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- BUI VAN NAM SO'N
YOT HUONG num DAT
TRO
CHUYEN
�·
TRIET
HOC
,
....
TAP BAY
cAc BAI VE G1Ao ouc
II @
CONG TY SACH THOl DAI• NHA KUii BAN TRI THI
- DOI 101 ...
Sau mudi " CAU CH�N GIAO
- - ,
D1JC" da dang thu6'ng ky tren NGVOI
DO THl duqc t�p hqp h�i, cung cap m¢t
cai nhin tong quan ve Itch SU tu'. tu'.ong
giao dvc Tay phudng tu co d�i den ...
h�u-hi�n d�i. M¢t dong g6p nho be vao
dien dan chung ve triet h9c va ly thuyet
giao dl;lC nu'.OC nha.
BUI VAN NAM SON
- MUCLUC
. .
I A A _+ )
• 1. GIAO DUC: MOT NHAN QUYEN CO BAN ............................... 11
• 2. MOT SIEU LY THUYET VE GIAO D UC ................................. 17
A II A , ,.., ,, ... ,
• 3. HAT NHAN "KHAI MINH" TRONG cAc TRIET THUYET GIAO
DUC......................................................................................22
TRIET THUYET GIAO Dl)C "DUY TAM 11 ......................................... 29
• 4. MO HINH LY TUONG:
DU NGON HANG OQNG ...................................................... 30
• 5. CON DUONG GIAO DUC:
DU NGON ANH SANG ......................................................... 35
.,..
• 6. CAN OAP VO BAO NHIEU
,.. - "
QUA TRUNG? ...................................................................... 41
,.., ,.., ,
TRIET THUYET GIAO Dl)C DUY THI/C 47
• 7. MO HINH DUY THl)C: TU CUQC 001 CUA BAC TON SU ........ 48
• 8. TRUNG DAO VANG ............................................................... 53
• 9. BIET OE LAM- HIEU OE DAY ................................................. 58
,.., ,.1 ' ,:, �
- • 10. GIAO Dl,JC CONG DAN VA NEN DAN CHU .......................... 63
• 11. QUY TAC VANG VA... 68
• 12. "CAN NHAN TlNH": KHOI DIEM CUA GIAO Dl,JC Hl�N DAI 73
TRIET THUYET GIAO Dl)C DUY NHIEN 79
• 13.JEANJACQUES ROUSSEAU: DA TAI, DA NAN, DA OOAN...80
• 14. HAI LUAN VAN CUA ROUSSEAU:
KHAI MINH VE KHAI MINH ................................................. 85
• 15.J.J. ROUSSEAU: TV DO, GIAO MA KHONG MAT? ...............90
• 16. ROUSSEAU: COPERNICUS TRONG GIAO Dl,JC .................... 95
,
• 17. ROUSSEAU: GIAO Dl,JC "U r u LA
T. NHlcN ' GI?
, ...................... 100
• 18. EMILE: TRIET LY GIAO Dl,JC THEO LUA TUOI .................... 105
• 19. GIAO Dl,JC PHONG VE: 5 OEN 12 TUOI .............................. 110
• 20. ROUSSEAU VA "TUOI CUA LY TRf" (TU 12 OEN 15) .......... 115
• 21. "VAY DO BONG NHIEN MA HO LON..." ............................ 120
• 22. ANH HUONG SAU DAM CUA ROUSSEAU ........................ 126
• 23. GIAO Dl,JC "Tl) NHIEN": UU VA KHUYET ...........................131
TRIET THUYET GIAO Dl)C KHAI MINH 137
• 24. GIAO Dl,JC KHAI MINH: THONG DIEP CUA THE KY........... 138
• 25. KANT VA BON CAU HOI COT LOI ...................................... 144
' ,, A> , ,., -
• 26. KANT: GIAO Dl,JC LA Gl? ................................................... 149
• 27. KANT VA BON TRACH Vl,J GIAO Dl,JC ............................... 154
- • 28. GIAO DUC TRONG VIEN TUONG "DAO OUC HOA" .......... 159
• 29. TU "KHUC GO CONG QUEO CUA CON NGUOI"... ............. 164
• 30. GIAO DUC: GIOA TlJ DO VA CUONG BACH ....................... 169
• 31. KANT: NGOI BUT VA DAN QUYEN .................................... 174
' I ' A ,A-
• 32. TlJ DO HOC THUAT: SINH LO CUA MOT NEN VAN MINH 179
• 33. HAY CHAM OUT Sl,J KHONG TRUONG THANH !............... 184
• 34. TU MOT PHIEN TOA PHAT XIT.......................................... 189
• 35. "TIEN BO" LA MOT DUONG THANG? .............................. 194
TRIET THUYET GIAO Ol)C DUY TAM OUC
,..,
199
N , A I
• 36. "GIAO DUC TOAN DltN": MOT KHAO KHAT
KHON NGUOI ................................................................... 200
• 37. GIAO DUC: CONG CU0C DAI HOA GIAI ? .........................205
• 38. GIAO DUC: MOI GOI LEN DUONG ..................................... 210
K N , ,
TRIET THUYET GIAO Ol)C "Dl)NG HANH" 215
• 39. GIAO DUC: NHONG CHANG DUONG THANH GIA ............ 216
• 40. MOT GAM KINH NGHIEM HON MOT TAN LY THUYET? .. 221
• 41. NHA TRUONG: NOi REN LUYEN NEP S6NG DAN CHU ... 226
• 42. NGUOI GAC CONG THIEN DANG ...................................... 231
TRIET THUYET GIAO Dl)C Hl�N SINH 237
• 43. TRIET HIEN SINH: "TIEN LEN OE SONG! ..........................238
,,., .... .,,.., A ,,;J ,.,,,
II
• 44. THU( TiNH TRUOC sue MANH VO DANH........................243
- • 45. "BIET MAY DONG THOM MO GIOA DUONG..." .............. 248
• 46. KARL JASPERS: THAP SANG HIEN SINH! ......................... 253
• 47. "Y NIEM DAI HOC": LINH HON CUA GIAO DUC CAP CA0.258
I A � , I .,.,.,
263
,..., .,,.., , ? ,..r A I
TRIET THUYET GIAO Dl)C CUA TRIET HQC PHAN TICH
• 48. NGON NGO CUA GIAO DUC ............................................. 264
• 49. TRIET HOC PHAN TfCH VE GIAO Dl)C: THINH VA SUY .... 269
• 50. TU VO TRI DEN... KHONG BIET Gl ! ...................................276
• 51. "CHI CON CON DUONG PHE PHAN LA R
- 1. GIAODUC:
MOT NHAN Q!JYEN Cd BAN
A A � ?
,, T.7hong nen de h9c van mai lam nguoi khach tr9.
.l�ay cu hanh hon le v&i nang ( chang) thoi ! ". Loi
khuyen ay cua De Montaigne (1533-1592), nha hien
triet nguoi Phap, clan den loi khuyen tiep theo eua el;l
Nguyen Du: "Tram nam tinh ehuy�n vuong tron/Phai
do eho den ng9n nguon lq.eh song".
Cau ehuy�n giao dl;le - mo dau eu¢e tro chuyfn triet
h9c dang do va... bat t�n, nay duqe han h
- 12 • BUI VAN NAM �ON
phu'.ong di�n h� thong ( cac khai ni�m "nen tang" cua
giao d\lC), hay thu d�t giao d\lC vao dung"Cu'.o'ng v( cua
n6: nhu'. m9t nhan quyen co' ban.
Dieu 26 cua Tuyen ngon pho quat ve Nhan quyen
cua Lien Hi�p Qu6c ngay 10.12.1948 da trinh tr9ng
khang dinh:
''1. M9i ngu'.oi deu c6 quyen duqc hu&ng giao d\lC.
Giao d\lC phai mien phi, it nhat lad b�c tieu h9c va trung
h9c co' sd. Giao d\lC tieu h9c phai la bat bu9c, giao d\lC
ky thu�t va de;1y nghe phai den duqc voi m9i nguoi, va
giao d\lC de;1i h9c hay Cao hon phai theo nguyen tac Cong
bang cho bat cu ai c6 kha nang.
2. Giao d\lC nham giup con nguoi phat trien day du
ve nhan cac� va thuc day slj ton tr9ng cac nhan quyen
va cac tlj do co' ban cua con nguoi. Giao d\lC ciing phai
nham tang cu'.ong slj hieu biet, long khoan dung va tinh
huu nghi giua tat ca cac dan t9c, cac nh6m chung t9c hay
ton giao, ciing nhu'. phai nham day me;1nh cac hoe;1t d
- TRO CHUYfN TRIU HOC • 13
cho", nho the, c6 cudng vtcua m
- 14 • BUI YAN NAM SON
duQ'c g9i la "quyen", thay vi "nhan quyen" khi duQ'c dua
vao cac "Cong uoc quoc te" ve cac quyen kinh te, xa h9i
va van h6a cua Lien Hi�p Quoc ngay 19.12.1966.
- Ngo�i 1� a day chinh la quyen duQ'c huong giao d1:1c
nhu m9t nhan quyen Cd ban dich thljc! Bi�n minh cho
dieu nay th�t khong de dang va vliQ't ra khoi khuon kh6
cau chuy�n cua chung ta, vi phai chung minh duQ'c hai
diem rat kh6: qua CO nhan quyen tlj nhien Cd ban, Va
giao d1:1c la mQt trong nhfing quyen ay!
HAI HOA CAC MVC DICH: H(ll NHAN CUA GIAO DVC
' ' r , A ') ,-
Bao quyen tl)'. nhien la d\ia vao "y Troi" se kh6 thuyet
ph1:1c voi nguoi khong c6 tin nguong. Bao n6 la "S\i
ki�n hien nhien" khong can va khong the chung minh
(nhu quan ni�m noi tieng cua Kant ve "m�nh l�nh nhat
quyet": khac voi cham ngon chu quan, m�nh l�nh nhat
quyet ve luan ly la khach quan: "Hay hanh d9ng sao cho
cham ngon chu quan cua b�n luc nao ciing co the tro
thanh mQt quy lu�t ph6 quat") thi c6 ve chua du vi chua
cho thay S\J tat yeu t�i Sao toi phai tuan thu n6. Kho th�t,
nhting it ra phai thua nh�n S\J tat yeu rang ttj do cua ta
khong phai VO gioi h�: thu nhat la tat yeu ttj nhien vi toi
khong the tang hinh den tham b�n duQ'c, va thu hai la tat
yeu logic khi khong the vua muon an vua muon gifi l�i
mieng banh ng9t! Nghia la, ta tat yeu phai... muon m9t
so dieu nhat dinh thoi, boi hai stj tat yeu tren day khong
cho ta co ll)'.a ch9n khac. Trong so cac dieu... "muon" ay,
co cac quyen Cd ban. T�i sao?
Thua, vi ai ai ciing muon d�t duqc nhfing m1:1c dich
- TRO CHUYfN TRlfr HOC • 15
cua minh. M1;1c dich khac v6'i mong u6'c, vi m1;1c dich,
ve nguyen tac, khong the bat kha thi. N6 doi hoi phai
tim ra va SU d1;1ng nhung phuong ti�n thich hQ'p, ke ca va
nhat la de lo�i b6 nhung tro ng�i (muon vao nha, phai
mo cua ! ) . Ta khong the dong thoi theo duoi nhung m1;1c
dich trai nguQ'c nhau da danh, ma cfing khong the biet
het m1;1c dich cua nhung nguoi khac. Cach duy nhat de
tranh xung d9t la phai c6 nhung quy tac chung dam bao
Slj hai hoa pho quat ve cac ffil;IC dfch, khien ta CO the neu
thanh cong thuc: ai ai cfing muon c6 slj hai hoa ve m1;1c
dich theo nhung quy tac chung. Tu d6 m6'i c6 Y ni�m ve
(phap) quyen, ve (phap) quyen khach quan va (phap)
quyen chu quan.
Muon chung minh m9t quyen la nhan quyen co ban,
ta phai chung minh rang thieu n6 se khong the c6 slj hai
hoa pho quat ve m\}C dich (do la ly do m9t SO quyen kinh
te, xa h9i khong hoan toan la nhung quyen co ban). Sl;i
hai hoa ay cfing khong the d�t dtiQ'c bang cuong bach,
neu khong muon chi c6 slj hai hoa gia t�o, be ngoai.
V�y, chi c6 giao dt;lC m6'i g6p phan thljc hi�n dtiQ'c
slj hai hoa dich thljc, qua hai bu6'c khai minh: - du c6
y thuc hay khong, con nguoi m�c nhien muon c6 slj hai
hoa ve m1;1c dich (v6'i minh va v6'i nguoi khac) j - thay
rang b�o lqc, ky cung, khong the mang l�i slj hai hoa dich
thljc va lau ben.
Tu d6, c6 the phat bieu m1;1c tieu co ban cua giao d1;1c
theo tinh than cua Tuyen Ngon, nhat la khoan 2, dieu 26
v6'i tu each m9t nhan quyen co' ban nhu sau:
- 16 • BUI VAN NAM �ON
M9i ngu6'i deu co quyen duQ'c huong giao d1:1c de
giup h9 co the thau hieu y ni�m ve (phap) quyen va
nh�n ra rang b�o ltjc khong phai la phtio'ng ti�n thich
hQ'p de d�t dtiQ'C nhfing ffi\}C dich CUa minh.
Triet h9c phat trien nhfing phuo'ng phap de d�t co' so
hoan toan thuan ly cho cac chuan mtjc d�o due va phap
quyen, vi the, da va se luon co m�t trong mQi nghi lu�n
ve giao d1:1c.
- TRO CHUYIN TRlfl HOC • 17
. "SIEU LY THUYET"
A A � �
2. MOT
.
� �
VEGIAODUC
'' ieu ly thuyet" (metatheory) nghe ghe g&m th�t ra
s
chi la ly thuyetve... ly thuyet! Neu giao d\IC la doi
ttiQ'ng nghien cuu (Iy thuyet), dong thoi la hanh d9ng
thtjc hanh (d�yva h9c)thi "sieu ly thuyet" banve ca hai
linh vtjc ay. N6 se giup ta c6 cai nhin tong quan ve doi
song giao d\IC Vdi tat Ca Slj phuc t�pva phong phu CUa no.
SIEU Lf THUYET GIAO DUC
Trong m& bong bong cua the gi&i giao d\lc, Wolgang
Brezinka ( 1928-), m9t trong nhung nha ly lu�n giao d\lc
hang dau hi�n nay, cho ta cai nhin kha sang sua, de hieu
khi phan bi�t ba l&p ly thuyet, gom: khoa h9c giao d\}c,
triet h9c giao d\}Cva sti ph�m thtjc hanh ("Sieu ly thuyet
ve giao d\}c", 1978).
KHOA HQC GIAO DUC
La m9t "khoa h9c", khoa h9c giao d\IC (hay giao d\IC
h9c) quan sat, mo ta, phan tich nhan qua, rut ra nhung
- 18 • BUI VAN NAM �ON
dt;i doan va thao tac theo huong "c6ng ngh� h9c":
Truoc het, n6 m6 ta nhung hi�n tliQ'ng va nhung gi
lien quan den giao dt;IC tu tht;ic t�i quan sat dtiQ'C, thu tim
cac moi quan h� nhan qua gifta nhung hi�n tliQ'ng ay, dua
ra cac dt;i doan, va, tu d6, phat trien m9t "cong ngh� h9c",
tuc phtidng ti�n va phudng phap nham t�o ra nhung
ket qua dtiQ'c mong
"CHINH BAN PHAI LA Sl)' muon nhung chua
THAY 801 MA BAN MUON NHiN c6 trong tht;ic te.
THAY TRONG TH� GIO'I NAY". Khoa hQC giao dt;IC
chi mang l�i nhung
MAHATMA GANDHI
thong tin Ve Slj ki�n
va cac moi quan h�,
nhung khong dua ra nhung danh gia c6 tinh quy ph�m.
TRIET HOC GIAO DVC
Triet h9c giao dl;IC (hay triet ly giao dl;IC) thi khac !
La m
- TRO CHUY(N TRlfT HOC • 1 9
SIi PH�M THI/C HANH
Trong truong hQ'p ly tuong, SU phc:1m thl;ic hanh se
tiep thu CO ch9n l9c cac thanh tlju cua lzhoa h9c giao dl;IC
va triet h9c giao dl;IC de de ra ly thuyet giao dl;IC. Huong
den hanh d9ng, ly thuyet giao dl;IC thuong dl.iQ'C SO�n
thao tu m9t quan diem triet h9c, d�o due, the gioi quan
hay tin nguong nhat dinh nao do. Chang h�n, ly thuyet
giao dl;IC (macxit, tl;i do, Ph�t giao, Kito giao, v.v.. ) cho ta
biet nhung gi nen lam va khong nen lam trong linh vl;ic
giao dl;IC ndi m9t boi canhvan h6a-Iich SU Cl;l the. Tu do,
CO duong loi, chinh sachva dinh che giao dl;IC tudng ung.
. GIAO DUC?
. HAY NHIEU TRIET HOC
MOT .
Cau chuy�n giao dl;IC cua chung ta se
- 20 • BUI YAN NAM �ON
Va triet hQC giao dl;lC n6i rieng, tinh hinh khac han: ben
c�nh nhung nha chuyen man, ai cung thay minh c6
quyen tham gia y kien, va cho y kien minh la dung, chu'.a
n6i den vi�c san sang SU dl;lng quyen Ive va quyen uy!
Ranh gi6'i dung/ sai thuong m�p mo, va chi con c6 the
cho dqi d thi�n chi va tinh than doi tho�i.
- Cac chu de thuong rat r9ng, kh6 bao quat het, l�i
dl;lng ch�m ngay den nhung xac tin, niem tin co huu cua
moi ca nhan, t�p the, de gay chia re, phan h6a hdn la
doan ket, dong thu�n. Thu diem qua m9t vai trong VO so
quan diem doi l�p kho be hoa giai: - giao dl;lC la truyen
d�t kien thuc hay tang cuong nang Ive tv tri trong nh�n
thuc va phan doan? - nhung kien thuc, nang Ive ay la gi
va trong chung mvc nao chung la linh ho�t, mem deo
hay c6 the tac d9ng, leo lai, dua vao khuon kho? - danh
u'.u tien cho giao dl;lC tv do hay giao dl;lC "SU m�nh"1 giao
dl;lC ca nhan hay giao dl;lC Cong dan? - dau la SV khac bi�t
giua giao dl;lC VOi giao huan, VOi huan luy�n Va nhoi SQ?
- giua quyen h�n cua tre em, ph\1 huynh, nh6m chung
tQC va xa hQi, va, trong tru'.ong hqp CO xung d9t, ai du'.QC
ht.icing quyen UU tien? - giua giao dl;lC va cai each xa h9i:
giao dl;lC de cung ung nhan Ive va tai san xuat xa h9i san
c6 hay la nhan to de thay doi xa h¢i? v.v.. va v.v..
- Giao dl;lC va tu tu'.dng giao dl;lC c6 ijch SU qua lau dai
v6'i VO so triet thuyet khac nhau tu Dong sang Tay. Giao
d1:1c di lien voi sv hinh thanh van minh nhan lo�i, trong
d6 biet bao nhieu chau ng9c bi vui lap va lang quen can
phai duqc khai qu�t va mai dua cho cac the h� horn nay va
mai sau. Li�u c6 the ban ve triet h9c giao d1:1c "tu hu vo"
- TRO CHUY(N TRl£l HOC • 21
v6'i long kieu m
- 22 • BUI YAN NAM SON
.
3.HATNHAN
"KHAI MINH" TRONG cAC
� � �
.
TRIET THUYET GIAO DUC
cAc... "ISM" (''CHU THUYET")
Ngay nay, nghe den tu "chu thuyet", "chu nghia",
nhieu nguoi nhiu may e ng�i. Khong phai khong c6 ly
do:
- Khong c6 chu thuyet nao tinh rong, trai l�i, luon
la... so nhieu, ngay trong long m
- TRO CHUY(N TRlfT HOC + 23
- Chung co th?t, vi the, can duQ'c ton tr9ng va tim
hieu, trao doi nghiem chinh, thoa dangj
- La nhung trao luu tu tuong, nhung the gioi quan,
nhan sinh quan da d?ng, phuc t?p, phong phu, can co
S\i phan dinh de tranh Ian l(>n, vi yeu cau h9c thu?t va
truyen thong.
- Sv tuong phan ( neu co) giua cac chu thuyet lam
noi b?t van de, bu9c ta phai luu y va ch9n thai d9 ( chang
h?n giua: l?C quan-bi quan, tuy�t doi-tuo'ng doi, hi�n
d?i-h?U hi�n d?i, tl;i do-c9ng dong, bao thu-cap tien,
chu chien-chu hoa, v.v..). Nhieu S\i tuo'ng phan, qua thoi
gian, diu l?i, va, qua doi tho?i, tim duQ'c S\i tong hQ'p moi,
kich thich ho?t d9ng tinh than cua con nguoi.
- Quan tr9ng hdn, chinh S\l da d?ng Cua cac chu
thuyet la Cd hQi ly tuong cho vi�C giao d\IC tinh than dan
chu, tudng kinh trong xa h9i hi�n d?i. Da vien tuqng
chua han la chiec dfia than cho S\l tniong thanh, nhu'ng
la m9t chiec cau khong the thieu de vliQ't bo oc n� co va
me tin.
- Chu thuyet nao cfing la m()t cong C\l de nhin, suy
nghI va phan doan. Ngoai tinh cong C\l ( co the nhat
thoi) } chu thuyet nao cfing it nhieu mang theo nhung
"h?t nhan chan ly", nhfing chau ng9c dich thvc cua nen
van minh nhan lo�i.
Tom l�i, cau chuyen giao d\IC xin ch9n each ke l�i
m9t each gian di cau chuy�n cua nhung triet thuyet, nhu
m9t sg gqi mo va moi g9i suy tu.
nguon tai.lieu . vn