AM +00:00

SOCIAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES ADDRESSES TO ETHICAL SOCIETIES

I am about to say a few words upon the aims of this society: and I should be sorry either to exaggerate or to depreciate our legitimate pretensions. It would be altogether impossible to speak too strongly of the importance of the great questions in which our membership of the society shows us to be interested. It would, I fear, be easy enough to make an over-estimate of the part which we can expect to play in their solution. I hold indeed, or I should not be here, that we may be of some service at any rate to...

8/30/2018 2:14:32 AM +00:00

SOCIOLOGY AND MODERN SOCIAL PROBLEMS

This book is intended as an elementary text in sociology as applied to modern social problems, for use in institutions where but a short time can be given to the subject, in courses in sociology where it is desired to combine it with a study of current social problems on the one hand, and to correlate it with a course in economics on the other. The book is also especially suited for use in University Extension Courses and in Teachers' Reading Circles. This book aims to teach the simpler principles of sociology concretely and inductively. In Chapters I to...

8/30/2018 2:14:32 AM +00:00

Tìm hiểu tương tác biểu tượng

Với tư cách là một viễn tượng xã hội học riêng biệt, thuyết tương tác biểu trưng nổi lên từ truyền thống triết học dụng hành Mỹ. Cách tiếp cận này được xây dựng vào cuối thế kỷ 19 đầu thế kỷ 20 trong các bài viết của Charles S. Pierce, William James và John Dewey (1859-1925). Các nhà tư tưởng này đã thách thức thế giới quan cơ học và những giả định nhị nguyên của thuyết duy lý cổ điển, vốn là triết học đã ngự trị tư tưởng Tây phương từ thế kỷ 17....

8/30/2018 2:06:23 AM +00:00

Tiêu luận: Quan niệm về xã hội hóa cá nhân và phân tích ảnh hưởng nhóm bạn đến sự hình thành nhân cách

Quá trình trong đó cá nhân với tư cách là một sinh vật vốn có những đặc tính sinh học nhất định, tương tác với xã hội, thông qua sự giao tiếp, học tập, hoạt động mà tập nhiễm những phẩm chất cần có để sống trong xã hội. XHHCN là quá trình hình thành nhân cách: chiếm lĩnh ngôn ngữ và thế giới văn hoá, hình thành những tình cảm xã hội ...

8/30/2018 2:06:23 AM +00:00

Bài giảng về Bùng nổ dân số

KHÁI NiỆM DÂN SỐ: Là tập hợp những người sinh sống trong một Quốc gia, khu vực vùng địa lí kinh tế hoạc một đơn vị hành chính. Bùng nổ dân số: Là sự gia tăng dân số quá nhanh trong một thời gian ngắn, gây ảnh hưởng tiêu cực đến mọi mặt của đời sống..

8/30/2018 2:06:03 AM +00:00

ĐỀ CƯƠNG về XÃ HỘI HỌC

Câu 1: Phân tíc h khái niệm, đối tượng nghiên cứu và cơ cấu của xhh?Lấy ví dụ minh họa? *Khái niệm xhh: Xhh là khoa học về các qluật và tính qluật xh chung và đặc thù của sự ptriển và vận hành của các hthống xhội xđịnh về mặt lsử, là khoa học về các cơ chế tđộng và các hthức biểu hiện của các qluật đó trong hđ của các cá nhân, các nhóm xhội các giai cấp và các dân tộc. * Đối tượng nghiên cứu: Có nhiều cách nhìn khác nhau về đối tượng của xhh: Theo Durkheim, đối tượng nghiên cứu...

8/30/2018 2:06:01 AM +00:00