Ứng dụng Subject guies trong hoạt động Thư viện thông tin

LTNG DUNG SUBJECT GUIDES
TRONG HOAT DONG THU* VIEN THONG TIN
ThS. Nguyin Thj Lan
Khoa Thu vien - Thdng tin hpc, Oai hpe KHXH&NV Tp. HCM

Tdm t i c
Cdng nghi thdng tin ph^ trien da tpo dieu lain tiiuSn lpi ctio deep quan thw viin - tiidng tin tixmg
viic tao rade san ph&n tiidng tin d dit lut^ va dip dtig nhu cau ngay dng da d^ig dia ngudi dung
tin. Subject gukies (danh mpc t i i IKU ttieo diu de) H mpt trong nhQng cdng cy dupc ntiOu thu viin d Viit
Nam vi tiin thSgkSlsd dpng b^ nhutig tiai kh(3ia no. Bii wet tiinh t)iy lOiOhg Idtii niim, dSc O^, vai
trd vi mdt sd cdng nghi f^tiiin
hiin nay dupc sddung di tao l^ subject giMdeslrorig cic d quan thw
viin - tiidng tin.
Td kitoi: Subject gukies, thu vign, lihg dyng.
Absbact:
Devekipment of information technotogy has created favor^jle conditions fyr ^jrary and Information
/rBttuHons ki creating quality Information products wtUd meet ttie increasingly Averse needs of thdr
users. Subject gukies Is one of tiie tools used by many lltjranes in Viet Nam and around ttie world ttianks
to its utilities. The artide presents ttie concepts, charadenstics, roles and some today's popular tednoto^es used to buikl subject gukies In ttie library and information institutions.
Key

Subjed guides, Itbianes, applk3tion.

1. Bl^t vffn d%
Sy tiiing no eua edng nghg ttiong tin v i truydn
ttifing trong giai doan h i ^ nay da tao dElu kien
thuin ldi cho cic cd quan thy vien - thfing tin trong
vige tigp egn dgn ngudi dung tin (NOT) v i quing
b i eic sin pham, djch vy thU vien - ttiong tin.
Ngu nhy trudc d i y cic ttiU vign thudng sy dyng
eic td rdi, pa no, ap phieh de tmyen thong diep
den NDT, thi ngiy nay eic ttiU vien cd the t i n
dyng cie kenh thfing tin hien dai de thay the cic
c i d i thdc da thyt hign trong qua khy.
Bgn cgnh dd, hi§n nay cac ngufin thfing tin
dang ngiy eing gia ting nhanh chdng, vi vgy cie
thy vign cd the khai thic toi da cie nguon thfing
bn niy de chpn k;>e v i l i m da dgng, phong phii
nguon t i i nguygn thfing tin aia minh. Tuy nhien,
vige phat tiien aia cie nguon thfing tin mang Igi
nhieu thuin ldi dio NDT trong vige b'm kiem va sd

dyng thfing tin hffu kh, nhuhg cung l i mpt thich
thut doi vdi NDT t h i & ky ning trong vige tim
kiSn v i danh gia thfing tin. Do dd, sU biing bfi
eua cie cfing ey web 2.0 mien phi da tgo ra nhigu
cd hfii cho cac thd vign trong viee tgo ra eic
nguon ttifing bn higu q u i , bet kigm dddc chi phi
thyt hien v i (Tmh hudng dio NOT den cie nguon
t i i nguyen thfing tin hiiU ich.
Hdn niia, dfii vdi mpt nude dang phat trien
nhy nude ta, dneu kien hoat dfing hign tg) oia cic
ttiu v i ^ vin cdn rat khd khin, die bigt l i ve kinh
phi dau t u eho cie hoat dfing aia thU vign. Do
dfi, dg khic phyc nhOhg hgn die aia NDT thieu
ky ning v i ning eao hieu qua hoat dfing cua minh,
thy vign gid vai trd quan trpng trong viec tim
kigm, thu thip va tn ddc dc ngufin thfing tin
[^u hdp d i p dng nhu a u ngiy eang da dgng ciia
NDT. Vi the, viec uhg dung subjert guides trong
hoat dfing thy vien - ttifing bn trong giai doan

T?p chi THir VlfNyillNAJ 1(63)

33

hien nay la rat can thiet
Subjed gukJes t i cfing cu dudc sd dyng pho
bien hign nay d nhieu od quan thy vien - ttiong tin
ygn ttie gidi v i mot so thy vign Vigt Nam. Viec
tgn dung eac cfing nghe phat tiien de tao lap cae
thdng tin ttieo tiihg diu de khic nhau nhim dap
ling tfit hdn cho NDT la mfit xu ttig tat yeu v i mang
Igi nhKeu ldi ich eho ttid vign.
2. Khii q u i t ve subject guides
Tnwg nhuhg nim gan d i y ttiuat ngff subjed
gukJes dudc sd d^ffig nhieu titxig hoat dong ttiU
vign - ttiong tin d Vigt Nam. Tuy nhien, tten the gidi
ttiugt ngff subjed gukJes dude de cgp vao nim
1973 nhy l i "mpt togt b i n do chi dan dgn nguon
t i i nguyen aia thU vien; nd l i mpt dinh vj thfing
tin de NOT tim kiem cae t i i ligu dudc lUti bi? ttieo
mpt ehu de m i hp quan t i m " [8].
Npi dung subject guktes vio nim 1973 khic
vdi subjed guktes ngay nay. Thugt ngff ban (fiu chi
bao him y n0iB 6 cac chi dan (pathfinders) va hdn 30
nim sau, cic ttid vign den khip Hoa Ky sd dung
m ^ kiat cic ttiugt ngff de mfi ta eic toai subjed
gukies nhy: subject guides, research gukies (danh
mye t i i ligu nghign cdu), research toots (ofing ey
nghien aiU), pattifindere (ehi dan), etectionie library
gukies or e-gutdes (danh mye ttiU vign d i ^ tiJ"
hoic danh mye tai ligu dien tif), web- lographies
(danh mye tiang web), Internet resouce coliedkxis
(bp sud tip nguon t i i nguygn Internet), resounze lists
(danh sich ngufin ta nguyen), hoic subjed portals
(cong ttifing tin ttieo chu de) [8]. Muc dinh chinh
oia danh mye nay la nhim cung cap mpt diem ktidi
dau cho vige nghien aiU cua NDT. Cie sinh vign
va giing vign trong mdi trudng dai hoc thddng
thyt hign vige tim kiem cic nguon thfing tin, tai
ligu phye vu cho viec nghign a i d eua hp. Vi vgy,
mot so thy vign etio ring eac danh mue nhu la
mdt diem khdi dau etio vige bit dau nghign oiU
cua hp [8]. Sd di ndi subjed guktes t i mpt diem
khdl dau dio vigc tim kiem cac tai lieu nghien cud
vi cic subjed guides se phin chia cac ttifing bn
ttieo timg ehii de khac nhau v i trong tiihg chu de
s@ t^p hdp tat ca cac nguon t i i nguyen thong tin
« chii de dd, ty t i i ligu in an, den ngufin tai ligu
sfi, a( sd dff lieu (CSOL), cac trang web.. Cic

34

nguon tai nguyen se dudc tfch hdp theo timg chu
de va NDT ed ttie tim kiem ttiong tin qua dc lien
k a d i dude tap hdP de md rpng khi ning tim ki&n
tai Itgu phii hdp. Do do, ttieo tac gia Nedelina
Tehangatova va Amanda Feigley [8], sut)ject guides
trd giiip eho vige nghiai cdd dong mpt nginh cy
ttie ho^c ve mpt ehii de cy ttie. Chung ding cung
cip nhuhg thfing tin hiid fch giiip cho vigc tim
kiem va su" dyng ttifing tin trong eac hinh thirt ey
ttie, ching hgn nhd cac bing sing d i g ho$c lu$n
v i n , lugn an...
Cd tiie tiiay ring, subjed guktes la danh sich
eic nguon tai nguygn thong tin dudc tao ra Wfi
ngUdi lam ttiU vien de ho tid NDT vdi nhu c^u
nghign oiU aia hp. Oanh sach cac nguSn tai nguy&i
ttifing tin cd the bao gom nhieu ehu dS nhuhg
khong gidi han d sadi, bio, tgp ehi, CSOL, cic dang
web, cung nhU b i t ky chu de khic ma ngudi lim
thU vign cim thay se ho d d dUpe cho wgc nghign
a i d cua NDT [6].
Trong khi dd, Oieo Buffy J. Hamifton, subjert
guides la mpt t i p hdP cac nguon lyc dUdc thiet kg
giijp NOT nghign a i d va khim pha day dii ve mgt
chil de [3].
Tic g i i Tim Wales [10] eho ring, subjed
guides la hg thong hoi eae kien thdc lien quan den
VI tri va vtec tmy xuat thfing tin theo mpt t^ii dS
nhat dinh hoic bp sud tap cic tiiwig tin lign nginh
de cung cap cho NDT. Theo fing, day la ky thuit
duy nhat dg hudng dan eho NDT tnfc tuyen buy
eSp t d eic sieu lign ket den eac tai lieu hUdng din
khic nim d nhffng ncfl khic nhau dgn cic trang
w/eb cua tfi chdc hoic trgn tidig bang web rigng
cLia thy vign, do dd cd the riit ngin khoing cich
gtOa NDT v i thy vien.
Nhy vay, cd ttie hiaj subjed guides la mpt
danh sich cac ngufin tat nguyen thfing tin dudc
tC) chye va sip xgp theo cac chu de khic nhau.
Nguon t i i nguyen ttiong tin nay rat da dang v i
khfing gidi hgn d bat ky ngufin nao bao gfim:
sach, bao, tap ehf dign td, t i i l i ^ sfi, CSOL, dang
web, bp sUu t i p ttiong tin trgn Internet, tgn cic
khoa hpc, R5S feeds, tai ligu giing dgy, cic cfing
cu dinh g i i , tat lieu hudng d i n , tigu ehuSn tipc
tap, cie eupc phdng van hay thfing tin phin lifil

t d giao vi&i, sinh vign...
Hit so d^ diem o i a sutgect guides
- De dang tao Ipp, dp nhat vi duy tri: Subjed
guktes la odng cu dUde sd dung de cung cap ttiong
tin theo tuTig ehu de d&i NDT ma ngycfi tgo Igp
ktiong can phii tfin nhieu thdi gian v i cong sdt
trong viec t h i 3 lap, bdi vi ngudi tgo subjed guktes
sd dung cac mau cd sin, giong nhU tgo mpt trang
bkig mdi. vdi moi subjed gukies, ngUdi tgo Igp ed
ttig d l ding thiet Igp eae bang thwig tin khic
nhau. Moi bang thfing tin ed the tfch bc^ cic npi
dung ktiie nhau t d t i i ligu in, CSDL, b i i bao, tap
chi den cic trang w ^ , tai lieu sfi hay cac nguon
thdng tin tham khio tryc tuyai. Cac subjed gukies
thudng cd mpt bo cyc thong nhat ngn vige thiS:
Igp rat d l ding v i khfing gidi hgn ve so lUdng cic
npi dung thong tin hay cic lign ket dUdc dSng tai.
Do dd, ngudi lam thd vign dudc yeu (3u phii theo
mgt khufin mau de tgo sy ntiat quan giiia cic
subjed guictes. Moi subjed guides cho phep dua
npi dung d nhigu dtnh dang khac nhau nhd vin
ban, Hnh anh, am thanh, eic lien k ^ tfch hpp nhieu
img dyng nhU RSS, video, audio, chat, binh luin,
mgng xa hoi... [8].

khac nhau nhd chat d y t tiep vdfi ngudi l i m ttiy
vien; gui email hoic phin hoi tnic tigp ttieo tirtig
npi dung oia subject gukies. Cac thfing tin phin
hoi nay se giup xay dyhg moi quan he chit che,
gan gOi giiia NOT va ngudi lam ttiU vign; tiep
nhan y kien phin hoi tif phia NDT de eii ttgn v i
phit trien eae subjed gukies ngiy cang da dgng,
phong phli va dap dng nhu cau cua NDT [8]. Bgn
canh dd, cae subjed gukies dudc thiS ke ttieo cac
mau dcfti giin, ngudi lam thU vien ed the dieu diinh
v i dien cac hinh i n h phii hdp dio tiJhg chti dg
cy ttie.

Hinh 1. Subjed guides aia ThU wen B Dorado
http://w¥m.fk:.k3Srios.edu/~}knener/
3. Vai tro cua subject guides

Ngoai ra, eic subjed guides ed bo eye gifing
nhau ngn vigc cap nhgt hoic sao chgp cac subjed
guides mdi 6U0c thUe hign mfit cich de ding va
khfing ton nhigu thdi gian, cfing sdc aia ngydi
tgol§p.
- De quan ly: &jbjed guides dudc hiu t\&. cac
thU vifn b'ch hdp len bang web aia cd quan minh,
bdi vi day l i cfing cy ctl sd dung va d l quin ly.
Subjed gukies cho phep phin quyen eho nh©u
ngudi l i m thd vien trong viee tao ra cic danh
mye t i i ligu va dua ten trang web bat ed luc nao,
eung nhy quin ly ti'nh nhat quan cua cic subjed
gukies. Bgn a n h dd, subjed guides eung l i cfing
cy hl^u q u i trong viec xem xet eae so lieu thong
kg ludt truy c$p vao timg ndi dung khac nhau [1],
- Unh ddng, de tim kiem, sinh ddng, ddn giin
do NDT: Subject guides l i cfing cy ddn giin, de
sd dyng v i thin thi$n v&\ NDT thong qua cac
ngufin thfing tin vg tai ligu dudc thiet lap theo
tirhg chu de ktiae nhau, nguon ttiong tin da dang;
giao dien quen thupc vcfi NDT va ed eae ho trd

Hign nay nhieu ed quan thd vtgn - thfing tin
trgn thg gidi va mpt so thd vien Viet Nam da sd
dyng subjed gukies nhy l i mpt cfing cy higu qua
de dip lihg nhu cau ngay cing da dgng ciia NDT.
Subjed gukies dUdc sy dyng pho bien hien nay
la ddi nhiihg g i i bi ciia no nhy:
- Tpp tidp dc ngudn thdng tin theo du de:
Subjed guides giiip ngUdi lim thu vign cd the tao
lip v i sip xep cie nguon thdng tin da dang theo
tiihg chu de ktiie nhau. Moi ehu de se bao gom eic
thfing tin dude lign k S v i tfch hdp trong subjed
guides. Cac nguon tai lieu da dang nhU cac ngufin
bn trgn Internet, video dip, hinh anh, CSDL, danh
mye eic bang w ^ . . . Oo do, dieu niy se gtup cho
NDT cd the tim hieu cie nguon ttiong tin theo
tiihg diu de m ^ each nhanh chdng, tiet kigm thdi
gian v i edng syc trong viec tim kiem tit lieu.
- Hudng dan d&i dc ngudn thdng tin hifu ich:
Nhan vien tao lip subjed guides la ngUdi am hieu
cae nguon thfing tin va chpn Ipc eac nguon thfing

1(63)

35

cfing sut v i vi§c duy c§p aia NOT dU0c d l ding
tin cd gta di, od chat ludng de dip img nhu c3u
cua NDT. Vi vgy, NDT ehi can tim den cac ehu dS va ttiu§n tign hdn. Sau day l i mot sd eong nghe
cd the sd dyng dg tgo lap subjed guides:
minh cd nhu cau de truy cap den cac nguon
ttifing tin mfit eieh hiiU ich.
Wikis
- Truy dp khdng gidi han: Cac subjed guides
da ddpe eic cd quan thd vien - ttifing tin tfch hdp
tren bang web aia minh v i ed sin trong mot
tnidng tn/c tuyen, do do NDT ed the tiny cgp mpt
luc, mpi ndi ma khfing can phai den trut tiep tai
thy vign. Day la b'nh hffu fch eua cfing ey niy
trong glal dogn hien nay vi phii tidp vdi xu hudng
phat bign cua cfing nghe thfing tin va thoi man
nhu cau aia NDT.
- Quing ba: Subjed guktes l i cdng cy quang
ba hffu hieu i ^ ngufin t i i nguygn thfing tin oia
cic cd quan thu vign - ttifing tin, bdi vi day l i odng
ey tap hop day dti cac nguon ttiong bn mpt eieh
da dgng ve nhieu chu de ktiac nhau. Thfing qua
vigc truy cap vio cae subjed guides, NDT cd ttig
nim dude eic nguon thfing tin ve timg ehii de m i
ht$n nay mfit cd quan dang cd, cung nhd chit
ludng eiia dc ngufin thfing tin niy. Ooi vdi nhuhg
ngudi it kht hoic khdng bao gtd ghg tiiim eic tiang
web thU v i ^ , v i ^ ding cae lien ket dg hudng
dan, djnh hudng eho NDT trgn cic bang web la
mpt hinh thiit quan trpng de tiep can c^ng dong.
Bdi vi, hau hgt NOT ttiudng khong lign h§ hoic
truy c§p vio trang web eua tat c i cic trudng dai
hoc, hp ehi ddn giin la tim thay eac t i l nguy§n
ttiong qua mpt cfing cy tim kiem tien Internet [6].
Vi viy, cie cd quan ttiy vien - thdng tin ed ttie tign
hinh quang b i cac subjed guides thfing qua cac
buoi gidi t h i ^ , hddng d i n sd dung thy vien, sd
dyng email hoic mang x i hot... de cung cap thfing
tin dgn NDT.
4. Mpt sg cdng nghg d y ^ sur dyng de t^o
l$p subject guides trong hoat dpng t h y vign
-thdng t i n
Khi sy dyng eac cfing nghg mdi v i khac nhau
vao vigc tao lap cie subjed guides, dfii hdi h/ duy
sing tao aia ngudi lam ttiu vien dg cd ttie lua
chpn cac cfing nghg nay mfit each hieu qua va
buy idl. Vigc lya dipn cic cong nghg phii hdp vdi
die diem va dieu kien cua ttiy vien se giup cho
viec ttiiet ke cac sutJjed guides tiet kigm ttidi gian,

36

Wikis l i mgt uhg dung cho phgp ngudi lim
thu vien cd the thgm hogc x o i ngi dung trong
mpt mfii trudng ning dgng, l i ndi m i cic ehuygn
gia ed ttig hdp t i c , ket hdP kien thut v i chia sg d
bgt cd ncA nio [8]. Nen t i n g wikis phfi bign (nhu
Mediawiki, Seedwikl, Twiki, Pbwiki...) da dudc sd
dyng bdi nhlSu ttid vifn dg tao nguon thfing tin
trong ngi bg va dang nhanh didng lan ri)ng, bd
thinh djch vy cua thd vign. Wikis ed le l i lya chpn
tfit nhat cho sy h ( ^ t i e giiia ngudi lam thU v i ^ ,
giang vien v i sinh vten, du ttiy vign da cfi nhiihg
dfii tudng cpng tie d cic mdt dg khic nhau [5].
Mic dii, viee ddng gdp eua NDT trong vigc tgo
lip cie subjed guides tren wikis se giup cho ngudi
l i m thy vi§n tigt ki$m thdi gian va cfing sdc trong
v i ^ tgo l|p. Tuy nhign, cac mye thfing tin trgn
wikis ed thg thieu tfnh thfing nhgt khi chiing dudc
hoin thinh bdi mpt logt cac c i nhin. Dg subjed
guides l i mpt ngufin cung d p cie thdng tin ed uy
tin, cic c i nhan tham gta vio vi§e tgo v i ehinh
sua cic ngi dung dn dudc cie ehuygn gia trong
eic ITnh vyc, ngUdi tim thu vl§n ehuygn d§, hoic
c i nhin cd higu biet ve cic finh vyc khic nhau
bign t i p v i xem xgt Igl. Do dd, eic subjert guides
dupe tgo lip bing cfing cy wikis se dfil hdi mgt
mye dp bio tri v i an ninh nhit djnh dg dim bio
dfi chinh xic [4].
Social Bookmaridng (Dinh diu xi h^i)
Social Bookmarking l i djch vy dinh d i u trang
cfing dfing giitp ngudi dung Internet lud tiii", quan
ly v i tim kiem nhffng tiifing tin ti^n Internet higu
qua hdn dya trgn cfing ey hinh duygt web v i tii
khoi [2].
LTng dyng dinh dau xa hoi l i mgt tfnh ning cd
thg dUde dua vao de tgo lap subjert guides. Dinh
d i u x i hgt cho phgp NDT giff mfit thy mye "ygu
ttifch" v i nd ed sin d bSt cd diu. Neu NDT sd dyng
eac dinh dau trang hay tinh ning ygu thfch thfing
ttiudng ti^n miy b'nh, eic trang web m i hp dinh
dau chi ghi lai hoic dinh d i u ttgn miy b'nh dd.

Vdi dinh d i u xa hgi, cie trang vieb m i NDT dinh
dSu s€ ed s i n d bat cd ncfi d i u CO Internet Ngoii
ra, mpt k^ ieh nua eua dinh dSu xa hgi l i NDT cd
the xem cac dinh dSu aia ngdcfi Wiac [8].

- Dam b i o dff ligu dudc duy x u i t ttieo nhieu
each khic nhau, t d nhieu ngdcfi khic nhau v i
nhieu lihg dyng ktiie ntiau.
- Ting ktii ning chia se thong tin.

Mgt so trang web Social B