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- Tieng A nh
li
A compendium
o f f
lYEN
EU
grammar
r& c o rre c t w r itin g ■
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V A N P H A M T IE N G A N H
A compendium of
English Grammar
&
Correct Writing
1
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P H A M D IN H LO C
VAN PHAM TIENG ANH
A compendium of
English Grammar
&
Correct Writing
NHA XUAT BAN HdNG Ol>C
3
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C u n g ta c g ia
A Glimpse of
Vietnamese Oral Literature
ISBN 1-4010-4038-1
Library of Congress Number 2001119757
in USA
ICFMC
Vietnam
ISBN 1-4134-1852-X
4
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J li) i tao (fid
Toi viet sach nay vai kinh nghiem sau nhung nam day
tieng Anh a Sai Gon truac day va a My. Hoc sinh thixcmg bi roi
■ tri vi phai doc qua nhieu danh tCr kho hieu, khong can thiet ma
cac tac gia da viet trong phan dan giai, nen hoc sinh cam thay
kho hieu va cham thu nhan duoc cac y chinh can tim hieu qui
iuat van pham tieng Anh. Roi tri hon nua neu hoc sinh doc
nhung sach giao khoa van pham tieng Anh d My, vi danh tu
van pham a nhung sach nay khong dong nhat.
Do do, trong sach nay toi viet thu gon a viec dan giai, toi
dung thi du de chi dan nguai hoc nhan xet, tim ra nhung quy
luat can ban cua van pham. Toi khong dich sang tieng Viet
nhung danh tir van pham tieng Anh, toi chi chon nhung tu
thong dung de nguai hoc de thu nhan, va can thiet cho nguai
hoc sau nay tham khao them sach van pham tieng Anh.
Thong thuong, nguai hoc ngoai ngu bat dau hoc tu vung
(vocabulary), hoc dan dan ngu phap (grammar), roi doc nhieu
de nhan xet loi viet theo cac qui luat van pham. Ngoai ra, ngon
ngu viet doi khi khac vai ngon ngu noi, vi nhieu khi van pham
duoc hieu ngam khi noi, va moi dja p h uang thuang co mot so
tho ngu (dialects). N g u a i hoc se gap nhiing truang hop nay khi
doc sach, va se tim hieu bang cach tra ciru a tir dien.
Pham Din It Loc
Washington, D.C
5
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CONTENTS
I. Parts o f S p eech...................................................................11
II. Verbals............................................................................... 63
III. Tenses............................................................................... 71
IV. Parts o f a Sentence.......................................................... 78
V..Clauses................................................................................ 88
VI. Correct W riting................................................................98
VII. Stylistics.........................................................................132
VIII. Speakers o f ESL (English as a second language). 153
IX...The history’ and development o f E nglish...................174
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V a n p h a m la link hon cua ngon ngu. N guai noi va
nguai nghe, nguai viet va nguai doc tim thay"giao cam"
vai nhau qua tieng noi hay cau van. Am thanh tao thanh
tieng noi mang nhung y tuang, y nghi cua nguai noi sang
nguai nghe de hieu nhau. Cau van (nhieu loi viet khac
nhau) chica dung y tuang, y nghi, cam xuc cua nguai viet
de nguai doc san se tam tu, hay thu nhan kien thuc.
Tieng noi hay cau van hop thanh bai mot so tir, duoc
dat theo thu tu truac sau, thi du: Thieu nu chai toe truac
gucmg.
M oi tu mang mot y nghia (meaning), tir no dat truac
tic kia (word order), moi tic co rieng chicc nang (function),
khi noi khi viet thi theo qui luat; Neu khong dung tu theo
chicc nang, khong viet theo qui luat thi tieng noi, cau van
khong co nghia gi ca. Cau van, tieng noi co duac giao
cam la nha qui luat van pham. Do do, van pham la yeu to
thiet yeu cua ngon ngu.
8
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Danh tir thirtrng dung
Nhung danh tir dirai day thirang thay a cac sach van
pham tieng Anh, va phucrng phap dan giai a cuon sach
nay giir nguyen danh tir tieng Anh.
Active voice Chu dong cach
Auxiliary verb Tro dong tir
Adverb Trang tir
Adjective Tinh tir
Article Quan tir
Clause Menh de
Conjunction Lien tir
Complement Bo ngu
Direct object Tan ngu true tiep
Expression Thanh ngir
Fundamental Can ban, thiet yeu
Grammar Van pham
Indirect object Tan ngir gian tiep
Infinitive verb Dong tir nguyen dang
Interjection Tan than tir
Irregular verb Dong tir bat qui tac
Noun Danh tir
9
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Parts o f speech Loai tir ngu
Passive voice Bi dong cach
Past participle Qua khu phan tir
Past tense Thi qua khu
Preposition Giai tir
Present tense Thi hien tai
Pronoun Dai tir
Rules Qui luat van pham
Sentence Cau viet theo van pham
Verb Dong tir
Vocabulary Tir vung
Word Tir
10
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I. PARTS OF SPEECH
11
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PARTS OF SPEECH
Phan nay dem den vai nguai hoc su hieu biet long
quat ve cac loai ngu, cac chuc nang (function) cua timg
loai, va cach dung (usage) cua tim g loai; tat ca nhuvgySu
to can thiet de co mot can ban can va du ve qui luat van
pham, truac khi sang cac phan ke tiep cu the han ve cach
viet va noi theo "Standard E nglish."
1. Nouns
2. Pronouns
3. Adjectives
4. Verbs
5. Adverbs
6. Prepositions
7. Conjunctions
8. Interjections
19
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Speech la so lugng tir hop thanh ngon ngu viet
(written language) hay ngon ngu noi (spoken language),
dien ta cac y tuang (thoughts), cam nhan (feelings), hay
mo ta mot viec lam (act). Khi viet hay noi thi ghep nhieu
tu thanh mot cau (sentence), neu nguai doc hay nguai
nghe hieu duac ro y cau do la nha da theo qui luat van
pham (the rules o f grammar). Moi cau gom nhieu tu
(words) vai chuc nang van pham khac nhau (grammatical
elements). Tieng Anh co khoang mot trieu tu, hai phan ba
so tu nay la danh tu thuoc cac nganh khoa hoc ky thuat
nhu dien tir, vat ly, y khoa, tarn than hoc... va bo mon triet
hoc. Trong mon hoc van pham, ngon ngu thong dung duoc
xep thanh 8 loai tir ngu chinh:
1- Nouns
2- Pronouns
3- Adjectives
4- Verbs
5- Adverbs
6- Prepositions
7- Conjunctions
8- Interjections
Nguai hoc can biet ro chuc nang (function) cua moi
loai tir ngu, dac tinh rieng cua moi loai, dung a dau (vi tri)
trong mot cau. Moi cau (viet hay cau noi) can it nhat 2 loai
tir ngir (subject va verb). Song, tiiy thuoc a loi cau true
(construction) theo van pham, mot cau co the gom nhieu
loai tir ngu.
13
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1. NOUNS
Noun (danh tir) la mot tir noi ve nguai (person), vi tri
(place), vat (thing) hay y tuang (idea). Loai ngu nay phan
biet theo cac dac tinh duai day:
Proper noun
- Common noun
- Collective noun
- Concrete noun
- Abstract noun
a) Proper noun noi ve mot ten rieng, hay dac biet,
cSn v ilt hoa a dau chu (capital), gom nhung loai duai day:
Person : Conficius, Tran Hung Dao
Place : Viet Nam, France, England
Animal : Phoenix, Kangaro
Object : Viet Nam Airlines
Group : the Red Cross
Time : Friday, November
Event : World War II, the Vietnam War
Idea : Judaism, Buddhism, Confucianism
b) Common noun noi ve tat ca ten chung:
girl, boy, teacher, student, mother, father, house, car,
bird, chicken, property, honesty, idea, table, chair, school,
market, store, shop, country, world, etc.
14
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c) Collective noun noi ve ten mot nhom nguai, vat,
vj tri, vai chuc nang la mot dan vj:
Flock, team, the public, committee, club, the poor, the
rich, the army, etc.
d) Concrete noun noi ve nhung gi biet duoc bang 5
giac quan (senses):
(sight [see], touch [feel], smell, hearing [hear], and
taste)
door, tree, dress, snow, city, museum, sorrow, joy,
odor, sound, salt, etc.
e) Abstract noun noi ve quality (pham chat),
condition (tinh trang / hoan canh), idea (y tuang):
beauty, fear, truth, hatred, kindness, honesty, courtesy,
love, loneliness, dismissal, etc.
Nominative & Objective: Can biet nhung dac tinh
duai day de phan tich van pham khi viet mot cau. Tinh
chat cua mot noun tuy thuoc cho dung a dau trong cau.
La nominative neu noun la su b ject:
I live
The train stopped.
The car runs
Subject la mot noun, hay personal pronoun, hay mot
noun phrase (nhom tu), hay mot noun equivalent/
substitute (tuang duang / thay the) ma se dugc mo ta
(describe) hay noi den (tell more about) bai nhung loai
ngu' theo sau de biet (subject) la gi, la ai, lam gi.
15
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(I live: I la subject, live la verb)
La objective neu noun la o b je c t:
I saw the train.
He saw the parade.
He is a teacher.
Object la mot noun or any word or group o f words
(mot tir hay nhom tir) co chuc nang nhu mot noun de noi
subject la gi, hay verb lam gi (teacher la object)
Possessive & Com pound: Se thuong gap nhung loi
viet duai day khi doc sach, quan sat de biet loi viet
possessive noun khi muon noi ve ownership, possession
(scr hiru), hay sir lien quan (relationship) giua 2 noun. Loi
viet nay se ngan hon vi bo di dugc chu of, hay to, hay that
trong mot nhom tir, tranh dugc cau van ruom ra.
Examples:
The beauty o f the flower > the flower’s beauty
A house that belongs to Mr. Smith > Mr. Smith's house
The job that my sister has > my sister’s job
Com pare:
At dawn the crowing o f a rooster could be heard,
(passive voice)
Co the viet ngan hon theo loi possessive, nhu duai
day:
The cock’s crow came at dawn.
(possessive form)
16
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Rules:
Nhung noun khong tan ciing bang s
thi se them apostrophe ( ’ ) va s.
Examples: The dog’s tail (tail o f the dog)
H elen’s hat (the hat o f Helen)
(mu cua Helen)
Nhirng noun co mot syllable tan ciing bang s, se th em ’s.
Examples: The kiss’s affection
Scott’s shirt
Note: Khi noi tir (word) nay co 4 dm tiet (syllables),
nghia la khi doc se ngat (tach xa) tir nay thanh 4 phan vai
dm (sound) nang nhe khac nhau, nhu tir edM.ca.tion
Nhirng noun nhieu hem mot am tiet (syllable) tan ciing
bang s, chi them apostrophe ( ’ ):
the w itness’ story
the hardiness’ condition
Nhung noun so nhieu khong tan ciing bang s,
th e m ’s :
the w om en’s group
the children’s toys
Nhung noun so nhieu tan ciing bang s, chi them
( ’ ) apostrophe:
the girls’ garments
the zebras’ stripes
17
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Compound nouns - Nhung noun hop thanh bcri hai
hay nhieu noun, co khi tach biet nhu high school, co khi
ghep chung nhu hairdresser, co khi noi lien bang hyphen
(-) nhu sister-in-law
Or:
Conference room, steam boiler
Headmaster, headphone
Ice-cream, great-grandfather
Qui tac:
•> f
Boi singular noun (danh tir so it ) thanh plural noun
(danh tir so nhieu).
Phan Ion tat ca noun khi doi thanh so nhieu thi chi
them s, nhu:
girl / girls, month / months, house / houses
car / cars , boy / boys, year / years, friend / friends
D uai day la nhung tnrcmg hop dac biet:
a) Noun tan ciing bang s, x, z, sh, ch, se them es:
bus / buses, box / boxes, waltz / waltzes, wish /
w is h e s , lunch / lunches, brush / brushes, bush / bushes
b) Noun tan ciing bang y, truac la mot phu am
(consonant), thi thay y bang i roi them es:
colony / colonies, country / countries
b a b y / b a b ie s , penny / pennies
c) Noun tan cung bang y, truac la mot nguyen am
(v o w e l) , thi th e m s:
18
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monkey / monkeys, boy / boys
d) Noun tan cung bang f hay fe, thi them s:
roof / roofs, safe / safes
Mot so trirong hop thay f hay fe bang v, roi them es:
leaf / leaves, life / lives
e) Noun tan ciing bang o, truac la mot phu am
(consonant), thi them es:
tomato / tomatoes, veto / vetoes
0 Noun tan ciing bang o, truac la mot nguyen am
(vowel), thi chi them s:
radio / radios
g) Nhung truong hap bat qui tac:
child / children, tooth / teeth, woman / w om en...
h) Common noun co hyphen (-), hay viet tach biet, thi
them s vao nhirng tir chinh:
mother-in-law / mothers-in-law, ice-cream / ice
creams
college student / college students, girl school / girl
schools
2. PRONOUNS
Pronoun la mot tir dung thay cho mot noun de noi ve
nguai hay vat (person or thing), chuc nang giong nhu
common noun hay proper noun trong mot cau. Tieng Anh
co han 70 pronouns, chia thanh 5 nhom:
19
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a) Personal pronouns (+ possessive form va reflexive
form)
b) Demonstrative pronouns
c) Interrogative pronouns
d) Relative pronouns
e) Indefinite pronouns
a) Personal pronouns (dai tir nhan xirng)
Personal pronoun la dai tir nhan xirng chi ro rang
nguai hay vat (specific persons and things); I, we la ngucri
noi, noi vai nguai true tiep doi thoai la you; nguai hay vat
dugc noi toi la he, she, it va they. Chuc nang cua cac
pronouns nay trong mot cau co the la chii ngu (subject), co
the la bo ngu (object), va khi viet hay noi thi can hap vai
nhau theo nhung dac tinh duai day:
Gender: {masculine or fem inine (giong due hay giong
cai)
neuter (giong trung)
singular or plural (so it hay so nhieu)
fir s t person : chinh minh (nguai noi).
second person : mot nguai hay nhieu nguai (doi dien
khi noi).
third person : mot nguai hay nhieu nguai, vat hay
nhieu vat (dugc noi toi).
20
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Nominative case Nominative case
singular plural
first person I we
second person you you
third person he, she, it they
Objective case Objective case
singular plural
first person me us
second person you you
third person him, her, it them
Quan sat cac thi du (example) duai day de phan biet:
"nominative case", personal pronoun la subject trong
mot cau; "objective case", personal pronoun la object
cua mot dong tir (verb) hay cua mot giai tu (preposition)
trong mot cau.
Examples:
- Nominative case (subjective case)
She sang the song.
He played the guitar.
She played the piano.
- Objective case
The audience applauded her.
The audience sang with them .
21
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