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VE VIE]\ TRO CUA MY CHO VIET 1\AM
TlT ] \ A M 1 9 9 5 DE]\ ]\AY
v u THI THU GIANG*
phia My nham dap lai sU hdp tae tieh cUc,
S au that bai trong cugc chie'n tranh d
Viet Nam, chinh quyen My tuyen bd'
tie'n hanh chinh saeh cam van toan dien dd'i
hieu qua cua Viet Nam trong viee tim kiem
ngUdi My mat tich (MIA).
vdi da't nude nay (15-5-1975). Do Dao luat Nhu vay, trQdc nam 1995, Chinh phu
"Cam quan he vdi ke thu" ehi phd'i, nen tQ My da tien hanh vien trd cho Viet Nam.
sau nam 1975 hoan toan khdng ed vien trd Tuy nhien, vien trd cua My cho Viet Nam
tQ phia My cho Viet Nam. cdn rat khiem ton va chi gidi ban trong llnh
TQ nhQng nam 80 cua the ky XX, mdt sd vUe nhan dao (cdu trd thien tai, giup dd cac
td chdc phi ehinh phu (NGO) My bSt dau nan nhan chien tranh, ngQdi khuyet tat va
trd giup eho Viet Nam. NhQng, gia tri vien tre em), chua phai la vien trd phat trien.
trd hang nam cho Viet Nam cua cac NGO Nguyen nhan cua tinh trang nay la do luat
My thdi ky nay rat ban che. Nam 1991, phap My van cam vien trd phat trien cho
Chinh phu My chinh thdc trao eho Viet Viet Nam va quan he giQa hai nUde chUa
dUde binh thUdng hoa.
Nam 1 trieu dd la vien trd nhan dao. Day la
"khoan vien trd Chinh phu dau tien ke tQ
nam 1975". Viee Chinh phu My chinh thQe
Thdi ky dau sau khi My tuyen bd binh
vien trd nhan dad eho Viet Nam la mdt
thudng hoa quan he vdi Viet Nam (7-1995),
bude tien mdi trong quan ho giQa hai nQde.
vien trd eua Chinh phu nUde nay eho Viet
Thang 7 nam 1991, mdt doan ehuyen vien
Nam cung chi la vien trd nhan dad, chUa cd
My da den Viet Nam lam viec vdi Bg Ngoai
vien trd phat trien. Treng mdt cude tra ldi
giao, Bg Lao ddng - ThQdng binh va Xa hgi
phdng van td Thdi bao Kinh te Viet Nam
Viet Nam ve viec thUc hien chudng trinh
thang 7-1997, Dai sd My Pete Peterson da
vien trd nhan dao tri gia 1 trieu dd la cua
giai thich ve nhQng kha nang vien trd phat
Chinh phii My trong linh vile eung cap
trien va eae khoan vien trd khae cua My
ehan tay gia giup phuc hdi chdc nang cho
eho Viet Nam nhQ sau:
nhQng ngQdi khuyet tat. TQ nam 1992, moi
nam My trao cho Viet Nam 3 trieu dd la "Chung tdi bi cam khdng dUgc cdp bdt ky
vien trd nhan dao (1). Hanh ddng nay cua mgt khodn vien trg phdt trien ndo cho Cdng
' Th.s. Vien SQ hoc
- 72 Rghien cini Lich sit, so 11.2009
hod xd hdi chu nghla Viet Nam vdo thdi nha't thuge ve Cd quan Phat trien Qud'c te
diem ndy. NhUng, td't nhien cd mgt dieu My (USAID). Vl du; nam tai chinh 2005,
khodn ve vien trg nhdn dgo vd hien nay trong tdng so' vien trd gan 65 trieu dd la
chung tdi dang cap vien trg nhdn dgo cho eua My eho Viet Nam thi cua USAID la
Viet Nam, mdi ndm khoang 3 trieu dd la. 22,45 trieu dd la (chiem phan ldn nha't) (7).
Ngodi ra cdn cd mgt sd' dieu lugt cho phep Cac chUdng trinh vien trd-do USAID quan
cap vien trg de giiip xdy dUng lugt le vd cdc ly tang nhanh; tQ 8,82 trieu dd la (nam tai
khodn vien trg nhdn dgo khdc. Tren mdc dd chinh 2000) len 22,45 trieu dd la (nam tai
chiing tdi phdi dgi de'n khi hodn tdt qud chinh 2005) (8); Tai trd cua USAID cho
trinh binh thudng hod vd huy bd nhdng Viet Nam theo xu hQdng gia tang phan anh
dieu cdm ky neu trong Lugt quan he ddi vien trd ngay cang tang eua My cho Viet
ngogi hien dang chi phdi cdc quan he ciia Nam.
chiing tdi tren khdp the gidi. Ddy Id dieu
Cung vdi sU gia tang ve gia tri, vien trd
cdm ky theo lugt phdp, ke cd Tdng thdng
cua My cho Viet Nam ngay cang md rdng
cUng khdng the bo qua dugc..." (2).
ra nhieu linh vQc hdn. Ve cd ban vien trd
Qua trinh binh thudng hda quan he My- cua My eho Viet Nam tap trung vao cac
Viet ve cd ban dUde hoan ta't sau khi hai linh vQc; Nhan dao; Y te va sQc khoe; Phat
nude ky Hiep dinh thUdng mai (7-2000) va trien kinh te; Mdi trUdng.
Tdng thd'ng B.Clinton tham Viet Nam (11-
1. Vien trd cua My cho Viet Nam trong
2000). Tai Ha Ndi, Td'ng thd'ng B.Clintdn
llnh vile nhan dao thQdng hudng tdi cac
khang dinh; nude My da di tdi chd coi "Viet
boat dgng phdng chd'ng va cQu trd thien tai,
Nam Id mdt qud'c gia, chU khdng phdi la
ra pha bom min, nan nhan chie'n tranh,
mgt cugc chien tranh", "... My vd Viet Nam
nan nhan eua budn ban ngQdi, tre em md
bdt ddu mdt giai dogn mdi trong mdi quan
edi va hd trd ngUdi khuyet tat, ngudi dan
he ddi ben" (3). TQ thdi diem dd, vien trd
tgc thieu sd,...
eua My cho Viet Nam tang nhanh. Tdng
vien trd cua My eho Viet Nam tQ 21,43 Trong phdng chd'ng thien tai. My hd trd
trieu dd la (nam tai chinh 2000) (4) tang cae nd iQe giam nhe thien tai va cdu hd
len gan 65 trieu dd la (nam tai ehinh khan cap cua Viet Nam. Vien trd cua My
2005) (5). Trong nam tai chinh 2008, tdng tap trung vao cac chUdng trinh; He thd'ng
vien trd cua My eho Viet Nam dQ kie'n dat bao bao sdm; He thd'ng thdng bao lu lut
khoang 129 trieu dd la (6). Vien trd cua sdm; Vien trd phdng chd'ng thien tai khan
My cho Viet Nam nham hd trd Viet Nam cap - Lu lut; ChQdng trinh khSc phuc thien
phat trien kinh te, thuc day xa hdi dan sQ, tai dd thi. Tong vien trd cua My danh eho
hoan thien he thd'ng phap luat, giam nhe Viet Nam trong phdng chd'ng thien tai nam
nhQng van de cd the de doa den sQ phat 2001 la 1,68 trieu do la (9).
trien ben vQng (HIV/AIDS, benh Lao, sd't
TQ nam 1998, M^ tien h a n h vien trd cho
ret, cum gia cam, suy thoai mdi trQdng,...)
cae boat dgng ra pha bom min va chat nd
va giup dd cac nhdm dan sd dd hi tdn
sdt lai sau chie'n tranh d Viet Nam (ERW).
thQdng.
Vien trd cua My tap trung vao cac chQdng
Trong tdng sd tien vien trd (tQ ta't ca cac trinh: Giao due nguy cd bom min; Nghien
td chdc) cua My cho Vi^t Nam thi phan ldn cdu va phat trien bien phap ra pha bom
- Ve vien trg cua HTy cho Viet Ram... 73
min, chat nd; Cung cap thie't bi ra pha bom eUu trd tre em, Td chUc Ddng Tay Hdi ngd,
min. TQ thang 6 nam 2000, Viet Nam Td chUc Trd giup ngudi khuye't tat Viet
ehinh thQe trd thanh nQde thd 37 tham gia Nam. Theo cae thoa thuan nay, ngUdi
vao ChUdng trinh Rd phd Bom min Nhdn khuyet tat tai khu vifc Da Nang se dUde
dgo eua My. Nam 2000, tdng sd' tien My cung cap cac dich vu y te va phuc hdi chUc
danh cho ra pha bom min tai Viet Nam la nang, dUde hd trd tim sinh ke. Den thang
3,6 trieu dd la. Nam 2002, so' tien nay la 6-2009, cac td chUe tren da cung cap eae
4,12 trieu dd la (10). Tinh de'n dau nam dich vu gia tri cho cdng ddng ngUdi khuyet
2006, My da danh 33 trieu dd la eho nhieu tat tai Da Nang. To chdc Ddng Tay Hdi ngd
chUdng trinh khdng chi de khSc phuc cac thifc hien viee danh gia nhu cau cd ban cua
hau qua cua bom min dd'i vdi sdc khde va nhQng ngudi khuyet tat tren dien rdng d
sinh mang cua ngQdi dan Viet Nam, ma Da Nang va kham benh cho hdn 3.000
edn nham loai bd gd'e re eua van de thdng ngUdi. Td chUe Trd giup ngUdi khuyet tat
qua tai trd cac dQ an xae dinh, ra pha va Viet Nam tai trd eae khoa dao tao do cac
tieu buy bom min chQa nd (11). Den nay. bac si My giang day cho 22 ehuyen vien y
My trd thanh nUdc vien trd nhan dao ldn khoa tai Da Nang, cung cap dieh vu phuc
nha't eho cac chUdng trinh hanh ddng bom hdi chQc nang cho 66 dd'i tUdng ngudi
rain d Viet Nam vdi hdn 47 trieu dd la vien khuye't tat. To chdc CQu trd Tre em tai trd
trd (12). "Hgi chd viee lam danh cho ca nhQng ngUdi
khuye't tat" dau tien d Da Nang. Tai hdi chd
Dd'i vdi ngUdi khuyet tat, tQ nam 1989
nay, 20 trong sd' 72 ngUdi khuyet tat tham
den nay, My da cung cap hdn 44 trieu dd la
gia da dUde mdi lam viec.
thdng qua cac chQdng trinh tai Viet Nam
de trd giup hg (13). Ban dau trd giup cua 2. Vien trd cua My cho Viet Nam trong
My nham eung cap ehan tay gia va phuc llnh vuc Y te va Sdc khoe thudng tap trung
hdi chUc nang cho nhQng ngudi cut ehan vao cae chUdng trinh nhU; phdng ehdng
tay. Cac hd trd cua My danh cho nhQng HIV/AIDS; phdng ngUa va dieu tri Lao;
ngudi khuyet tat bat ke nguyen nhan eua phdng chd'ng cum gia cam; cai thien sUe
tinh trang khuye't tat. USAID vdi tU each la khde eho ngQdi dan d khu vuc bi nhiem
nha tai trd chinh da lam viec vdi Chinh chat dgc da cam/dioxin;...
phu Viet Nam de van de trd giup cho ngudi
Tai Viet Nam, dai dich HIV/AIDS ban
khuyet tat cd the nam trong cac chinh saeh
dau chi phd bien trong nhdm ngUdi nghien
qud'c gia. Muc tieu eua USAID la danh eho
ma tuy, nhUng nay da lan sang nhQng
5 trieu ngUdi khuyet tat Viet Nam mdt
ngUdi dan thudng. Vien trd eua My nham
tieng ndi cd trgng ludng hdn trong eae
chinh saeh edng cd lien quan den ldi ich cua gidp Viet Nam ehu ddng va tich eUc phdng
ho, cd nhieu cd hdi dUdc giao due hdn, chd'ng, ngan ngda dai dich lan rdng hdn
nhieu cd hdi danh dUde nhQng viee lam cd y trong tUdng lai. Vien trd cua My cho Viet
nghla, loai bd mgi rao can dd'i vdi viee tham Nam trong Hnh vifc HIV/AIDS tQ 1,76 trieu
gia vao cac boat ddng xa hgi cua ngudi dd la (nam 2000) tang len 5,2 trieu dd la
khuye't tat. (nam 2002) (14). Ngay 9-9-2002, Chinh
phu My va Viet Nam ky Bdn ghi nhd ve
Thang 9-2008, USAID ky thoa thuan ChUdng trinh dU phdng vd chdm sdc
hdp tac 3 nam vdi 3 NGO My la; To chdc HnnAIDS tgi Viet Nam giai dogn 2003-
- 74 Rghien curu Lich 5i!r. s611.2009
2008. Theo Ban ghi nhd nay. My cam ke't My la mdt trong nhQng nha tai trd ldn
trd giup Viet Nam khoang 15 trieu dd la. nha't cho Viet Nam trong viec chd'ng lai
Thang 6-2004, Viet Nam dQdc xep vao dieh cum gia cam. TQ nam 2005 den 2008,
danh saeh 15 qud'c gia nam trong Kehogch My trd giup Viet Nam hdn 30 trieu dd la
Khdn cap Cdu trg AIDS cua Tdng thd'ng (18). Vien trd eua My gdp phan quan trgng
My (PEPFAE) de chd'ng lai can benh AIDS. giup Viet Nam co dQdc thanh cdng trong
Nam 2005, USAID tai trd cho Viet Nam cdng tae phdng chd'ng cum gia cam, dac biet
26,7 trieu dd la de phdng chd'ng AIDS (15). la trong viee tie'n h a n h cac chien dich tiem
Viet Nam la mgt trong 15 nQde trgng diem phdng md rgng cho gia d m .
eua PEPFER nen dQdc de xua't nhan mgt
Nam tai ehinh 2007, Qud'c hgi My phe
khoan vien trd khoang 89 trieu USD trong
ehuan khoan tien 3 trieu dd la dau tien
nam tai chinh 2008 (16). Nhin ehung,
gidp Viet Nam khac phuc hau qua cua chat
nhQng nd iQc eua Chinh phu My giup Viet
da cam. Thdng qua USAID, Chinh phu My
Nam chd'ng HIV/AIDS kha sau rdng va
da giai ngan khoan tien 3 trieu dd la nay
hieu qua. Vien trd eua My giup Viet Nam
danh eho viee tay dgc dioxin va cac boat
md rgng eae chQdng trinh phd bie'n kien
thdc, phdng va dieu tri HIV/AIDS. dgng ve sdc khoe. Cae dU an ve sdc khoe
eho ngQdi dan d khu vifc bi nhiem dgc
Benh Lao la mgt van de sdc khoe edng daeam/dioxin dQdc danh cho 1 trieu dd la.
ddng nghiem trgng. Theo To chdc Y te The Trong nam tai khoa 2009, 3 trieu dd la nQa
gidi (WHO), tai Viet Nam ed 150.000 ngQdi dQdc Qud'c hgi My phe ehuan danh eho cac
mac Lao, trong dd cd 5.000 trQdng hdp boat dgng khSc phuc h^u qua chi't
khang thud'c. Viet Nam ddng thd 12 trong dacam/dioxin b Viet Nam. Ngay 10-3-2009,
danh saeh 22 nQde cua WHO ve sd ngQdi Td'ng thd'ng My Barack Obama ehmh thdc
mie Lao nhieu nha't. TQ nam 1995, Chinh ky Du luat tang ngan khoan tai trd chUdng
phu My da cung cap hd trd ky thuat che trinh giam thieu tac hai eua chat dgc da
ChQdng trinh Chd'ng Lao Qud'c gia Viet cam tai Viet Nam. NhQ vay, de'n nam 2009,
Nam nham giup chd'ng lai mdi de doa sdc sd' tien My trd giup de Viet Nam khac phuc
khoe cua cgng ddng. Dac biet, tQ nam 2004, hau qua cua chat da cam tang len 6 trieu
pham vi hd trd dQdc md rdng rat nhieu vdi dd la. Theo Dai sQ quan My tai Viet Nam,
cac boat ddng ve HIV va Lao thdng qua Ke mgt phan ba so' tien trong ngan khoan 6
hogch Khdn cap Cdu trg AIDS cua Tong trieu dd la dd (khoang 2 trieu dd la) se dQdc
thdng My (PEPFAR). Tdi nay, thdng qua dung trong cae dQ an cai thien sQc khoe cho
USAID va Trung tam Kiem soat-Phdng ngUdi dan khu vifc Da N l n g (19).
ngQa dich benh thuge Bg Y te va Phue ldi
3. Trong linh vUc Phat trien kinh te, vien
Con ngudi, My da ddng gdp 10 trieu dd la
trd cua My hd trd Viet Nam ehuyen dd'i sang
giup Viet Nam chd'ng Lao (17). Cac boat
nen kinh te'thi trQdng bang each tang cUdng
dgng hd trd cua Chinh phu My nam trong 4
qua trinh tQ do thUdng mai, cu the la cac cai
llnh VQc;-Xet nghiem HIV va Kham sang
each phap luat can thie't cho viec thQe hien
lge lao; Kie'm soat mSc nhidm; Dieu tri va
cac cam ke't trong Hiep dinh ThQdng mai
quan ly ca benh; Thie't bi thi nghiem va dao
Song phUdng My-Viet (BTA) va gia nhap To
tao.
chQc ThQdng mai The gidi (WTO).
- Ve vien h v ciia 3Iy cho Viet Ram., 75
Ngay s a u k h i BTA dUde ky ke't (7-2000), cho Viet N a m theo Hnh vQc tQ n a m tai
My trd giup Viet N a m thQe h i e n mgt dQ a n chinh 2000 den 2005, vien trd P h a t trie'n
hd trd ky t h u a t t r o n g llnh vQc h o a n t h i e n k i n h te chiem 2 5 % (xem b a n g 1) (22).
mdi trudng thQdng m a i va d a u tQ. Dil an
* Cd c a u t a i trd theo linh vUe nhU sau;
mang ten "Ngdi sao Viet Nam" (STAR -
Vietnam) vdi t r g n g t a m la hd trd Viet N a m - Sdc khde vd HTV/AIDS: 46%
thUc hien BTA va gia n h a p Td chQc thQdng - Phdt trien kinh te: 25%
mai the gidi (WTO). D Q a n q u a n trgng nay
da gdp p h a n t h u c day kim ngach budn b a n - Vien trg nhdn dgo: 23%
hai chieu My-Viet t a n g m a n h tQ 1,1579 ty - Mdi trUdng: 6%
USD (nam 2000) (20) len 9,7 ty U S D (nam
Ve ed b a n , cac chUdng t r i n h tai trd cua
2006) (21), va dQa Viet N a m trd t h a n h
My t a p t r u n g vao chUdng t r i n h nghi sU ve
t h a n h vien eua WTO (1-2007).
cai each h a n h chinh va l u a t p h a p cua
My trd giup Viet N a m thQe hien "Sdng C h i n h phu Viet N a m lien q u a n de'n BTA va
kie'n canh tranh Viet Nam" (VNCI) trong t h a n h vien WTO. NhQng ehifdng t r i n h nay
thdi gian tQ 5-12-2003 den 30-9-2006. Day bao gdm; L u a t t o ' t u n g D a n sQ; L u a t D a u tQ
la mdt du an trong chUdng t r i n h hd trd ky n h a m m a n g lai siJ ddi xd b i n h d a n g cho cac
thuat thifc hien BTA. Muc tieu cua du an
d o a n h n g h i e p n h a nQde va cae cdng ty tQ
la tao k h u d n k h d t h e che va chinh saeh
n h a n ; L u a t ChQng k h o a n n b S m p h a t trien
canh t r a n h hdn, n h a m t a n g d a u tU va tao
thi trQdng vd'n cua Viet N a m ; L u a t Sd hQu
them viec l a m tQ k h u vQc tQ n h a n , md rdng
Tri t u e (IPR); Quy t r i n h to' t u n g va nhieu
cac k e n h thQdng m a i song phQdng va day
llnh VQc khac... Cae chQdng t r i n h nay trd
n h a n h cdng cugc xda ddi giam ngheo. D Q
giup dac iQc cho h e t h d n g tQ p h a p cua Viet
an giup n a n g cao k h a n a n g e a n h t r a n h ,
N a m . Cac chQdng t r i n h t a i trd cua My cdn
giam chi phi d a u vao va eae chi phi giao
trd giup viec p h a n tieh chinh saeh de p h a t
dieh khac, t a n g k h a n a n g tiep can ngudn
trien n e n k i n h te tU n h a n Viet N a m , lam
tai chinh, tao mdi trQdng cho cac d o a n h
eho k i n h te tU n h a n trd t h a n h ddng luc
nghiep vQa va nhd cai t h i e n thi p h a n va
p h a t t r i e n k i n h te Viet N a m . Ngoai ra, cae
kim ngach xua't k h a u . Ve cd b a n , dQ a n nay
ehUdng t r i n h t a i trd cua My cdn trd giup
tap t r u n g vad viec xay dQng n a n g iQe cho
cac cd q u a n dieu h a n h nhU uy b a n chUng
cac doanh nghiep vQa va nhd.
k h o a n n h a nUdc va Cue C a n h t r a n h t a n g
USAID la n h a t a i trd ldn nha't cua My cUdng n a n g lUc q u a n ly va t h i e t lap he
cho Viet N a m t r o n g llnh vQc p h a t trien thd'ng de p h a t t r i e n mgt n e n k i n h te tdng
kinh te. T r o n g cd cau t a i trd cua USAID hdp hdn d Viet N a m .
Tai trd c u a USAID c h o Viet N a m tii 2000 d e n 2005
Dcfn vi: Trieu do la
Nam Tai c h i n h FY2000 FY2001 FY2002 FY2003 FY2004 FY2005
Tong so 8,82 14,00 14,88 13,18 14,10 22,45
- 76 Rghien curu Lich sit, sd 11.2009
4. My trd gidp Viet Nam trong cac van dacam/dioxin de'n he't nam tai chi'nh 2010
de mdi trUdng mang tinh sd'ng cdn dd'i vdi va dUa ehuyen gia My ve xil ly dioxin sang
viec nang cao chat lUdng cude sd'ng. Vien Viet Nam (25). My va Viet Nam tap trung
trd cua My danh eho Viet Nam hudng vao vao tay dgc d khu vUc san bay Da Nang -
mdt sd' chUdng trinh nhU; he thd'ng ve sinh diem ndng nha't ve mdc do nhiem ddc
va cung cap nUde an toan; tang cQdng thifc dioxin. D Q an lam saeh chat da cam tai Da
thi quy dinh ve mdi trQdng va md rgng sQ N l n g dUdc 3 ed quan phdi hdp thUe hien la
tham gia cua cdng ehung; ban ehe nhQng Bg tai nguyen Mdi trudng, Bg Qud'c phdng
xung dot ve ranh gidi lanh thd; bao ve va Dai sd quan My tai Viet Nam. Cdng viee
ngudn tai nguyen rQng va he sinh thai; hd den nay bao gdm; tay rda, dap he xU ly
trd quan ly dd thi ben vQng. Vien trd cua nUdc tai chd, dap da't khdng cho mui tran
My danh cho Viet Nam trong llnh vQe mdi bdc len. Dai sQ quan My phdi hdp vdi
trifdng nam 2000 la; 0,92 trieu dd la; nam Chinh phu Viet Nam de hoan chinh mdt
2002 la; 0,96 trieu do la (23). chUdng trinh khac phuc mdi trUdng danh
My bude dau trd giup Viet Nam xd ly va chd cac diem ndng b san bay Da Nang. Vdi
phue hdi mdi trudng bi nhiem chat da sQ trd gidp cua Cd quan bao ve Mdi trQdng
cam/dioxin. Van de da cam/dioxin la mgt My, USAID da phdi hdp vdi Chinh phu Viet
van de nhay cam trong quan he My-Viet. Nam va cac nha tai trd khac de thiet ke va
TQ nam 1961 den 1971, quan ddi My da rai thQe thi mgt chQdng trinh khac phue mdi
80 trieu lit chat dgc hda hge, 61% trong sd' trQdng toan dien. Phia My ehu trQdng tie'p
dd la chat dgc da cam cd chUa 366 kg dioxin tue danh 2 trieu dd la trong khoan 3 trieu
xud'ng 17% dien tich toan mien Nam Viet dd la dUde Qud'c hgi nude nay phe ehuan
Nam. Hau qua cua cugc chie'n tranh hda cho nam tai ehinh 2009 de khac phue mdi
hge la rat lau dai va nghiem trgng ddi vdi trQdng hi nhiem daeam/dioxin d Viet Nam.
mdi trQdng sinh thai va eon ngQdi Viet Ngoai 4 Hnh vUe cd ban neu tren, My
Nam. Theo sd' lieu cua phia Viet Nam dQa cdn vien trd cho Viet Nam trong mgt sd'Hnh
ra, cd tdi 4,8 trieu ngQdi Viet Nam bi phdi vifc khae nhU; Giao due; Bao tdn cac di san
nhiem chat dgc, trong dd khoang 3 trieu van hoa; hdp tac lao dgng; chd'ng budn lau,
ngudi la nan nhan, nhieu ngUdi la phu nu tre em vd gia cU va tre em md cdi,...
va tre em (24).
Nhin ehung, tQ nam 1995 de'n nay, vien
My va Viet Nam ed khae biet trong danh trd ciia My cho Viet Nam khong chi tang ve
gia tae ddng lau dai cua chat da gia tri vien trd, ma Hnh vUc vien trd cung
cam/dioxin. Sau mdt thdi gian bat ddng, tQ ngay cang md rgng. TQ viee chi gidi ban
nam 2007, Chinh phu My bQdc dau trd trong vien trd nhan dao. My tie'n hanh vien
gidp Viet Nam giai quyet hau qua cua chat trd phat tricn chinh thQe (ODA) cho Viet
da cam/dioxin. Trong khoan tien 3 trieu dd Nam. Dieu nay phan anh quan he My -
la dude Qud'c hdi My phe ehuan che nam tai Viet da binh thQdng hda va ngay cang phat
chinh 2007 thi 1,45 trieu dd la dUde len ke trie'n. Tuy nhien, nhin nhan mgt each
hoach su dung cho boat dgng khoanh vung khach quan thi vien trd cho Viet Nam cdn
va phue hdi mdi trUdng; 550.000 dd la cho rat khiem td'n so vdi tiem life cua My. My la
cae ehi phi hd trd, cung cap nhan lUe eho mgt trong cac nQde vien trd ODA ldn nhat
vice trie'n khai cae chudng trinh ve the gidi, nhUng eho de'n nay nude nay v i n
- Ve vien irg ciSa aTy cho Vief Ram. 77
chUa phai la mdt trong mUdi nUde vien trd tao hanh lang phap ly thuan ldi cho cac td
ODA ldn nha't ehe Viet Nam. Hdn nQa, chUe xa hdi dan sQ ra ddi va phat trien,
chinh saeh ngoai giao cua My rat thUe ddng thdi day nhanh qua trinh cai each
dung. My khdng eho khdng bat cd cai gi the ehe thee hudng "xa hgi dan chu" kieu
(There is no free lunch). Cae nha tai trd My. Vi vay, van de dat ra la cac td chdc,
My deu It nhieu cd mue dieh khi tie'n hanh doan the, dia phQdng eua Viet Nam phai
vien trd eho cac chUdng trinh-du an tai tinh tao, khdng ao tQdng khi tie'p nhan
Viet Nam. Dd cd the la muc dich kinh te- nhQng khoan vien trd tQ phia My.
thUdng mai, hoae chinh tri-xa hdi,...
Tdm lai, sau khi My va Viet Nam binh
Chinh phu My mud'n thdng qua cac khoan
thQdng hda den nay, cung vdi nhQng tien
vien trd (dac biet la vien trd phat trien
trien tich cQe eua quan he hai nQde, vien
kinh te) de day manh dau tU, hd trd eae
trd cua My cho Viet Nam ngay cang tang.
thanh phan kinh te tU nhan, ddng thdi dat
TQ viec chi gidi ban trong vien trd nhan
dieu kien huge Viet Nam phai thay ddi
luat le, ed che quan ly kinh te n h i m day dao. My da tie'n hanh vien trd phat trien
nhanh qua trinh tU nhan hda, ehuyen bien cho Viet Nam. Vien trd eua My bude dau
Viet Nam theo quy dao ciia My. Bai bgc ve gdp phan giup Viet Nam phat trien di len.
"Cdch mgng nhung" d mdt sd' nUde thudc Tuy nhien, vien trd cua My che Viet Nam
Lien Xd (trUde day) va Ddng Au van cdn thdi gian qua ehUa tUdng xdng vdi tiem lUc
nguyen gia tri. Tai cac nude nay, Chinh thUe te cua My va van thap hdn so vdi vien
phu My tai trd tien de thUe hien cac dU an trd cua My cho mgt sd' nUde khac d khu vUc
lien quan den xay dUng phap luat, tQ dd Ddng Nam A.
CHU THICH
(1). Do DUc Dinh: Quan he kinh te'Viet Nam - (6). Vien trd cua Hoa Ky danh cho Viet Nam.
Hoa Ky. Nxb. The Gidi, H^ Noi, .2000, tr. 143. Thong tin Tham khao eua Van phong NgUdi Phat
ngon, Bo Ngoai giao Hoa K^, ngay 25-6-2008,
(2). Vietnam Economic Times/ Supplement,
http://hanoi.usembassy.gov
thang 7-1997.
(7). Trd giup ciia My cho Viet Nam,
(3). Phat bieu eua Tong thong Hoa Ky
http://hanoi.usembassy.gov
B.Clintdn tai Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, ngay 17-
11-2000. TTXVN, Tai heu tham khao dac biet (8). ChUdng trinh cua Van phong USAID tai
ngay 2-12-2000. Ha Noi. http://hanoi.usembassy.gov
(4). Mark E. Manyin: Qud trinh binh thudng (9). Mark E. Manyin: Qud trinh binh thudng
hod quan he Viet Nam - Hoa Ky, Bao cao eua ed hod quan he Viet Nam - Hoa Ky, Bao cao cua ed
quan nghien eUu phuc vu Quoc hoi, eSp nhat ngay quan nghien eUu phuc vu Quo'c hoi, c$p nhat ng^y
17-6-2003, tr. 27. 17-6-2003, tr. 25.
(5). Trd giup eiia My eho Viet Nam, (10). Mark E. Manyin: Qud trinh binh thudng
http://hanoi.usembassy.gov hod quan he Viet Nam • Hoa Ky, Bao eao cua cd
- 7a Rghien ciiru Lich siir, sd 11.2009
quan nghien eUu phuc vu Quo'c hoi, cap n h a t ngay (18). Vien trd cua Hoa Ky d a n h eho Viet
17-6-2003, tr. 25. Nam. Thong tin t h a m khao cua V a n phong
NgUdi P h a t ngon, Bo Ngoai giao Hoa Ky, ngay
(11). My cung ca'p trd giup n h a n dao cho cong
25-6-2008.
tae ra pha bom min, http://lianoi.usembassy.gov,
cap n h a t ngay 4-4-2006. (19). P h a m Khiem: My t a n g trd giup lam saeh
cha't da cam, http://hanoi.usembassy.gov
(12). Vien trd eua Hoa Ky d a n h cho Viet Nam.
Thong tin T h a m khao ciia Van phong NgUdi P h a t (20). M a r k E. M a n y i n : Qud trinh binh thitdng
ngon, Bo Ngoai giao Hoa Ky, ngay 25-6-2008, hod quan he Viet Nam - Hoa Ky, Bao cao ciia cd
http://hanoi.usembassy.gov q u a n nghien cUu phuc vu Quoc hoi, cap n h a t ngay
17-6-2003, tr. 19.
(13). "Hdp tae Hoa Ky - Viet Nam: Ve cac va'n
de lien quan de'n eha't da cam" - Dieu t r a n cua Pho (21). Q u a n he eiia Viet N a m vdi nhiJng nUde
Trd ly Ngoai truSng Scot Mareiel (Vu Cae va'n de ldn, TTXVN, Tai lieu t h a m k h a o dac biet, ngay 28-
Dong A va Thai Binh Dudng, Bo Ngoai giao Hoa 12-2007, tr. 5.
Ky) trUdc Tieu b a n Chau A, Thai Binh DUdng va
(22). ChUdng t r i n h ciia van phong USAID tai
Moi trUdng toan e l u , Uy b a n Doi ngoai. Ha nghi
Ha Noi (Cap nhat thang 4 nam 2006),
vien Hoa Ky ngay 4-6-2009.
http://hanoi.usembassy.gov
(14). M a r k E. Manyin: Qud trinh binh thudng
(23). M a r k E. Manyin: Qud trinh binh thudng
hod quan he Viet Nam - Hoa Ky, Bao cao cua cd
hod quan he Viet Nam - Hoa Ky, Bao eao cua cd
quan nghien eUu phue vu Quo'c hoi, cap n h a t ngay
q u a n nghien ciiu phue vu Quo'c hoi, cap n h a t ngay
17-6-2003, tr. 27.
17-6-2003, tr .27.
(15). Trd giup cua My cho Viet Nam,
(24). Bao Nhdn ddn, ngay 5-3-2009, tr. 8.
http://hanoi.usembassy.gov
(25). "Hdp tac Hoa Ky - Viet Nam: Ve eae va'n
(16). Vien trd ciia Hoa Ky d a n h cho Viet Nam.
de lien q u a n de'n cha't da cam" - Dieu t r ^ n ciia Pho
Thong tin T h a m khao eua Van phong NgUdi P h a t
Trd ly Ngoai trUcIng Scot Mareiel (Vu Cac va'n de
ngon, Bo Ngoai giao Hoa Ky, ngay 25-6-2008,
Dong A va T h a i Binh DUdng, Bg Ngoai giao Hoa
http://hanoi.usembassy.gov
Ky) trudc Tieu b a n C h a u A, T h a i Binh Dudng va
(17). Ho trd ciia Hoa Ky trong phong ngifa va Moi trUdng t o a n c£u, Uy b a n Doi ngoai. Ha nghi
dieu tri Lao tai Viet Nam. vien Hoa Ky ngay 4-6-2009;
http://hanoi.usembassy.gov, cap n h a t t h a n g 3-2009. http://hanoi.usembassy.gov
nguon tai.lieu . vn