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- VIEN KHOA HOC XA HOI VIET NAM
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BAO TANG DAN TOC HOC VIET NAM
• • •
CAC CONG TRINH NGHIEN ClAj
CUA BAO TANG
DAN TOC HOC VIET NAM
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V
NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC XA H0I
- V I l : \ K H O A HOC XA HOI V IET NAM
BAO TA NG DAN T O C HOC VIE'l’ NAM
CAC CONG TRiNH NGHIEN CLfU
CUA BAO TANG DAN TOC HOC VIET NAM
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V
NHA X U A T BAN KHOA HOC XA H O l
HA NOI - 2005
- BAN BIEN TA P
PGS. TS. Nguy6n Van Iluy (Trudng ban)
TS. Le Duy Dai (Thu ky)
TS. Luu Hung
TS. La Cong Y
- LOI NOI DAU
Song song vdi nhung van de thudng xuyen can phdi gidi
quyet nhu bao qudn, nghien cuu, situ tam, giao due..., d mdi
thdi diem Bdo tang Dan toe hoc Viet Nam lai phdi tap
trung su quan tam ciia minh tdi mdt sd van de chu chat
nhdm thuc day cac hudtig cdng tdc quan trong. Tap sach
nay the hien mot sd mdi quan tam dac biet trong hai nam
vita qua.
Trudc het, phim dan toe hoc hay rong hon phim nhan
hoe noi rieng, cdng tac nghe nhin noi chung ngay cdng trd
nen quan trong ddi vdi cac hoat dong cua bdo tang. Nham
muc dich thuc day hoat dong nay, nhu cau lam cho cac nhd
dan toe hoc, nhu’ng ngudi quan tam den phim dan toe hoc
hieu lich su ciia loai hinh phim nay, ban chat vd cac
phuong phap tiep can cua no. Mot cuoc hoi thao dau tien
ve phim dan toe hoc!nhan hoe da dupe to chitc ma nhung
tdi lieu co ban cua no dupe the liien trong tap sach nay.
Thu hai, nghien cihi, bdo ton va phat huy cac di sdn van
hod phi vat the dang trd thanh mot nhiem vu mdi vd quan
trong cua cac bdo tang. Khai niem van hod phi vat the’ rat
rong trong dd nhitng tri thuc dan gian ve y dupe hoc co mot
v nghia rat ldn nhung thach thifc cung ldn, khd nghien cihi
vd the hien trong bdo tang. Bdo tang Dan toe hoc Viet Nam
dd md ra dot phd van de nay thdng qua cuoc trUng bay ve
Lang thuoc nam Dai Yen (Ha Noi) va mot cudc hoi thao
ve van de co lien quan hem theo.
Tap sach Cac cdng trinh Nghien citu cua Bdo tang
5
- Dan toe hoc Viet Nam nay mong di(a den cho ban doc
thong tin ve nhil'ng van de ca ban tren va nhieu hoat dong
khac cua bao tang.
PGS. TS. Nguyfen Van Huy
Giam doe Bao tang Dan toe hoc Viet Nam
6
- MUC LUC
Trang
Lai md dau
Phan I. Phim Ddn toe hoc
PGS. TS. Nguyen Van Huy: Mot so van de ve phim
dan toe hoc hien nay d Viet Nam 13
- GS. TSKH. To Ngoc Thanh: Gop y ve viec lam
phim dan toe hoc 23
- TS. Mai Thanh San: Phim dan toe hoc - May van de
ly luan va thirc tidn 29
- Pham Van Lpv. Vai y kien ban dau ve viec lam
phim video dan toe hoc tai Bao tang Dan toe hoc
Viet Nam 43
- PCS. TS. Nguyen Van Huy: Vai trd ciia tu lieu thi
giac trong caC hoat dong ciia Bao tang Dan toe hoc
Viet Nam 55
- ThS. Nguyen Thi Thu Huong: Gidi thieu so luac ve
phim dan toe hoc qua mot sd tac pham ciia cac tac
gia nude ngoai 62
- Paolo Chiozzi: Lich su phim dan toe hoc t (Trdn
Trung I lieu dich) 75
- Kthrin O ester Budc ngoat dan toe hoc - (Le Hai
Dang dich) 88
- Laurel Kendall: Ld cap sac “Kut” cho mot thiy
cung Han Quoc - (ThS. Nguydn Thi Thu Huang va
Vu Phuang Nga dich) 110
- Mot dam cudi truyen thdng ciia ngudi Bajau d Kota
Belud - (ThS. Bui Thu Hoa dich) 124
- Phan II. Y hoc dan gian - Cay thuoc nam
GS. IS . Tran Cong Khanh; Bao ton cay thuoc dan
toe va tri thufc y hoc gia truyen 6 Viet Nam 129
TS. Vo Thi Thiidng: Tir vice gioi thieu mot lang
thuoc nam den viec bao ton tri thuc y hoc dan giart 139
Vu Thi Ha: Phu nir Dai Yen v6i nghe thuoc nam 150
Vu Hong Thuat: Khai thac va sir dung cay thuoc a
nguofi Lao, Ha Tinh 166
TS. N guyin Duy Thuan: Mot so ket qua ciia viec
thirc hien du an "Bao ton cay thuoc c 6 truyen" 181
TS. Tran Thi Thu Thuy; Khai thac cay la'y soi va cay
thuoc nhuom lam thuoc chira benh cua ngudi
Hmong 187
Dang Thi Hoa: Tri thurc y hoc dan gian va bao t6n
cay thuoc cua ngircri Hmong a Hoa Binh 193
ThS. Pham Thanh Huyen: Lang nghS trong cay
thuoc NghTa Trai 201
Cac bai viet cho cuoc Trung bay va Trinh di6n ve
Lang thuoc nam Dai Yen 210
Phan III. Cac nghe thu cong truyen thong
Vu Thi Thanh Tam\ Ngh
- ThS. Vu Hong Thuat: Dam cudi ngudi Cham Islam
d An Giang 315
TS. Le Day Dai: Hanh trinh cuoi cung: Dam tang
cua ngudi Cham Ba-la-mon 329
ThS. Hoang Thu Hang: The gidi quan va vai tro cua
ong Mo trong tang 16 cua nguoi M udng a Hoa Binh 353
Mikhaj Hoppdl: Nhap mon Shaman va ndi dau
Shaman (TS. Dd Minh Cao dich) 365
L.V. Revunenkova: Sd phan ciia ddi tuong khong
the trd thanh Shaman (TS. Dd Minh Cao dich) 379
Phan V. N ghien cvtu van hod Thdi
TS. Vi Van An: Cac gia tri trong van hoa truyen
thong cua ngudi Thai Bdc Trung Bo 387
ThS. Nguyen Thi Hong Mai: Cac mon an ciia ngudi
Thai Den d thi xa Son La 400
Ngoc Ila: Pieu - net van hoa truyen thong ciia ngudi
Thai Den 437
Phan VI. Kinh nghiem trao doi trung bay
ThS. Hoang Thi To Quyen: Cong viec tiep nhan,
thao dd hien vat muon tir bao tang khac 447
Duong Thi Anh: Doi dieu ve ddng goi hien vat
bao tang 456
ThS. Nguyen Thi Hong Mai - ThS. Nguy in Thi
Hudng: Mdt sd kinh nghiem chu
- Bao quail tai lieu cinli ky thuat so (Cu Duy I lau,
ThS. NguyCn Thi Hong Mai va Nguyfin Thu Ha dich) 487
ThS. Pham Lan Huong: Va'n d£ quan ly va bao quan
cac cong trinh ngoai trdi d Bao tang Sinh thai
Maqueze (Phap) 500
Phan VIII. Bao tang vd Cdng chung
Nguyin Trung Dung: De cao cac chu the van hoa
qua hoat dong trinh diln cua Bao tang Dan toe hoc
Viet Nam 509
TS. Dd Minh Cao: Cdng tac tiep thj cho mot trung
bay chuyen de 525
TS. Tran Thi Thu Thuy: Mot sd va'n de vd ung dung
maketing trong bao tang 532
Phan IX. Bao tang vd Cong tac dao tao
N guyin Anh Ngoc: V i dao tao nguon nhan lire bac
dai hoc cho cac bao tang d nude ta hien nay 543
- PHAN I
PHIM DAN TOC HOC
- MOT SO VAN DE V'£ PHIM DAN TOC HOC
• • •
HIEN NAY 6 VIET NAM
PGS. I S . N G U Y E N V A N HUY
Trong khoang hon mudi nam tro lai day, cung voi su ddi mdi
cua dal nude, su phat trien va pho bien cua cac phuong tien ky
thuat, cac phuong tien nghe nhin, dac biet la bang hinh video da
dupe su dung rong rai trong cong tac nghien cuu, truyen thong,
hoat dong bao t6n cac di san van hoa phi vat the... Nhieu c a quan
d Trung uong cung nhu d cac tinh da td chtic lam tu lieu bang
bang video dd liru giu cac hinh anh ve phong tuc, tap quan, nghi
16,16 hoi ... ciia cac dan toe d nude ta, gidi thieu nhieu phim tr6n
cac dai truyen hinh, trong cac trung bay a bao tang, tren cac bang
hay dia CD... Phim co noi dung ve cac dan toe va phim dan toe
hoc dang hinh thanh nhu mot xu the phat tridn moi. Cac loai hinh
phim dang dupe hinh'thanh nay rat da dang vdi nhieu thanh tuu
dat dupe va co anh hudng nhat dinh trong xa hoi. Tuy nhien, ben
canh do, cac loai hinh phim nay cung boc 16 nhieu thie'u sot tr6n
buac dudng dang hinh thanh, nhieu quan niem ve cach lam phim
khac nhau ma chua co nhffng chu^n muc chung.
Trong khoang thdi gian phat trie’n do, hSu nhu chua co di6n
dan khoa hoc hay tr6n bao chi ban ve phim dan tdc hoc; chua co
nhung bai bao, luan van dat v£n d6 va thao luan v6 ljch su phim
dan toe hoc d nude ta; chua cd mdt cudc hdi thao, toa dam nao
ban ve van d6 phat tri^n phim dan tdc hoc: ndi dung, phuong
phap, cac cach ti6p can. Rat nhi6u cau hoi dupe dat ra: Phim dan
toe hoc la gi? No khac voi cac the loai phim khac n h u the nao?
Lich sii va hien trang phim dan toe hoc tren the gioi hien nay
ra sao? Quan diem chu dao ve mat ly thuyet, phuong phap
luan va phuong phap trong loai hinh phim nay la gi? Cac cach
13
- tiep can trong viec lam phim dan toe hoc nen nhu' the nao?
Phim dan toe hoc ddi hoi nhung chuan muc nhu the nao? Qua
trinh lain mot bo phim dan toe hoc cdn duoc trien khai ra sao
ke tit khi lam tit lieu cho den khi hoan thanh bo phim ? Nhung
iru diem va nhugc diem cua cac xu hudng hien nay trong
phim dan loc hoc? Cac djnh hudng tuong lai phat trien cua
phim dan toe hoc la gi? Biet bao nhung cau hoi nhu the duoc
dat ra vdi nhung ngudi quan tam den loai hinh hoat dong quan
trong nay. The nhung chua d dau giup cho ho thao luan de co
duoc nhung cau tra ldi thoa dang.
; ; ' V .! i.i - . .* • : « •i ' • ; : •: . . * i * f < i ; ' • : •. • • *
* ‘ 1 r f
Trong bai viet nay chung toi muon gop phan nhin lai mot
chang dudng lam phim dan toe hoc d nude ta, danh gia nhung
mat dugc va chua dugc cua phim dan toe hoc, cung nhau xdi ggi
nhung van de phim dan toe hoc de thuc day, nang cao chat lifgng
cua the loai phim nay.
\ f
. Mien nay, c d nhiSu don vj tien hanh lam phim dan toe hoe.
Co nhung dan vi “ lain” phim ma ngudi thuc hiSn la nhung
chuyen gia dan toe hoc, van hba hoc, van hod dan gian nhu Vien
Nghien ciru Van hoa; Vien Van hoa -Thong tin, Bao tang Dan
toe .hoc iViet Nam; Co nhung phim co noi dung mang “tinh chat
dan toe hoc” do1cac dai truyen hinh lam ve de tai cac dari tdc
thi^M so, gidi thieu ve van hoa, phong tue, tap qudri, ve cac di san
truyen thong... NhUng phim noi tren co nhung dac diem gi?
Nhung uu diem,, nhugc diem? Cac phim do cac dan vi khac nhau
thy^hien co nhung dac diem,rieng, phong cach rieng gi khong?
*> \ .' •>
Co the cd nhieu cau hoi nhu tr$n neu ra de cung thao Iu£n.
•'* Chting toi manh dan neu ra mot so nhan xet sau ve tinh hinh
phim dan toe hoe. - ' ' ' ! ' ,M ■
1. Ve chu de/de tai, phim dan toe hgc cua chung ta hien nay
chu yen tap trung vao m ot so ITnli vuc nhu' cac le hoi, cac nghi
f f
le ton giao, tin nguong (chu yeu gidi thieu noi dung, dien bien
X t
cua le hoi); cac di san, truyen thdng am nhac, van nghe dan
14
- gian; m ot ng/ie thu cong; hodc gid'i thieu klidi qudt ve mot dan
v r
toe thieu so ndo do... Trong cac chu de trcn tap trung hon ca vao
mieu ta le hoi, mot so hoal dong van nghc dan gian. Day chinh la
mot dac diem noi bat ve noi dung cua phim dan toe hoc d Viet
Nam hien nay.
*> >
Phim dan toe hoe la phuong lien de giup nguoi xem hieu ve
m ot nen von hod qua nhung hinh anh va loi thoai, loi giai thi'eh
^ r ____ f
bang each tiep can dan toe hoe. Tuy nhien, chung ta thay cac
# / f
phim dan toe hoc hien nay boc lo nhung thieu sot, bat cap cua
A X \ A
no ve sir ngheo nan, don dieu ve chu de, de tai phan anh cac
khia canh khac nhau cua van hoa. Chang han, ngay trong
khuynh huong chu dao cua phim dan toe hoe hien nay chu y vao
mieu ta, gidi thieu dien bien (ghi lai cac hanh vi) cua le hoi thi
phim lai it neu duoc van de, it ke dupe n hung cdu chuyen doi
> V » f
thud'ng vd sinh dong ve viec to chu'c le hoi hay nhung m oi
quan tam ciia ngudi dan, cua cong dong, n h u n g thdeh thuc,
9 f ♦
n h u n g chuyen hien cua cac le hoi do. Phim cua chung ta con
A /
ehira quan tam dung muc phan anh ve qua trinh hay cac van de
*v •»
dien ra ben trong cua cac sir van dong, hoac nhung thay doi o
/ f
- hod dd. Do chinh la cach tiep can dan toe hoc. phan biet phim
dan toe hoc voi cac the loai phim khac. Nhung quan diem nhan
*>
thirc do con chua, hay con qua it the hien trong phim dan toe hoc
' /\ ~
hien nay, dieu do lam giam tinh chuyen mon, sire hap dan, cung
nhu hieu qua cua phim dan toe hoc.
* %
Cac phim dan toe hoc cho tdi nay con thien ve lich sir, ve
9
dan toe hoc lich su-. Noi mot cach cu the hon la nhung ngudi lam
phim chu trong di tim nhung dac trung van hoa. nhung net van
hoa doc dao, rieng biet cua moi dan toe. Do la mot truyen thong
cua nen dan toe hoc Viet Nam. Nhung dan toe hoc hay nhan hoc
% f r
van hoa dong thdi lai co mot the manh khac la s u tiep can va
* ■“,
phan tich cuoc sdng duong dai thong qua moi cong dong va
tirng ca nhan. Phim dan toe hoc cua chung ta thudng bd qua, hay
khong chu y dung muc den the manh cua nganh khoa hoc nay,
cho nen phim thudng khong duoc nhung dong nang cua sir phat
trien cho hien tai va tuong lai, khong co nhung cau chuyen cu
7 / /
the, mang tinh ddi thudng, thieu vang nhung nhan vat chinh —
9
mot hoac vai ,con ngudi cu the dan cau chuyen trong phim ma
9 9 r
xem xong ngudi ta co the hieu duoc ddi song van hoa cua cong
dong, nhd duoc noi dung cau chuyen qua hinh anh, nhung con
f ' r f •>
ngudi song dong. Do chinh la sue song va sue hap dan cua the
loai phim dan toe hoc. , /, ,
2. Phim cua chung ta thudng co ket cau rat giong nhau.
9 \ \ m*
Chang han, khi de cap ve mot le hoi nao do thudng gidi thi^u ve
f
nguon goc dan toe, Hch su, dan so, noi cu tru, lang ban roi sau do
mdi vao noi dung chinh cua phim. Cach dan chuyen vao phim va
% f
cach gidi thieu phim (md dau, noi dung, ket thuc) khong khac gi
r \ t
mot bai nghien cuu viet tren tap chi khoa hoc. Dieu nay the hien
f
tu duy, cach tiep can cua nha khoa hoc nhieu hon la tu duy cua
/ 9
nha lam phim; su dung ngon ngu mo ta, viet va ke nhieu hon
9
ngon ngu dien anh, sir dung hinh anh, bieu tuong. Dieu do cung
* + * 9 \
de hieu, vi mot mat, phan ldn nhung nha lam phim deu la nha
khoa hoc, lam phim chi lam tay trai; mat khac phan ldn mdi tiep
16
- \ r f
can vdi cach lam phim dan toe hoc truyen thong ma con thieu
nhung cach tiep can lam phim dan toe hoc hien dai vdi nhung
9 f
quan niem mdi, each nhin mdi dang duac thay doi rat nhieu
f » ' 7
trong may chuc nam qua. Lam phim dan toe hoc can duac khang
dinh la mot lTnh vuc hoat dong doc lap trong nganh dan toe hoc;
^ % f f
can duac dao tao chuyen sau va can hoi nhap vdi quoc te thong
qua cac hoi thao khoa hoc, lien hoan phim dan toe hoc de giao
r *>
luu. hoc hoi ma sang tao. nang cao chat luong de phim dan toe
f
hoc co du sue phan anh sinh dong cuoc song da dang va phong
phu ciia cac dan toe d nude ta.
' 9 f
3. Ve ldi binh trong phim, hien nay co the thay co 3 phong
f \ f \ r
cach lam phim a nude ta neu xet ve van de su dung tieng noi
trong phim. Phong cach chii dao van la phim voi nhung l&i
hinh, ldi dan giai cua nha nghien cuu hoac ngu'di lam phim
thong qua mot giong doc chuyen nghiep. Phong each nay cho
r
thay quan niem, nhan thuc cua ngudi lam phim la quan trong
nhat, giu vi tri trung tam, lam nen tang dan dat toan bo noi dung
a *
phim. Nhu'ng ldi binh, ldi dien giai cua nha nghien cuu duac viet
cong phu, ti mi nhu mot bai bao chuyen nganh; cac hien tuong
trong phim duac co gang giai thich ngudn goc hay y nghia theo
nhan thuc, cam nhan cua nha nghien cuu. Tuy nhien, chinh d day
lai boc lo mot so van de de chung ta cung thao luan. Cac ldi
binh, ldi dan trong phim co qua nhieu, qua dai khong? Nhieu
f
phim chung ta chi cdn thay hinh anh va nghe ldi binh. Cac ldi
binh qua giong doe chuyen nghiep da lan at am thanh thuc cua
cuoc song ma ong kinh da thu duac. Xem phim nhieu khi ngudi
r r
ta khong cdn nghe thay giong hat, nhip mua, tieng nhac, am
thanh on ao cua le hoi nua. Cam hung cua ngudi xem nhu mot
/ r
ngudi tham du trong cuoc bi mat di. Xem phim chung ta thay
r
thieu su da dang cua cac giong noi, dac biet la cac giong noi cua
7 f
chu the. Chung ta chu yeu chi duac nghe su giai thich, nhan thuc
> •>
tir phia nha nghien curu; hau nhu khong duac nghe va khong hieu
f
duac nhung cach nhin khac nhau hay giong nhau cua ngudi dan
r r i
- tuc tieng noi tCr nhirng ngudi dan, tieng noi tir chu the van hoa.
17
- Phong cach thir hai clang dirge the nghiem va hinh thanh the
hien qua trinh tuong tdc giira nha nghien cuu va chu the van
hod - cong dong , cd nhdn trong qua tr'mh lam phim ; cdc nha
lam p h im bang cach thong qua lang ktnh ciia chii the van hod
•» r 9 9 /
de ke cdu chuyen ma minh muon chuyen tdi. 0 day tieng noi
ciia ngit&i dan, ciia chii the van hod dupe dat vao vj tri trung
f r
tdm ciia phim . Nha dan toe hoc co gang nhin nhan van hoa cua
chu the dirge nghien euu thong qua cai nhin cua chinh chu the
van hoa do. Mot trong nhung muc tieu cua dan toe hoc la can
f P 9 f
tiep can va nam bat nhung quan niem cua nguai dan, the gioi
/ r
quan va nhtrng moi quan he cua ho. Ngudi dan nhan thuc rat da
dang ve van hoa, ve cuoc song doi thuong cua minh. Moi nguoi
co hoan canh rieng, cac quan he va cach ung xu rieng trong mot
moi quan he ehung. Cac moi quan he ve ung xii da la bieu hien
cua van hoa. Phong cach lam phim ma chung ta dang noi la
hu&ng den the hien su' da dang trong hanh vi va nhan thuc
cua cdc chu the van hod. Noi mot each khac, phong cach nay
tao dieu kien cho chu the van hoa tu thd hien van hoa bling each
nhin va sir giai thfch ciia chinh nhung nguoi trong cuoc. Nhung
f
phim thuoc loai nay khong co hoac rat it loi binh. Lai noi trong
phim la/ chu yeu la loi cua nguoi dan/ chu the van hoa the hien
cac quan niem va the gioi quan cua ho, hay ket hgp loi nha
nghien cuu voi loi cua chu the van hoa. Day la mot xu hudng
• r : ■ >
moi dang dugc khuyen khich trong phim dan toe hoc tren the
gioi hien nay.
O 7
Trong nhung hoan canh cu the co the su dung phong cach thu
ba la n hung phim hoan toan khong co l&i binh hay tham ch i
r >
khong co l&i phong van ngudi dan. Do la phim tu lieu moc nham
cung cap cho nguoi xem nhirng hinh anh, am thanh thuc cua cuoc
f
song, cua nhung hien tugng van hoa nhu dam ma, each lam non,
f f f
cach san xuat gom... ma nhung nguoi lam phim muon gioi thieu.
/ . X
Do la nhung phim tu lieu dan toe hoc giup ich rat nhieu cho cac
nha nghien cuu, cho sinh vien trong cong tac nghien cuu va giang
day, cho cac bao tang trong cac cuoc trung bay.
18
- / > r * *»
4. Quay phim la van de then chot trong bat cu the loai phim
r •>
nao. Ngoai nhung nguyen lac chung cua dien anh, the loai phim
dan toe hoc co n It Ceng (tac diem rieng ciia m ot chuyen ngdnlt
\ f f
kltoa hoc. Dieu quan trong nhat voi phim dan toe hoc khi to
chirc quay phim la van de bdi cdnlt cua cac hien tuong van
hod, la lam the nao phan anh chan thuc nhat, khdeh quan
f r * x r
nhat nhurtg gi cuoc song dang dien ra. Can p h a i gidi quyet
thod dang m oi quan he giua tinh khdeh quan va tinh nghe
thudt, giua truyen thong vd hien dai. Co nhieu each tiep can va
«% \ry >
nhieu quan diem khac nhau ve van de nay. Phim dan toe hoe can
r r f
quay boi canh nhu the nao? Do la boi canh thuc nhu no dien ra
ma khong co ong kinh quay phim a ben canh. Tuc la lam sao
nhung nguoi lam phim cang it can thiep vao cang tot. Phim dan
toe hoc de cao nhung boi canh thirc cua cuoc song: nghi le do,
'
7 m*.
hoat dong bieu dien do dien ra a dau, trong hoan canh nao va
nhu the nao.
Mot cau hoi thuong dugc dat ra khi xem nhung phim dan toe
hoc: quan niem the nao la nguoi lam phim khong hay ft can thiep
vao boi canh? Tra lai cau hoi nay la rat phuc tap, tinh te. Chang
7 \ 'S If 0
han, de giai thieu ve truyen thong cua mot dan toe, nguai lam
phim thirong muon dan toe do pho bay nhung bo y phuc dep,
quan ao m ai trong cac boi canh khong dien ra trong dai thuang
nhu di lam nuong. lam ruong, nhu the co nen khong? Trong
nhung dam euai hay le hoi duang dai, nguai dan an mac rat da
dang, co y phuc truyen thong, co ao quan hay khan doi dau
thuang ngay dan gian, nguai lam phim co the can thiep vao nhu
chi cho phep nhung nguai mac y phuc truyen thong mai dugc
vao cho quay phim de “ton cai ve truy6n thong”, nhung nguai
mac “khac truyen thong” phai dung xa de khoi lot vao ong kinh?
Nhung nguai lam phim co quay nhung sinh hoat truyen thong
thoat khoi b6i canh thuc cua chung khong? Khi nao thi co th i
tao dung dugc boi canh, khi nao thi khong nen tao dung boi canh
/
khac voi boi canh thuc?
19
- n r y *
Cung co the dat van de nay mot cach khac: thay vi tranh den
toi thieu moi thao tac “dan dung” hoac “sap dat” cac canh quay
phim do nha dan toe hoc tu cho minh la nguai dao dien, nha dan
1 f 7
toe hoc eo the ket hop cung v&i cdc chu the van hod (ngudi
dan) de cung dung phim. Tire la, tir y tirang chu dao, cac canh
r 7 x
quay, cho toi cac chi tiet va ngon ngu bieu dat trong phim deu
duge lam vai su cong tac chat che giua nha nghien cuu va ngirdi
dugc nghien cuu. Tuong tir nhu vay, thay vi theo duoi mot su
khach quan tuyet doi (tranh can thiep vao hien thirc), phim dan
toe hoc chinh la mot each trinh bay van hoa mang tinh lien chu
? f
the, tuc la ket hop nhieu quan niem va giong noi khac nhau,
trong do co ca cua nha dan toe hoc.
Trong nhirng phuang phap lam phim dan toe hoe noi tren,
khi nao nen chon phuang phap nao la phu hop? Do la nhung cau
hoi ma ehung ta can phai thao luan.
f
5. Van de sur dung ngon ngfr trong phim cung la cau chuyen
\ r •> *
dang ban. Hien nay cac phim deu dung tieng pho thong/ tieng
Vi^t nhu mot IB thuang tinh vi tieng Vi?t la ngon ngu chinh thirc
r *
cua Quoc gia, cu dan .dai da so la nguai Kinh, nhieu nguai dan
toe thieu so biet tieng Kinh ... N hung ve phuang dien dan toe
/ W
hgc, cach irng xu nhu the co thuc su dung dan khong, co thirc su
binh dang khong? Tra lai cau hoi nay la vo cung phuc tap. M ot
cau hoi lan dugc dat ra la ehung ta lam phim cho ai? Vi ai? Ai se
la cong chung cua nhung phim nay? Dan toe hoc hien dai co xu
huang dua nhung nghien cuu quay tra lai vai chinh doi tuang
nghien cuu cua minh, tra lai vai chu the van hoa. N guai dugc
huang lgi tir nhung nghien cuu dan toe hoc truac het phai la cac
■> r
chu the van hoa. Trong cach tiep can do, nguai dan cac dan toe
1 / ^ f
thieu so can dugc huang truac het nhung phim dan toe hoc ma
ho hoac giup do hoac cung lam, cung hgp tac vai cac nha lam
? ' \ r
phim de noi ve ho. Phim dan toe hgc ma de cap den cac dan toe
thieu so co nen chi dung tieng Viet khong? Nguai dan toe thieu
r \ r w
so can noi tieng Viet hay noi tieng dan toe cua minh trong phim?
20
- C o the khuyen khich nhung ldi thoai trong phim bang ban ngu
vdi nhung ldi phu de bang tieng Viet khong? Sir ton trong cac
V \ V
chu the van hod can duoc the hien khdng ch i & nhung gid tri
hinh anh md cd o' ngdn ngir, n hung loi thoai, loi phong van
trong phinu Day la mot khuynh hirdng ma cac nha lam phim dan
toe hoc dang hirdng ldi. Do chinh la mot trong nhung each de
bao ton eae gia trj van hoa phi vat the cua moi cong dong, dong
* ••
thdi cung la each trao quyen bieu dat vd trinh hay van hod cho
chinh ban than chu the van hoa, thong qua dd nang cao long
r
tu ton van hod vd tang cuong ton trong vd giao tiep xuyen vim
hod. Nhung phim loai nay dang co vj tri quan trong tren dien dan
phim dan toe hoc the gidi. Nhung phim nhu vay d nude ta co the
f
chieu tren DaiTruyen hinh Trung uong duoc khong hay chi co
■i , r ■> /
the chieu d nhung khu vuc, dia phuong co ngudi dan toe thieu so
phu hop? Nhung cau hoi nay co tam quan trong dac biet d mot
nude da dan toe nhir nirdc ta nhung cung cdn chua duoc giai
quyet thoa dang.
6. N hu cau vd su' don nhan cua cdng chung, cua ngudi
xem ddi vdi ph im dan toe hoc la van de rat quan trong vi neu
dap ung no se gop phdn kich thich s u p h d t trien cua loai hinh
* r ^
phim nay. Ve van de nay, n h u n g ngudi lam phim hien nay chi
* r •?
m oi chu y den n h u n g cai m inh m ong m uon chuyen tai thong
tin cho nguoi xem. Cdn rat it cac nghien cuu, neu khong noi la
chua co nhung nghien cuu ve nhu cau, ve phan ung, ve su tiep
nhan cua cong chung doi vdi cac phim dan toe hoc da trinh chieu
’ r y t
ve noi dung, ldi binh, hinh anh va nhat la ve do dai. Chang han,
d day co van de do dai cua phim nen nhu the nao? Phim dan toe
hoc hien co do dai rat khac nhau, tu 7- 8 phut, 30 phut, 45 phut
»v \ r r
hay 60 phut. Do dai cua moi phim phu thuoc nhieu yeu to nhu
' *
muc dich su dung (bao ton, du lich, nghien cuu, truyen thong ...),
^ f
kinh phi va ca nhu cau tam ly nua... Da den luc can co nhung
* X
nghien ciru ve cac nhu cau khac nhau cua da dang cong chung
f
doi vdi phim dan toe hoc.. Chung ta co nhieu loai cong chung, co
21
- cone, chuna nsiirdi dan toe thieu so, cona chung nmrdi Kinh; co
cong chung do thi. cong chung mien nui. vung sau. vung xa; la
thanh nien. thieu nhi, la nha nghien cuu. sinh vien cac bac dai
hoc va sau dai hoc, hay chi la khach du lich... Lam the nao cho
viec san xuat phim dap ung va phu hop voi sir da dang do '?
*
* *
Tom lai, phim dan toe hoc dac biet co gia tri bao ton va luu
f •> r
giu nhung gia tri van hoa phi vat the; pho bien nhung gia tri
truyen thong trong quang dai cong chung; la nhung tu lieu cho
nghien cuu va giang day. Hon nua, nen chang can tien toi mot
quan niem coi phim dan toe hoc la mot trong nhung cdng cu
9 9
bieu dat va trinh bay van hod ciia chinlt ban than chii the van
r
hod, vd thdng qua do tang cud’n g giao tiep xuyen van hod.
f
Chung ta tuy da dat duoc mot so thanh qua buoc dau ve phim
•} 9
dan toe hoc. nhung de phat trien loai phim nay la ca mot chang
f f f
dudng dai phai giai quyet biet bao cong viec. Nhung van de ma
chung toi neu d tren duoc cho la quan trong khi nhin nhan, danh
gia ve phim dan toe hoc nham goi md cho cuoc hoi thao nay.
22
nguon tai.lieu . vn