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- 128 • BUI YAN NAM SON
�
"TRIET HOC
A A°'
KANT"
"' ?
HOI NI�M VA VIEN CANH
I
G ifia khong khi nong bong CUa thoi CUQC nhfing nam
1966-68, the h� "tuoi hai mu'.di" cua m9t so anh chi
em chung toi luc bay gio con may man du'.qc ngoi tren
ghe nha tntong: Khoa Triet Dc).i h9c Van khoa Sai Gon.
0 do, nhfing dau 6c mang td duqc em dem "dan vao Triet
h9c", drlQ'c khuyen khich "nh�p mon" (chu chrla dam n6i
den "nh�p that") vao m
- TRO CHUY(I TRIO HOC • 129
hoi: "The h� chung toi mat roi, ai trong cac anh chi con
d9c dtiQ'C nhung quyen sach nay?"); c6 Thay Kim Dinh
bay bong, Thay Nguyen Duy Can c�m c�i, Thay Le
Xuan Khoa hao hoa... Con triet Tay? Chung toi c6 Thay
Nguyen Van Trung (nhungvandecoban,Marx), Thay Ly
Chanh Trung (d
- 130 • BUI YAN NAM �ON
hieu het nhung loi Thay d�y ve Kant... ( du nho dn Thay
ma Ian dau tien duqc nghe nhung tu day "me ho�c": sieu
nghi�m, v6ng lu�n, Antinomie... ), nhung Thay da ghi d�m
len tim toi cai le phai thong thuong chang can "triet ly "
cao xa: "quoc gia hung vong...". Cong dn Thay Ion qua !
Thay Le Thanh Tri m9t horn cam quyen Phe phan Ly
tinh thuan tuy (ban dich tieng Phap) day c9m, nang cao
len cho chung toi thay, roi noi: "Cac Ong cac Co" [Thay
luon co y gQi chung toi nhu the de to long ton tr9ng sinh
vien trong "moi trtiong" d� hQC] h9c Triet h9c chuyen
nghi�p thi phai d9c het quyen nay!". Nghe loi Thay, toi tim
den Thu vi�n quoc gia d duong Gia Long (bay gio la Thu
vi�n Khoa h9c xa h¢i d duong Ly Ttt Tr9ng) r6n ren muqn
quyen sach... xem thu. Bae thu thu nh�n the, nguoc nhin
toi bang c�p mat nghi ngo, nhung roi ciing cltiu kh6 xu6ng
kho h;c tim. Ng6t 15 phut sau, toi moi duqc cam tren tay
quyen sach n�ng trich, barn bvi, trinh tr9ng tim m9t g6c
ngoi th�t em ai d ha.uh lang co kinh, roi do ra... d9c. L�t
toi l�t lui nam bay Ian, thu rang d9c vai do4n moi biet sue
minh c6 h4n, trong khi ngoai cua so kia, hang me xanh
qua, va chieu Sai Gon thd m¢ng qua ! Co ngoi nan them
nua tieng dong ho moi dam... ron ren mang tra chi vi SQ
g�p l4i anh mat cua bac thu thu! May sao, chang biet nho
dau, toi tim dQC duqc bai giang cua Thay Tran Thai Dinh
- hinh nhu la bai giang cua Thay d D� chung vi�n Xuan
Bkh -, sau nay duqc in va cong bo (Triet h9c Kant, NXB
Van Moi, 1974). Toi khong may man duqc Thay tajc tiep
d�yve Kant. (J "Van khoa", chung toi chi duQ'c nghe Thay
giang ve triet hQC hi�n d�, va ciing la Ian dau tien duqc
- TRO CHUY(N TRlfT HOC • 131
nghe Thay gi6'i thi�uve thuyet cau
true (bay gio g9i la "Cd cau lu�n")
ma nay chi con nh6' duQ'c doi cau
trich danday "an ttiQ'ng": "Chung
ta khong n6i ma bi n6i; khong
lam ma bf lam",v.v... cua nhung F.
Saussure, C. L. Strauss... m6'i toanh !
Nho Thay, chung toi duQ'c biet it
nhieu ve triet h9c hi�nd9-i, nhung
vo'i rieng toi, bai giangve Kant cua GS. Tran Thai Dinh
Thay n6i tren th�t da "cuu nguy"
dung lucde giup toi phan nao hieuduQ'c cours hoc bua cua
Thay Nguyenvan Kietva nhat la kh6a giang rat kh6va rat
sau cua Thay Le Ton Nghiemve quyen Kant va van cte' Sieu
hinh hQc cua M. Heidegger. Khong hieu Kant, lam sao hieu
noi M. Heidegger ban give Kant! Tud6va maiden horn
nay, quyen Triet hQc Kant cua Thay Tran Thai Dinh ( cung
v6'i hai ban dich rat quy cua Thayve Descartes: Lu�n van
ve'phudng phap/Discours de la methodeva Nhang suy ni�m
Sieu hinh hQc/Meditations metaphysique, 1962) va quyen
Kant va van de' Sieu hinh hQc cua Thay Le Ton Nghiem
luon theo sat hen toi khong chi nhu kyv�tdang nang niu
cua m
- 132 • BUI YAN NAM �ON
Kant ma den nay toi van chua tim thay each dich nao tot
hdn: "Ni�m thuc" (Schema), "Y the" ( das Ideal), "Phan
tich phap" (Analytik), v. v... de chlxin ddn cu m9t hai vi
d1=1.
Cac Thay khong chi trao truyen cho chung toi van
kien thuc Cd ban, ma quan tr9ng hdn, da thap len trong
chung toi long khao khat h9c hoi, long quy tr9ng d�o
ly (Thay Nguyen Dang Th1=1c tung nua dua nua th�t bao
chung toi nen dich chu "Philo-sophia" cua triet Tay thanh
"Minh Due huu hoai" ! ). Va Thay Tran Thai Dinh, Thay
Le Ton Nghiem... deu luon khuyen rang: h9c triet h9c la
phai biet d�t cau hoi; cau hoi c6 khi quan tr9ng hdn cau tra
loi; phai biet lui l�i de "d�t thanh van de" nhung gi ttidng
da giai quyet xong, phai biet
lang nghe va ton tr9ng nguoi
khac vi chan ly chang cua rieng
ai va cfing chang de tim. Hi�n
than cho tinh than ay m9t each
m�nh me va day thuyet ph1=1c
khong ai khac hdn la chinh I.
Kant, doi ttiQ'ng duQ'c tim hieu
trong quyen sach nay. Do do,
nhan dip tai ban quyen Trie't
h9c Kant cua Thay Tran Thai
Dinh, dtiQ'C Nha xuat ban gQ'i
y va dtiQ'C Thay r9ng long cho
phep, toi muon nhan Cd h9i quy bau nay de trtioc het, bay
to long biet dn Thay cua m9t nguoi h9c tro cu va, sau day,
xin kinh can g6p vai suy nghi "noi dieu".
- TRO CHUY(N TRlfr HOC • 133
II
Trinh bay triet h9c cua m9t tac gia Ion voi tam co
nhu cua Kant bangvai tram trang sach la thach thuc gian
nan doivoi bat ky nha nghien cuu nao. Ngoai ra, vi�c lam
ay con phl;l thu9c vao ml;lC dich CUa Cong trinh nfi'a: de
pho c�p r9ng rai hay de phl;lC Vl;l cho Congvi�C giang d�y
va h9c t�p chuyen nganh. Roi con phai ltja ch9n tr9ng
tam hay ket hQ'p den muc d9 nao ca hai yeu cau: tim hieu
ban than tac gia nhu la m9t trinh bayve Itch SU phit trien
tu tuong ho�c tim hieu tac d9ngva anh huong cua tac gia
ay doi voi h�u the va tren nhieu lanh vtjc. D9c (va dttQ'c
d9c l�i) Tritt h9c Kant cua Giao Su Tran Thai Dinh, ta
thay ong ch9n ltja m9t each lam phu hQ'p voi yeu cau
hue thiet hie bay gio: giup nguoi h9c di thang vao ba tac
pham chinh cua Kant, tim hieu ky luong chung, de tu
do CO Cd SO cho vi�c ttj minh tiep tl;lC di sau nghien Cl.Ill.
"Quy ho tinh bat quy ho da", c6 le d6 la phudng cham
bien so�n cua Ghio Su de giup nguoi hQC c6 duQ'c nhung
kien thuc Cd ban, chinh xac, ch�t che trtio'C da, vi the,
Giao Su khong mo qua r
- 134 • BUI YAN NAM �ON
C6 le nho each bien so�n ay ma Trie't h9c Kant, sau
hdn 30 nam, van con gift nguyen gia tri nhu m9t trong
so rat hiem hoi cac c6ng trinh tien phongva rat bo ich ve
lanh Vljc nay. 30 nam voi biet bao "nuoc chay qua cau",
du noi rieng trong vi�c nghien cuu (khong bao gio ket
thuc ! ) ve Kant lan nhung tac d9ng, tranhlu�n, khen che
chung quanh con nguoi rat xung dang voi chfi dung cua
K.Jaspersla nhanv�t thu9cve"thoi tn;c" ("Achsenzeit"),
gay anh hu6'ng sau d�m len tu duy va doi song van hoa
chinh trj - xa h9i c�n va hi�n d�i.
Theo Kant, m9t nen triet h9c nghiem chinh la phai
huong ve nhfing van de Cd ban CUa con nguoi, duqc the
hi�n trong cac"moi quan tam cua Lytinh". Cac moi quan
tam nay quy l�i thanh ba cau hoi Ion: - T6i c6 the biet
gi ? - T6i phai lam gi ? va - T6i duqc phep hy v9ng gi
? (PPLTTT, B833 ). Kant danh quyen Phe phan Ly tinh
thutin tuy de tra loi cau hoi thu nhat; quyen Phe phan Ly
tinh thtJc hanh, hay noi r9ng hdn, triet h9c d�o due va
phap quyen, de tra loi cau h6i thu hai; va, trong cac tac
pham tlidng doi ngan ve triet h9c Iich SUva triet h9c ton
giao de tra loi cau hoi thu ba. Quyen Phe phan nang ltJc
phan doan (My h9c va M1:1c dich lu�n) la"cau noi" quan
tr9ng giua ca ha cau h6i voi tam quan tr9ng d�c bi�t ve
h� thong Ian ve n9i dung. Tuy chua the di sau vao phan
triet h9c phap quyen, triet h9c lich su, triet h9c ton giao
( co the do khuon kho cua m9t cuon sach"nh�p mon"),
nhung voi vi�c trinh bay co d9ng nhung khong kem c�n
ke ve ba quyen Phe phan chu yeu, GS. Tran Thai Dinh da
cho ta m9t cai nhin kha bao quat ve triet h9c Kant. Tat
nhien, triet h9c Kant rat r9ng, con bao gom nhieu tac
- JRO CHUY(N JR1£r HOC • 135
pham khac nfia, d�c bi�t nhfing tac pham di cao ( cac bai
giang, cac thti tu trao doi...) moi dti
- 136 • BUI YAN NAM SON
cung biet rang Galilei va Newton, trong Hinh V\IC cua
minh, cung la nhung khuon m�t ki�t xuat dudng thoi.
Trong khi V�t ly h9c cua Galilei va Newton deu duQ'c
xem la da bi vtiQ't qua, v�y tinh tr�ng ay phai chang ciing
khong the tranh khoi doi voi nha d�i triet gia cua chung
ta ? Do d6, khong the khong d�t cau hoi nhu Otfried
Hoffe: "Du Kant la mc)t khuon m�t ki�t xuat, nhung phai
chang van la m
- TRO CHUYIN TRlrT HOC • 137
m9i slj m9i v�t deu co the khong che ducjc, niem tin vao
slj tien b9 khong ngung cua nhan lo�i, hay noi ngan:
"chu nghia l�c quan-ly tinh". Phai chang chung deu thu9c
ve qua khu nhu ban than thoi ky Itch st:t ay? Phai chang
Ly tinh, Ttj do, slj Phe phan, slj Truong thanh, slj Ttj trt...
chi la san pham nhat thoi cua the ky XVII, XVIII o chau
Au ?( 1). Th�t ra, Kant vua gifi khoang each doi voi thai d¢
"Khai minh" ngay thd, vua gifi khoang each doi voi thai
d9 "phan - Khai minh", theo do tat ca nhfing gi hi�n ton
deu la tot d�p ca. Ong muon cai bien t�n goc "s\f Khai
minh chau Au" bang khau hi�u: "Sapere aude ! Hay co
can dam st:i d1:1ng ly tri cua
chinh minh !" ( "Khai minh
la gi?", VIII 35) va bien no
thanh van de nguyen tac.
Ong cho rang "Khai minh"
la ca m9t tien trinh, th�m
chi la v�n m�nh muon thuo
cua con nguoi chu khong
phai cong vi�c nhat thoi,
nhat dan: bang quyet tam
Tv-suy tu bang cai dau cua
chinh minh de d�p ho dan SAPEREAUDE
dan nhfing sai lam va thanh Artist MICHAL SWIDER
kien, thoat ly dan dan ra
khoi nhfing lcji ich vi ky va tung buoc phat huy "ly tinh
chung, pho bien cua con nguoi". Tit nguyen tac cua ly
1
Xem: Bui Van Nam Son: "Tuong lai cua Khai minh ? "trong:
Tit Dong sang Tay, tqp bien khao mimg Giao SU Le Thanh Khoi
(NXB Da N�ng, 2005).
- 138 • BUI YAN NAM �ON
tinh nam trong S\i t\i trj, S\l t\i do Va S\l t\i ban bo quy lu�t,
ong vita phe phan triet h9c giao dieu truyen thong - nhti
phe phan m9t ""thuyet l�c quan ngay thd", vita khong
chi truy tim t�n nguon goc ma ca nhung ranh gi6'i, nhung
gi6'i h�n khong the VUQ't qua dtiQ'c cua "ly tinh thuan
tuy" ly thuyet Ian thvc hanh.
Tuy nhien, la dua con cua thoi Khai minh, ong het
sue "an ttiQ'ng" tni6'c thanh cong cua logic h9c va toan
h9c truyen thong va nhat la Khoa h9c t\i nhien dudng
thoi ( Galilei, Newton). Ong vung tin vao "khoa h9c"
nhti vao m9t mo hinh ly ttiong cua "tinh pho bien va
tinh tat yeu". Do do, de lam bung no "cu9c each m�ng
tu duy" o trong triet h9c nhu Galilei, Newton da lam
trong khoa h9c t\i nhien, hay noi each khac, de mang
l�i cho sieu hinh h9c "bu6'c di vung chac cua m9t khoa
h9c", ong lui l�i m9t bu6'c, hay dung hdn, di xuong m9t
tang sau hdn de d�t cau h6i: "sieu hinh h9c" hay "nen
I)� nhat triet h9c" co the tro thanh khoa h9c dtiQ'c
khong neu cu tiep tt;ic lao vao nghien cuu cac doi ttiQ'ng
nhu "ThtiQ'ng de, Tv do, Bat tu" nhu the do la nhfing
"S\1 V�t thtiong nghi�m" ma khong can phan bi�t "kha
the" va "bat kha the" cua nh�n thuc ? Tn.toc khi nghien
cuu the gioi t\i nhien, the gioi xa h¢i va nhat la the gioi
sieu nhien tu chinh nhfing nguyen tac cua chung, triet
hQc hay quay l�i nghien cuu "kha the" cua chinh minh.
Triet h9c khong the bat dau voi tu each la sieu hinh h9c
[ co truyen] ma phai bat dau nhti ly lu�n ve triet h9c,
nhti la ly }u�n Ve IDQt "sieu hinh hQC khoa h9c" trtio'C
da. Cach d�t van de ay mang l�i m9t tinh tri�t de chua
tung co trong nghi lu�n triet h9c. Tinh tri�t de ay chi
- TRO CHUYIN TRJfT HOC • 139
CO the CO dtiQ'C bang m9t "le loi tti duy" Cd ban hdn,
m6'i me hdn, dtiQ'c ong gQi la "phe phan sieu nghi�m ve
ly tinh". ( Sieu nghi�m: cau h6i ve dieu ki�n kha the).
Cu9c "each m�ng tu duy" ay khong the d�t ra m9t each
truu ttiQ'ng ma phai dtiQ'c tien hanh c�n ke ve n9i dung.
Bai le, m9t nen triet h9c hj tri tien gia dinh rang trong
nh�n thuc va hanh d9ng ctia con ngtioi, trong phap
quyen, lich SU va ton giao cung nhti trong nhung phan
doan tham my va mvc dich lu�n phai c6 nhung yeu to
co gia tri d9c l�p vo'i m9i kinh nghi�m thttong nghi�m
( ong g9i la cac yeu to "tien nghi�m"), cho nen, chung
khong the dtiQ'c nghien cuu theo kieu khoa h9c thtiong
nghi�m ma phai bang triet h9c. Khi day cong kham pha
dtiqc nhung yeu to ay nam trong chu the� ong m6'i c6
the tuyen bo rang, tuy con ngttoi la huu h�n, tuc phai
phv thu9c vao giac quan ( tinh thv nh�n va cam nang),
nhting tinh pho bien va tat yeu cua tri thuc dich thljc,
cua hanh d9ng d�o due, v. v... la co the c6 dtiQ'c.
Vi�c phat hi�n nhung yeu to d9c l�p voi kinh
nghi�m O trong chu the bang Slj phe phan ly tinh da
th�t slj lam dao l9n tu duy triet h9c trtioc do, va Kant
tin rang, tu nay, triet h9c moi dtiQ'C d�t tren nhung Cd
sd th\ic slj vung chac. Du dong y hay hoai nghi trtt6'c
vi�c "d�t Cd sd" nay cua Kant, khong ai co the phti nh�n
rang Kant da lam bien doi Cd ban quang canh triet h9c
Tay phtidng, tu ly lu�n ve nh�n thuc, ly lu�n ve doi
ttiqng, den d�o due h9c, triet h9c lich SU va ton giao,
ke ca triet h9c ve ngh� thu�t. Hang lo�t nhung thu�t
ngu cua ong: nh�n thuc tien nghi�m va h�u nghi�m,
phan doan phan tich va tong hqp, lu�n cu sieu nghi�m,
- 140 • BUI YAN NAM �ON
}' ni�m cau t
- TRO CHUY(N TRIO HOC • 141
Sg "phvc hung" triet h9c sieu nghi�m bang phtidng
phap phan tich cua Strawson gQ'i mo m¢t loq.t nhung
nghien cuu sac sao ve cac b¢ ph�n then chot cua quyen
Phe phan Ly tinh thuan tuy cua Kant ("Cam nang
h9c", "Phan tich phap", "Bi�n chung phap") cfi.ng nhti
nhung nghien cuu ve cau true va kha the cua "lu�n cu
sieu nghi�m" (vd:]. Bennett). Tat nhien, so voi Fichte,
Schelling va Hegel, nhung "tham v9ng" tubi�n cua Kant
khiem ton hdn nhieu, nhung van con la qua Ion doi voi
cac dq.i di�n khac cua trao luu triet h9c phan tich. Theo
Quine, S\i phan bi�t cua Kant ve m�nh de phan tich
va m�nh de tong hQ'p la khong dung vung, con theo S.
Korner, cac vi�c "dien dich sieu nghi�m" cua Kant labat
kha "ve nguyen tac"C1 >. Phe phan Kant tri�t de nhat la
khang dinh cua R Rorty khi ong cho rang slj phat trien
cua triet h9c phan tich tu cac giai doq.n cua Wittgenstein,
tu Russell cho den Sellars va Davidson khong gi khac
hdn la tien trinh khong ngung "huy - sieu nghi�m h6a"
(detranscendentalization) va tu b6 hoan toan cac yeu to
tien nghi�m. Nhung, quan diem nay lq.i bi J. Hintikka
phan bac Va ong tim each tai tq.O cac "}u�n CU sieu
nghi�m" bang vi�c ket hQ'p ly lu�n "tro cho'i ngon ngu"
va Logic - quantor.
Trang khi cac nha triet hQC phan tich (phan Ion o khu
V\iC Anh My) tiep thu triet h9c Due, thi triet h9c Due
hi�n nay ciingbat dau tiep thu triet hQC phan tich. Chinh
nhd thong qua cac CUQC thao lu�n ve Kant, ke ca vi�c phe
l Xem them chi ti�t va thu ID\lC trong: "Kant, Phe phan Ly tinh
thudn tuy ", BVNS dich va chu giai, NXB Van h9c 2004.
- 142 • BUI YAN NAM �ON
phan Kant sau "buoc ngo�t ngon ngu" (linguistic turn)
ma c6 slj "h
- TRO CHUYlN TRlfT HOC • 143
Kant ve sl.j tl.j ttj, cfing nhtt vai tro cua khai ni�m nay trong
d�o due hQC cua "tniong phai Erlangen" (P. Lorenzen,
a.Schwemmer... ) va trong "D�o due hQC dien ngon"
(Diskursethik) cuaJ. Habermas. Trong triet h9c chinh tri
cua F. A v. Hayek cfing c6 nhieu yeu to cua Kant, ke ca
ly lu�n ve phan doan luan ly do L. K. Kohlberg tiep noiJ.
Piaget cfing xem cac khai ni�m cua Kant ve sl.j t\i tri va pho
quat h6a nhtt la "cap dQ cao nhat" cua y thuc luan ly.
Tom l�i, du tan thanh hay phe phan Kant den muc
d9 nao, du "trung thanh" voi Kant hay "ngQ nh�n ong
m9t each sang t�o", dong chay m�nh me (va c6 khi hau
nhtt hon lo�n theo truyen thong "be tac trong sl.j phong
phu, da d�ng") cua triet h9c Tay phttdng hau nhtt khong
luc nao c6 the vang m�t ong !
IV
M9t van de khac khong kem ly thu va quan tr9ng la
CUQC thao lu�n de xac dinh vi tri cua Kant nhu la triet gia
cua thoi [va cua tinh than] Hi�n d�i. Khuon kho bai viet
khong cho phep di Sau vao CUQC thao lu�n, - theo toi la
het sue c6 y nghia nay-, nen chi xin duqc h.iqc qua 0) .
1
Xem them:
- Jurgen Habennas: Der Philosophische Diskurs der Moderne.
Zwolf Vor/esungen/Bjen /u{jn tridt h9c vJ "Hiin aqi ". Muai hai
bai giang, Frankfurt. a Main, 1985.
- Heirich Rickert: Kant als Philosoph der modemen Kultur. Ein
geschichtsphilosophischer Versuch/Kant vm tu each la tri�t gia
cua n€n van h6a hi�n dc;ti. M
- 14- • BUI YAN NAM �ON
Mo hinh cua Max Weber ve tien trinh "hqp ly h6a"
cua Tay phudng dan den "thuyet da than ve gia tr( nhu la
hinh anh cua nen van h6a hi�n d�i duqc Heirich Rickert
quy cong cho Kant nhu sau: "Kant la nha tu tuong dau
tien o Chau Au da t�o dvng nen nhung Cd so ly lu�n
pho quat nhat, nho d6 rnoi lam cho nhung cau tra loi
ve cac van de van h6a d�c trung cua thoi hi�n d�i c6 the
c6 duqc va nhat la da t\i rninh chung rninh dieu ay. Tu
tuong cua ong, nhu duqc trinh bay trong ba quyen Phe
phan, la c6 y nghfa "phe phan", nghfa la phan bi�t va v�ch
ranh gioi, qua d6, ve nguyen tac, tudng ung voi tien trinh
tv chu h6a va di bi�t h6a cua [ban than nen] van h6�.
Tien trinh ay da duqc thvc hi�n trong thvc te tu hie bat
dau thoi c�n d�i nhung chua the' tim duqc stj dien dqt ve'
lf lwjn new trong ne'n trie't h9c truac Kant". ( Sdd, tr. 141).
Trong cac bai giang Bi?n luq,n tritt h9c ve' "Hi?n dqi"
(7), Jurgen Haberrnas dua ra rn
- TRO CHUY(N TRlfi HOC • 145
thuc nhung gi ma ngay a trong slj bieu hi�n duQ'c phan
tu cao nhat nayve thoi d�i [Kant], n6 davan khong [ tt;i]
thau hieu duQ'c chinh n6: Kant khong cam nh�n duQ'c cac
slj di bi�t h6a a hen trong Ly tinh ["ly tinh ly thuyet, ly
tinh thljc hanh, nang lgc phan doan phan tu..."], cac slj
phan thu ve hinh thuc ben trong nen van h6a, hay n6i
chung, slj phan h6a cua cac lanh vljc ay [vd: nha nuoc,
ton giao, kinh te, xa h9i, nguoi cong dan ... J nhu la nhang
slj phan doi [ nhung slj"tha h6a" tat yeu]. Vl the, Kant mu
tit ve cai nhu cau [phai hQ'p nhat l�iJ dang xuat hi�n ra
cungvoi nhung slj phan ly cuang buc do nguyen tac cua
tinh chu the gay ra. Chinh nhu cau nay moi la cai thuc
day triet h9c, bao lau "thoi Hi�n d�i" tt;i thau hieu chinh
minh nhu la m9t thoi ky Itch SUj bao lau n6 di den cha
c6 j thuc rang vi�c thay the nhung gi la tieu bieu cua qua
khu vavi�c tat yeu phai t�o ra m9i tinh quy ph�m [mQi
quy lu�t tlj nhien Ian luan lyJ tu chinh ban than minh chi
nhu la m¢tvan de Iich su" ( Sdd, tr. 30 va tiep).
Van Habermas thuong kh6 d9c, nhung y ong kha ro:
ong dong yvoi Rickert rang Kant "da tq.O nen nhung Cd
sd ly lu�n pho quat nhat cho thoi Hi�n dq.i" nhung lq.i
cho rang Kant khong thljc slj thau hieu duQ'c ((Hi�n aq,i
xet nhu la Hi�n aq,i". Do phai la cong lao cua Hegel! N6i
theo thu�t ngu cua chinh Hegel, Kant moi dang a giai
doq.n"tg-minh" ( an sich) chu chua phai "cho-minh" (fur
sich); Kant dang"dam minh" trong nhungvi�c lam to tat
nhung khong c6 "y thuc" ve vi�c lam to tat cua minh !.
"Tt;i -minh" ( theo thu�t ngu Hegel) cfing dong nghfavoi
"cho - ta" (fur uns), a day, la"cho Hegel", tuc chi c6 nguoi
da dung tren dinh cao cua slj "hoi huong" moi "ly giai"
- 146 ·+ BUI YAN NAM �ON
ducjc tien trinh ay.
H. Schnadelbach
nghi ngo' nh�n dinh
nay cua Habermasva
. d�t hang lo«;lt cau hoi:
i
phai chang Kant thtjc
slj khong thau hieu
"Hi�n d4i xet nhu la
Hi�n d4i ?" V�y t4i
sao Hegel l4i "hieu
Herbert Schnadelbach triet h9c Kant nhu
la slj tlj - ly giai mau
mljcve Hi�n d�i ?" Lu�n diem cho rang Kant da khong cam
nh�n ducjc slj da d�ng n9i t
- JRO CHUYIN TRIO HOC • 147
Kant ve cac Y ni�m die'u hanh, ve cac ajnh de' cua ly tinh
thtjc hanh va h9c thuyet ve phudng phap trong quyen
Phe phan niing htc phan doan la du thay r6. (Sdd, tr. 30);
d6 la chua n6i den khai ni�m "triet h9c toan - hoan vu"
(conceptus cosmicus, PPLTTT, B868) cua Kant.
Van de th�t ra nam d cho khac, sau xa hdn, chu
khong phai Habermas khong hieu hay hieu sai Kant ! H.
Schnadelbach ciing da nh�n ngay ra dieu ay khi cho rang
d day c6 hai "mo hinh" tu duy khac nhau, c6 the n6i gQn
la giua Kant va Hegel.
Neu hieu cac stj phan bi�t cua Kant (giua v�t ttj than
va hi�n tuQ'ng, v. v...) nhu la bieu hi�n hay ket qua cua
"stj phan doi" hay cua stj "tha h6a" tat yeu thi phai tien
gia dinh c6 m9t stj "thong nhat nguyen thuy", roi tu d6
cai "bi phan doi", cai "bi tha h6a" mdi duQ'c "thoat thai"
ra. Th�t v�y, Hegel, trong Hi�n tuqng h9c Tinh than
nguon tai.lieu . vn