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M cl c
Grammar Review .................................................................................................... 1
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1. Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc (Count noun/ Non - count noun) ............................... 1
Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ "an" ......................................................................... 2
................................................................
.........................................
Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The"............................................................................................ 3
"The"............................................................................................
................................................................
C¸ch sö dông another vµ other................................................................................ 7
other. ...............................................................................
................................................................
C¸ch sö dông little, a little, few, a few ...................................................................... 8
................................................................
......................................
Së h÷u c¸ch ............................................................................................................ 9
............................................................................................................
................................................................
Verb...................................................................................................................... 11
Verb ................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
1) ..............................................................................................................................
................................................................
Present .............................................................................................................................. 11
1) Simple Present .........................................................................................................................11
2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing) .............................................................................................11
3) Present Perfect : Have + PII .....................................................................................................12
4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing ......................................................................12
2. ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
Past ................................................................................................................................... 13
1) Simple Past: V-ed .....................................................................................................................13
2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing .....................................................................................13
3) Past Perfect: Had + PII ..............................................................................................................14
4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing .......................................................................14
3. Future ................................................................................................................................
................................................................
Future ................................................................................................................................ 14
1) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form.......................................................14
2) Near Future...............................................................................................................................15
3) Future Progressive: will/shall+verbing ......................................................................................15
4) Future Perfect: Whill/ Shall + Have + PII ..................................................................................16
Sù hßa hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ...................................................................... 17
hîp tõ......................................................................
................................................................
1. ................................................................
C¸c tr−êng hîp Chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ ................................................................ 17
2. Ýt....................
C¸c danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái c¸c ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i theo chóng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.................... 17
3. No................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
C¸ch sö dông None vµ No .................................................................................................. 18
4. C¸ch sö dông cÊu tróc either...or (hoÆc...hoÆc) vµ neither...nor (kh«ng...mµ còng kh«ng) ... 18
neither...nor
5. V-ing lµm chñ ng÷ .............................................................................................................. 19
..............................................................................................................
................................................................
6. ............................................................................................................
................................................................
C¸c danh tõ tËp thÓ ............................................................................................................ 19
7. ................................................................
.........................................
C¸ch sö dông a number of, the number of: ......................................................................... 21
8. ................................................................
......................................................
C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÒu ...................................................................................... 21
9. is, are..............................................................................................
................................................................
Thµnh ng÷ there is, there are.............................................................................................. 21
§¹i tõ .................................................................................................................... 24
....................................................................................................................
................................................................
1. ng÷)................................................................................................
................................................................
§¹i tõ nh©n x−ng (Chñ ng÷) ................................................................................................ 24
2. §¹i tõ nh©n x−ng t©n ng÷.................................................................................................... 25
§¹i ng÷....................................................................................................
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3. ....................................................................................................................
................................................................
TÝnh tõ së h÷u .................................................................................................................... 25
4. ......................................................................................................................
................................................................
§¹i tõ së h÷u ...................................................................................................................... 25
5. .................................................................................................................
................................................................
§¹i tõ ph¶n th©n ................................................................................................................. 26
T©n ng÷ ................................................................................................................ 27
................................................................................................................
................................................................
1. ................................................................
............................................................
§éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµ t©n ng÷ ............................................................................................ 27
2. ng÷................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
Verb -ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷................................................................................................. 27
3. biÖt................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Bèn ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt........................................................................................................... 28
4. ................................................................
..............................................................
C¸c ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ .............................................................................................. 28
5. V-
VÊn ®Ò c¸c ®¹i tõ ®øng tr−íc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc V-ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷. ................. 29
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ b¸n khiÕm khuyÕt ......................................................... 31
.........................................................
1. ................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
Need .................................................................................................................................. 31
1) Dïng nh− mét ®éng tõ th−êng: ®−îc sö dông ra sao cßn tïy vµo chñ ng÷ cña nã ..................31
2) Need ®−îc sö dông nh− mét ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt .................................................................31
2. ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
Dare ................................................................................................................................... 32
1) Khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "d¸m"......................................................................................................32
2) Dare dïng nh− mét ngo¹i ®éng tõ ............................................................................................32
C¸ch sö dông to be trong mét sè tr−êng hîp.......................................................... 33
hîp................................
..........................................................
C¸ch sö dông to get trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt............................................ 35
biÖt................................
............................................
1. .........................................................................................................................
................................................................
To get + P2 ......................................................................................................................... 35
2. V- V- ................................................................
.........................................
Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: B¾t ®Çu lµm g× ......................................................................... 35
3. +V- ®Çu............................................................................
................................................................
Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lµm ai/ c¸i g× b¾t ®Çu............................................................................ 35
4. ...................................................................................................................
................................................................
Get + to + verb ................................................................................................................... 35
5. Get + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò hµnh ®éng) = Come + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò nhËn thøc) =
....................................................................................................................
................................................................
Gradually = dÇn dÇn .................................................................................................................... 35
C©u hái ................................................................................................................. 36
.................................................................................................................
................................................................
1. .................................................................................................................
................................................................
C©u hái Yes/ No ................................................................................................................. 36
2. ..............................................................................................................
................................................................
C©u hái th«ng b¸o .............................................................................................................. 36
a) Who/ what lµm chñ ng÷ ............................................................................................................36
b) Whom/ what lµm t©n ng÷ ..........................................................................................................36
c) C©u hái nh¾m vµo c¸c bæ ng÷: When, Where, How vµ Why....................................................37
3. ................................................................................................................
................................................................
C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp ................................................................................................................ 37
4. ..................................................................................................................
................................................................
C©u hái cã ®u«i .................................................................................................................. 37
Lèi nãi phô häa kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ phñ ®Þnh ................................................................. 39
®Þnh.................................................................
................................................................
1. Kh¼ng ®Þnh ......................................................................................................................... 39
.........................................................................................................................
................................................................
2. ®Þnh................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
Phñ ®Þnh ............................................................................................................................. 39
C©u phñ ®Þnh......................................................................................................... 41
®Þnh................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
MÖnh lÖnh thøc ..................................................................................................... 43
.....................................................................................................
................................................................
§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ............................................................................................ 44
khuyÕt............................................................................................
................................................................
C©u ®iÒu kiÖn ........................................................................................................ 45
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1. ................................................................
...........................................
§iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë hiÖn t¹i ........................................................................... 45
2. ................................................................
.....................................
§iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë hiÖn t¹i ..................................................................... 45
3. ................................................................
....................................
§iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë qu¸ khø .................................................................... 45
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ will, would, could, should sau if ..................................... 46
if................................
.....................................
Mét sè c¸ch dïng thªm cña if ................................................................................ 47
................................................................
................................................
1. .............................................................................................................
................................................................
If... then: NÕu... th× ............................................................................................................. 47
2. If dïng trong d¹ng c©u kh«ng ph¶i c©u ®iÒu kiÖn: §éng tõ ë c¸c mÖnh ®Ò diÔn biÕn b×nh
................................................................
.............................................................
th−êng theo thêi gian cña chÝnh nã. ............................................................................................. 47
3. If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... diÔn ®¹t sù kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n (Xem
.........................................................
thªm phÇn sö dông should trong mét sè tr−êng hîp cô thÓ) ......................................................... 47
4. ................................................................................................................
................................................................
If.. was/were to... ................................................................................................................ 47
5. If it + to be + not + for: NÕu kh«ng v×, nÕu kh«ng nhê vµo. .................................................. 47
vµo.................................
..................................................
6. Not ®«i khi ®−îc thªm vµo nh÷ng ®éng tõ sau if ®Ó bµy tá sù nghi ngê, kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n. .. 48
thªm
7. viÕt).................
It would... if + subject + would... (sÏ lµ... nÕu – kh«ng ®−îc dïng trong v¨n viÕt) ................. 48
8. If... –d have... –have: Dïng trong v¨n nãi, kh«ng dïng trong v¨n viÕt, diÔn ®¹t ®iÒu kiÖn
kh«ng thÓ x¶y ra ë qu¸ khø.......................................................................................................... 48
khø................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
9. .......................................................
If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be bÞ l−îc bá) ....................................................... 48
10. ®Þnh..................
If dïng kh¸ phæ biÕn víi mét sè tõ nh− any/anything/ever/not diÔn ®¹t phñ ®Þnh .................. 48
11. Adjective lµ)....................................................................................
................................................................
If + Adjective = although (cho dï lµ) .................................................................................... 49
C¸ch sö dông to Hope, to Wish. ............................................................................ 50
................................................................
............................................
1. ................................................................
.....................................................
§iÒu kiÖn kh«ng cã thËt ë t−¬ng lai ..................................................................................... 50
2. ................................................................
.....................................
§iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë hiÖn t¹i ..................................................................... 50
3. ................................................................
....................................
§iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë qu¸ khø .................................................................... 50
C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ as if, as though (gÇn nh− lµ, nh− thÓ lµ)........................... 52
lµ)...........................
Used to, to be/get used to...................................................................................... 53
to......................................................................................
................................................................
C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ would rather ................................................................... 54
dông ................................................................
...................................
1. ng÷................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
Lo¹i c©u cã mét chñ ng÷..................................................................................................... 54
2. ng÷................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
Lo¹i c©u cã hai chñ ng÷ ...................................................................................................... 54
a) Lo¹i c©u gi¶ ®Þnh ë hiÖn t¹i .......................................................................................................54
b) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë hiÖn t¹i ...........................................................................55
c) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë qu¸ khø ..........................................................................55
C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ Would like....................................................................... 56
like.......................................................................
................................................................
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë hiÖn t¹i ......... 57
tr¹ng
1. ....................................................
Could, May, Might + Verb in simple form = Cã lÏ, cã thÓ. .................................................... 57
2. form..............................................................................................
................................................................
Should + Verb in simple form .............................................................................................. 57
3. Must + Verb in simple form ................................................................................................. 57
.................................................................................................
................................................................
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë qu¸ khø........ 59
khø ........
1. ................................................................
...........................................
Could, may, might + have + P2 = cã lÏ ®· ........................................................................... 59
2. ...................................................
Could have + P2 = LÏ ra ®· cã thÓ (trªn thùc tÕ lµ kh«ng) ................................................... 59
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3. V- ................................................................
......................................
Might have been + V-ing = Cã lÏ lóc Êy ®ang ...................................................................... 59
4. ................................................................
.............................................
Should have + P2 = LÏ ra ph¶i, lÏ ra nªn ............................................................................. 59
5. have ®·................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
Must have + P2 = h¼n lµ ®· ................................................................................................. 59
6. V- ................................................................
............................................
Must have been V-ing = h¼n lóc Êy ®ang ............................................................................ 59
C¸c vÊn ®Ò sö dông should trong mét sè tr−êng hîp cô thÓ ................................... 60
...................................
TÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ ................................................................................................... 62
...................................................................................................
................................................................
§éng tõ nèi ........................................................................................................... 64
...........................................................................................................
................................................................
C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ ................................................................. 66
................................................................
.................................
1. .....................................................................................................................
................................................................
So s¸nh b»ng ..................................................................................................................... 66
2. ...............................................................................................................
................................................................
So s¸nh h¬n kÐm ............................................................................................................... 66
3. s¸nh ...................................................................................................................
................................................................
So s¸nh hîp lý ................................................................................................................... 68
4. biÖt................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
So s¸nh ®Æc biÖt................................................................................................................. 68
5. ...................................................................................................................
................................................................
So s¸nh ®a béi ................................................................................................................... 69
6. s¸nh .......................................................................................................................
................................................................
So s¸nh kÐp ....................................................................................................................... 69
7. ®·....................................................................
................................................................
CÊu tróc No sooner... than = Võa míi ... th× ®·... ................................................................. 70
8. vËt.........................................................................................
................................................................
So s¸nh gi÷a 2 ng−êi hoÆc 2 vËt ......................................................................................... 71
9. ...............................................................................................................
................................................................
So s¸nh bËc nhÊt ............................................................................................................... 71
Danh tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ ....................................................................................... 72
................................................................
.......................................................
Enough ................................................................................................................. 73
.................................................................................................................
................................................................
Mét sè tr−êng hîp cô thÓ dïng Much & Many ........................................................ 74
........................................................
Ph©n biÖt thªm vÒ c¸ch dïng alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal/ so víi many/ much. 76
Mét sè c¸ch dïng cô thÓ cña more & most ............................................................ 77
............................................................
C¸ch dïng long & (for) a long time ........................................................................ 79
................................................................
........................................
Tõ nèi ................................................................................................................... 80
nèi ...................................................................................................................
................................................................
1. of................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
Because, Because of.......................................................................................................... 80
Because of = on account of = due to ............................................................................................80
2. ................................................................
...........................................................
Tõ nèi chØ môc ®Ých vµ kÕt qu¶ ........................................................................................... 80
3. ................................................................
....................................................
Tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n vµ kÕt qu¶. .................................................................................... 80
4. kh¸c. ................................................................
c.........................................................................
Mét sè c¸c tõ nèi mang tÝnh ®iÒu kiÖn kh¸c. ........................................................................ 81
C©u bÞ ®éng .......................................................................................................... 84
..........................................................................................................
................................................................
§éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n...................................................................................... 87
nh©n......................................................................................
................................................................
1. To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khiÕn ai, b¶o ai lµm g× ............................... 87
2. ................................................................
........................................
To have/to get sth done = §−a c¸i g× ®i lµm ........................................................................ 87
3. ................................................................
...........................................
To make sb do sth = to force sb to do sth ........................................................................... 87
4. To make sb + P2 = lµm cho ai bÞ lµm sao............................................................................. 87
sao.............................................................................
................................................................
5. ................................................................
.....................................
To cause sth + P2 = lµm cho c¸i g× bÞ lµm sao ..................................................................... 87
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6. To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = ®Ó ai, cho phÐp ai lµm g×............................ 88
g× ............................
7. lµm ................................................................
........................................
To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gióp ai lµm g× ........................................................................ 88
8. ...............................................................................................................
................................................................
3 ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt ............................................................................................................... 88
C©u phøc hîp vµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ ............................................................... 89
...............................................................
1. ................................................................
.............................................
That vµ which lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô ............................................................................. 89
2. ................................................................
..............................................
That vµ which lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô .............................................................................. 89
3. ................................................................
...........................................................
Who lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô ........................................................................................... 89
4. ................................................................
.........................................................
Whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô ......................................................................................... 89
5. buéc...........................................................................
................................................................
MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc vµ kh«ng b¾t buéc........................................................................... 90
1) MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc. ............................................................................................................90
2) MÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc ...................................................................................................90
6. phÈy .......................................
TÇm quan träng cña viÖc sö dông dÊu phÈy ®èi víi mÖnh ®Ò phô ....................................... 90
7. C¸ch sö dông All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which ........................... 91
8. ................................................................
..................................................
Whose = cña ng−êi mµ, cña con mµ. .................................................................................. 91
9. ..................................................................................................
................................................................
C¸ch lo¹i bá mÖnh ®Ò phô .................................................................................................. 91
C¸ch sö dông P1 trong mét sè tr−êng hîp .............................................................. 93
..............................................................
10. ................................................................
................................................
Dïng víi mét sè c¸c cÊu tróc ®éng tõ. ................................................................................ 93
11. dµi........................................................................
................................................................
P1 ®−îc sö dông ®Ó rót ng¾n nh÷ng c©u dµi ........................................................................ 94
C¸ch sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh (To have + P2) ................................. 95
.................................
Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dông kh¸c cña that ........................................................................ 96
................................................................
........................................
1. (r»ng) ................................................................
..........................................
That dïng víi t− c¸ch lµ mét liªn tõ (r»ng) .......................................................................... 96
2. ......................................................................................................................
................................................................
MÖnh ®Ò that ...................................................................................................................... 96
C©u gi¶ ®Þnh .......................................................................................................... 98
®Þnh................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
1. rather ..................................................................................................
................................................................
Dïng víi would rather that .................................................................................................. 98
2. ...............................................................................................................
................................................................
Dïng víi ®éng tõ. ............................................................................................................... 98
3. .................................................................................................................
................................................................
Dïng víi tÝnh tõ. ................................................................................................................. 98
4. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi mét sè tr−êng hîp kh¸c ................................................................... 99
................................................................
...................................
5. ...............................................................................100
...............................................
C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi it + to be + time ...............................................................................100
Lèi nãi bao hµm................................................................................................... 102
hµm................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
1. also..........................................................................................................102
..........................................................................................................
Not only ..... but also ..........................................................................................................102
2. nh−.........................................................................................................102
.........................................................................................................
As well as: Còng nh− .........................................................................................................102
3. and......................................................................................................................103
......................................................................................................................
Both ..... and ......................................................................................................................103
C¸ch sö dông to know, to know how. ................................................................... 104
................................................................
...................................
MÖnh ®Ò nh−îng bé ............................................................................................ 105
................................................................
............................................................
1. Despite/Inspite
Despite/Inspite of = bÊt chÊp .............................................................................................105
.............................................................................................105
.............................................................
2. Although/Even though/Though = MÆc dÇu .........................................................................105
.........................................................................105
.........................................
3. However + adj + S + linkverb = dï cã .... ®i ch¨ng n÷a th× .... .............................................105
n÷a .............................................
.............105
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4. Although/ Albeit (more formal) + Adjective/ Adverb/ Averbial Modifier ................................105
................................105
................................................................
..........................................
Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn .......................................................................... 106
kh¸c.........................................................................
................................................................
Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt kh¸c......................................................................... 108
tõ..................................................................................
................................................................
Sù phï hîp vÒ thêi ®éng tõ .................................................................................. 109
................................................................
.................................................
C¸ch sö dông to say, to tell ................................................................................. 111
................................................................
...............................................
§¹i tõ nh©n x−ng one vµ you ............................................................................... 112
................................................................
.......................................................
Tõ ®i tr−íc ®Ó giíi thiÖu ....................................................................................... 113
....................................................
C¸ch sö dông c¸c ph©n tõ ë ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô .................................................... 114
tõ......................................................................................
................................................................
Ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ ...................................................................................... 117
1. Ph©n tõ 1(V-ing) ®−îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn sau: ..............117
1(V- ..............117
2. (V- sau:..............
..............117
Ph©n tõ 2 (V-ed) ®−îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn sau: ..............117
.............................................................................................................
................................................................
C©u thõa ............................................................................................................. 118
song.......................................................................................
................................................................
CÊu tróc c©u song song....................................................................................... 119
tiÕp.............................................................................
................................................................
Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp ............................................................................. 120
1. ............................................................................................120
............................................................
C©u trùc tiÕp vµ c©u gi¸n tiÕp ............................................................................................120
tiÕp................................
........................................................
§éng tõ víi hai t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp ........................................................ 122
................................................................
...........................................................
Sù ®¶o ng−îc phã tõ ........................................................................................... 123
1. ...............................................................
...............................123
Mét sè c¸c d¹ng phã tõ ®Æc biÖt ®øng ë ®Çu c©u ...............................................................123
bµi ph¸p.............................
C¸ch lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi kh«ng ®óng trong bµi ng÷ ph¸p ............................. 126
1. ........................................................................126
........................................
KiÓm tra c¸c lçi ng÷ ph¸p c¬ b¶n bao gåm ........................................................................126
2. .....................................................................126
.....................................
Lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi mang tÝnh r−êm rµ: .....................................................................126
3. Ph¶i ch¾c ch¾n r»ng tÊt c¶ c¸c tõ trong c©u ®−îc chän ®Òu ph¶i phóc vô cho nghÜa cña bµi,
........................................................................................................
........................................................................127
®Æc biÖt lµ c¸c ng÷ ®éng tõ. ........................................................................................................127
4. Ph¶i lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi bao hµm tiÕng lãng, kh«ng ®−îc phÐp dïng trong v¨n viÕt qui
chuÈn .........................................................................................................................................127
.........................................................................................................................................127
.........................................................................................................
lÉn...................................................................................
................................................................
Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn................................................................................... 128
mét .................................................
Phô lôc: mét sè nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn kh¸c: ................................................. 130
.................................................................................................................
................................................................
Giíi tõ ................................................................................................................. 133
........................................................................................................
................................................................
Ng÷ ®éng tõ ........................................................................................................ 136
Mét sè nguyªn t¾c thùc hiÖn bµi ®äc .................................................................... 138
®äc....................................................................
................................................................
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Grammar Review
Mét c©u trong tiÕng Anh bao gåm c¸c thµnh phÇn sau ®©y
SUBJECT - VERB AS PREDICATE - COMPLEMENT - MODIFIER
(OBJECT)
DIRECT INDIRECT
SUBJECT cã thÓ lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ, mét VERB_ING, mét ®¹i tõ,
song nhiÒu nhÊt vÉn lµ mét danh tõ. Chóng bao giê còng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u, lµm
chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ. V× lµ ®éng tõ nªn chóng liªn quan
®Õn nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò sau:
®−îc
1. Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc (Count noun/ Non -
count noun)
Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc: Dïng ®−îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè
nhiÒu. Nã cã thÓ dïng ®−îc víi "a" vµ "the"
"the".
Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc: Kh«ng dïng ®−îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã kh«ng cã
h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã kh«ng thÓ dïng ®−îc víi "a", cßn "the" chØ trong
mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt.
Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt.
Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc cã d¹ng sè Ýt/ sè nhiÒu nh− nhau chØ ph©n biÖt
b»ng cã "a" vµ kh«ng cã "a"
Ex: an aircraft/ aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish.
Mét sè c¸c danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc nh− food, meat, money, sand, water ...
®èi khi ®−îc dïng nh− c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®Ó chØ c¸c d¹ng, lo¹i kh¸c
nhau cña danh tõ ®ã.
Ex: water -> waters (N−íc -> nh÷ng vòng n−íc)
Danh tõ "time" nÕu dïng víi nghÜa lµ "thêi gian" lµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc nh−ng
khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "thêi ®¹i" hay "sè lÇn" lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc.
Ex: Ancient times (Nh÷ng thêi cæ ®¹i) - Modern times (nh÷ng thêi hiÖn ®¹i)
B¶ng sè 1 trang 45 lµ c¸c ®Þnh ng÷ dïng ®−îc víi c¸c danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vµ
kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc.
ViÖc x¸c ®Þnh danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc lµ hÕt søc quan träng
vµ th−êng lµ b−íc c¬ b¶n më ®Çu cho c¸c bµi nghe/ ng÷ ph¸p cña TOEFL.
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Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ "an"
Dïng "an" tr−íc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng:
o 4 nguyªn ©m A, E, I, O.
o 2 b¸n nguyªn ©m U, Y.
o Nh÷ng danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng "h" c©m (an heir/ an hour)
an
o Nh÷ng tõ më ®Çu b»ng mét ch÷ viÕt t¾t (an S.O.S/ an M.P)
an
o L−u ý: §øng tr−íc mét danh tõ më ®Çu b»ng "uni..." ph¶i dïng "a" (a a
university/
university/ a uniform)
Dïng "a" tr−íc danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét phô ©m.
§−îc dïng tr−íc mét danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh vÒ mÆt vÞ trÝ/ tÝnh chÊt/ ®Æc
®iÓm hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn ®Çu tiªn trong c©u.
Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè l−îng nhÊt ®Þnh nh−: a lot of/ a great deal
deal
of/ a couple/ a dozen.
Dïng tr−íc nh÷ng sè ®Õm nhÊt ®Þnh th−êng lµ hµng ngµn, hµng tr¨m nh−
a/ one hundred - a/one thousand.
Dïng tr−íc "half" (mét nöa) khi nã theo sau mét ®¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑn: a kilo
and a half, hay khi nã ®i ghÐp víi mét danh tõ kh¸c ®Ó chØ nöa phÇn (khi
viÕt cã dÊu g¹ch nèi): a half - share, a half - holiday (ngµy lÔ chØ nghØ nöa
ngµy).
Dïng víi c¸c ®¬n vÞ ph©n sè nh− 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth.
Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tØ lÖ: $5 a kilo, 60 kilometers
hour,
an hour, 4 times a day.
Dïng tr−íc c¸c danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc. trong c¸c th¸n tõ what a nice day/
such a long life.
A + Mr/ Mrs/ Ms + family name = mét «ng/ bµ/ c« nµo ®ã (kh«ng quen biÕt)
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Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The"
Dïng tr−íc mét danh tõ ®· ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt tÝnh chÊt, ®Æc
®iÓm, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn thø hai trong c©u.
The + danh tõ + giíi tõ + danh tõ
Ex: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico.
Dïng tr−íc nh÷ng tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc only
only.
Ex: The only way, the best day.
Dïng cho nh÷ng kho¶ng thêi gian x¸c ®Þnh (thËp niªn): In the 1990s
The + danh tõ + ®¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖnh ®Ò phô
Ex: The man /to whom you have just spoken /is the chairman
Tr−íc mét danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÖt
Ex: She is in the (= her) garden
The + danh tõ sè Ýt t−îng tr−ng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc ®å vËt
Ex: The whale = whales (loµi c¸ voi), the deep-freeze (thøc ¨n ®«ng l¹nh)
L−u ý: Nh−ng ®èi víi man khi mang nghÜa "loµi ng−êi" tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®−îc
dïng "the"
the".
the"
Ex: Since man lived on the earth (kÓ tõ khi loµi ng−êi sinh sèng trªn tr¸i ®Êt
nµy)
Dïng tr−íc mét danh tõ sè Ýt ®Ó chØ mét nhãm, mét h¹ng ng−êi nhÊt ®Þnh
trong x· héi.
Ex: The small shopkeeper: Giíi chñ tiÖm nhá/ The top offcial: Giíi quan chøc
cao cÊp
The + adj: T−îng tr−ng cho mét nhãm ng−êi, chóng kh«ng bao giê ®−îc
phÐp ë sè nhiÒu nh−ng ®−îc xem lµ c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu. Do vËy ®éng tõ
vµ ®¹i tõ ®i cïng víi chóng ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu.
Ex: The old = The old people/ The unemployed/ The disabled are often very
hard in their moving
The + tªn c¸c vïng/ khu vùc ®· næi tiÕng vÒ mÆt ®Þa lý hoÆc lÞch sö
Ex: The Sahara (desert)/ The Siberia (tundra)/ The Normandic
The + East/ West/ South/ North + Danh tõ
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used as adjective
Ex: Ex: The North/ South Pole
(B¾c/ Nam Cùc)
Ex: Ex: The East End of London
(Khu ®«ng L«n §«n)
*Nh−ng kh«ng ®−îc dïng THE tr−íc c¸c tõ nµy nÕu nã ®i liÒn víi tªn
ch©u lôc hoÆc quèc gia: West Germany, North America...
The + tªn gäi c¸c ®éi hîp x−íng/ dµn nh¹c cæ ®iÓn/ ban nh¹c phæ th«ng
Ex: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles.
The + tªn gäi c¸c tê b¸o (kh«ng t¹p chÝ)/ tµu biÓn/ c¸c khinh khÝ cÇu.
Ex: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg
The + hä mét gia ®×nh ë sè nhiÒu = gia ®×nh nhµ
Ex: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children
Dïng tr−íc tªn hä cña mét ng−êi ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh ng−êi ®ã trong sè nh÷ng
ng−êi trïng tªn.
Kh«ng ®−îc dïng "the" tr−íc c¸c danh tõ chØ b÷a ¨n trong ngµy trõ c¸c
tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt.
Ex: We ate breakfast at 8 am this morning
Ex: The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious.
Kh«ng ®−îc dïng "the" tr−íc mét sè danh tõ nh− home, bed, church, court,
jail, prison, hospital, school, class, college, university v.v... khi nã ®i víi c¸c
®éng tõ vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng chØ ®i ®Õn ®ã v× môc ®Ých chÝnh hoÆc ra
khái ®ã còng v× môc ®Ých chÝnh.
Ex: Students go to school everyday.
Ex: The patient was released from hospital.
Nh−ng nÕu ®Õn ®ã hoÆc ra khái ®ã kh«ng v× môc ®Ých chÝnh b¾t buéc ph¶i
dïng "the".
Ex: Students go to the school for a class party.
Ex: The doctor left the hospital afterwork
*L−u ý: trong American English hospital vµ university ph¶i dïng víi THE:
Ex: He was in the hospital (in hospital as a patient).
Ex: She was unhappy at the university (at the university as a student).
Mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt
• Go to work = Go to the office.
• To be at work
• To be hard at work (lµm viÖc ch¨m chØ)
• To be in office (®−¬ng nhiÖm) To be out of office (§· m·n nhiÖm)
• Go to sea = ®i biÓn (nh− nh÷ng thñy thñ)
• Go to the sea = ra biÓn, th−êng ®Ó nghØ
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• To be at the sea: ë gÇn biÓn
• To be at sea (ë trªn biÓn) trong mét chuyÕn h¶i hµnh.
• go to town: §i vµo trung t©m/ §i phè - To be in town (ë trung t©m) khi
town lµ cña ng−êi nãi.
B¶ng sö dông "the" vµ kh«ng sö dông "the" trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ®iÓn
h×nh
Cã "The" Kh«ng "The"
Dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c ®¹i d−¬ng, Tr−íc tªn mét hå
s«ng ngßi, biÓn, vÞnh vµ c¸c hå (ë Ex: Lake Geneva
sè nhiÒu)
Ex: The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean,
the Persian Gufl, the Great Lakes
Tr−íc tªn mét ngän nói
Tr−íc tªn c¸c d·y nói Ex: Mount Vesuvius
Ex: The Rocky Mountains Tr−íc tªn c¸c hµnh tinh hoÆc c¸c
Tr−íc tªn nh÷ng vËt thÓ duy nhÊt chßm sao
trong vò trô hoÆc trªn thÕ giíi Ex: Venus, Mars
Ex:
Ex: The earth, the moon
Tr−íc tªn c¸c tr−êng nµy nÕu tr−íc
The schools, colleges, universities nã lµ mét tªn riªng
+ of + danh tõ riªng Ex: Stetson University
Ex: The University of Florida
Tr−íc c¸c danh tõ ®i cïng víi mét
the + sè thø tù + danh tõ sè ®Õm
Ex: The third chapter. Ex: Chapter three
Tr−íc tªn c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu
vùc víi ®iÒu kiÖn tªn khu vùc ®ã
ph¶i ®−îc tÝnh tõ ho¸
Ex: The Korean War (=> The Vietnamese
Vietnamese
economy)
Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc më ®Çu b»ng
Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã hai tõ trë lªn New, mét tÝnh tõ chØ h−íng hoÆc
(ngo¹i trõ Great Britain) chØ cã mét tõ
Ex: The United States Ex: New Zealand, North Korean,
France
Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc ®−îc coi lµ mét Tr−íc tªn c¸c lôc ®Þa, tØnh, tiÓu
quÇn ®¶o hoÆc mét quÇn ®¶o bang, thµnh phè, quËn, huyÖn
Ex: The Philipines Ex: Europe, Florida
Tr−íc tªn c¸c tµi liÖu hoÆc sù kiÖn
lÞch sö
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Ex: The Constitution, The Magna
Carta
Tr−íc tªn c¸c nhãm d©n téc thiÓu
sè
Ex: the Indians Tr−íc tªn bÊt k× m«n thÓ thao nµo
Ex: baseball, basketball
Tr−íc c¸c danh tõ trõu t−îng (trõ
mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt)
Ex: freedom, happiness
Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc nãi chung
Ex: mathematics
Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc cô thÓ
Ex: The Solid matter Physics Tr−íc tªn c¸c ngµy lÔ, tÕt
Ex: Christmas, Thanksgiving
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C¸ch sö dông another vµ other.
Hai tõ nµy tuy gièng nhau vÒ mÆt nghÜa nh−ng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.
Dïng víi danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc Dïng víi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc
another + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè Ýt =
mét c¸i n÷a, mét c¸i kh¸c, mét
ng−êi n÷a, mét ng−êi kh¸c.
the other + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè Ýt
= c¸i cßn l¹i (cña mét bé), ng−êi
cßn l¹i (cña mét nhãm).
Other + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè Other + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc =
nhiÒu = mÊy c¸i n÷a, mÊy c¸i mét chót n÷a.
kh¸c, mÊy ng−êi n÷a, mÊy ng−êi
kh¸c. The other + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm
The other + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè ®−îc = chç cßn sãt l¹i.
nhiÒu = nh÷ng c¸i cßn l¹i (cña mét
bé), nh÷ng ng−êi cßn l¹i (cña mét
nhãm).
Ex: I don't want this book. Please give me another.
(another = any other book - not specific)
I don't want this book. Please give me the other.
(the other = the other book, specific)
Another vµ other lµ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh trong khi The other lµ x¸c ®Þnh, nÕu chñ
ng÷ hoÆc danh tõ ®· ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn ë trªn th× ë d−íi chØ cÇn dïng Another
hoÆc other nh− mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.
NÕu danh tõ ®−îc thay thÕ lµ sè nhiÒu: Other -> Others Kh«ng bao giê
Others.
®−îc dïng Others + danh tõ sè nhiÒu. ChØ ®−îc dïng mét trong hai.
Trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ng−êi ta dïng ®¹i tõ thay thÕ one hoÆc ones ®»ng
sau another hoÆc other
other.
L−u ý: This hoÆc That cã thÓ dïng víi one nh−ng These vµ Those kh«ng ®−îc
dïng víi ones.
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C¸ch sö dông little, a little, few, a few
kh«ng
Little + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc = rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó (cã khuynh h−íng
phñ ®Þnh)
Ex: I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.
A little + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc = cã mét chót, ®ñ ®Ó
Ex: I have a little money, enough to buy groceries
Few + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè nhiÒu = cã rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó (cã khuynh
h−íng phñ ®Þnh)
Ex: I have few books, not enough for reference reading
A few + danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc sè nhiÒu: cã mét chót, ®ñ ®Ó
Ex: I have a few records, enough for listening.
Trong mét sè tr−êng hîp khi danh tõ ë trªn ®· ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn th× ë phÝa
d−íi chØ cÇn dïng little hoÆc few nh− mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.
Ex: Are you ready in money. Yes, a little.
Quite a few (®Õm ®−îc) = Quite a bit (kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc) = Quite a lot (c¶
hai) = rÊt nhiÒu.
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Së h÷u c¸ch
The noun's + noun: ChØ ®−îc dïng cho nh÷ng danh tõ chØ ng−êi hoÆc ®éng
vËt, kh«ng dïng cho c¸c ®å vËt.
Ex: The student's book The cat's legs.
§èi víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®· cã s½n "s" ë ®u«i chØ cÇn dïng dÊu phÈy
Ex: The students' book.
Nh−ng ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ ®æi sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt kh«ng "s" ë ®u«i vÉn
ph¶i dïng ®Çy ®ñ dÊu së h÷u c¸ch.
Ex: The children's toys. The people's willing
NÕu cã hai danh tõ cïng ®øng ë së h÷u c¸ch th× danh tõ nµo ®øng gÇn
danh tõ bÞ së h÷u nhÊt sÏ mang dÊu së h÷u.
Ex: Paul and Peter's room.
§èi víi nh÷ng tªn riªng hoÆc danh tõ ®· cã s½n "s" ë ®u«i cã thÓ chØ cÇn
dïng dÊu phÈy vµ nhÊn m¹nh ®u«i khi ®äc hoÆc dïng së h÷u c¸ch vµ ph¶i
thay ®æi c¸ch ®äc. Tªn riªng kh«ng dïng "the" ®»ng tr−íc.
Ex: The boss' car = The boss's car [bosiz]
Agnes' house = Agnes's [siz] house.
Nã ®−îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m, th¸ng, thËp niªn, thÕ kØ)
Ex: The 1990s' events: nh÷ng sù kiÖn cña thËp niªn 90
The 21st century's prospects.
Cã thÓ dïng cho c¸c mïa trong n¨m trõ mïa xu©n vµ mïa thu. NÕu dïng
së h÷u c¸ch cho hai mïa nµy th× ng−êi viÕt ®· nh©n c¸ch ho¸ chóng. Ngµy
nay ng−êi ta dïng c¸c mïa trong n¨m nh− mét tÝnh tõ cho c¸c danh tõ
®»ng sau, Ýt dïng së h÷u c¸ch.
Ex: The Autumn's leaf: chiÕc l¸ cña nµng thu.
Dïng cho tªn c¸c c«ng ty lín, c¸c quèc gia
Ex: The Rockerfeller's oil products. China's food.
§èi víi c¸c cöa hiÖu cã nghÒ nghiÖp ®Æc tr−ng chØ cÇn dïng danh tõ víi
dÊu së h÷u.
Ex: In a florist's At a hairdresser's
§Æc biÖt lµ c¸c tiÖm ¨n: Antonio's
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Dïng tr−íc mét sè danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt chØ trong mét sè thµnh ng÷
Ex: a stone's throw from ...(C¸ch n¬i ®©u mét tÇm ®¸ nÐm).
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Verb
§éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh Chia lµm 3 thêi chÝnh:
Qu¸ khø (Past)
HiÖn t¹i (Present)
T−¬ng lai (Future)
Mçi thêi chÝnh l¹i chia thµnh nhiÒu thêi nhá ®Ó diÔn ®¹t tÝnh chÝnh x¸c cña
hµnh ®éng.
1) Present
1) Simple Present
Khi chia ®éng tõ thêi nµy ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt, ph¶i cã "s" ë tËn cïng vµ ©m dã
s"
ph¶i ®−îc ®äc lªn
Ex: He walks.
Ex: She watches TV
Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng th−êng xuyªn x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹i, kh«ng
x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ thêi gian, hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i cã tÝnh qui luËt.
Th−êng dïng víi mét sè c¸c phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh− today present day
today, day,
nowadays.
nowadays
§Æc biÖt nã dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ tÇn suÊt nh−: always sometimes
always, sometimes,
often, every + thêi gian...
often gian
Present V-
2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing)
Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra ë vµo mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh cña
hiÖn t¹i. Thêi ®iÓm nµy ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ b»ng mét sè phã tõ nh− :
now, rightnow, moment.
now rightnow at this moment
Dïng thay thÕ cho thêi t−¬ng lai gÇn, ®Æc biÖt lµ trong v¨n nãi.
§Æc biÖt l−u ý nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng sau kh«ng ®−îc chia ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn dï
bÊt cø thêi nµo khi chóng lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ tÜnh diÔn ®¹t tr¹ng th¸i c¶m gi¸c
cña ho¹t ®éng tinh thÇn hoÆc tÝnh chÊt cña sù vËt , sù viÖc. Nh−ng khi
chóng quay sang h−íng déng tõ hµnh ®éng th× chóng l¹i ®−îc phÐp dïng ë
thÓ tiÕp diÔn.
know believe hear see smell wish
understand hate love like want
sound
have need appear seem taste
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own
Ex: He has a lot of books.
He is having dinner now. (§éng tõ hµnh ®éng: ¨n tèi)
I think they will come in time
I'm thinking of my test tomorrow. (§éng tõ hµnh ®éng: §ang nghÜ vÒ)
3) Present Perfect : Have + PII
Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tõ trong qu¸ khø kÐo dµi ®Õn hiÖn
t¹i vµ chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i, thêi diÓm hµnh ®éng hoµn toµn kh«ng ®−îc x¸c
®Þnh trong c©u.
ChØ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra nhiÒu lÇn trong qu¸ khø kÐo dµi ®Õn hiÖn t¹i
Ex: George has seen this movie three time.
Dïng víi 2 giíi tõ SINCE/FOR+time
Dïng víi already trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh, l−u ý r»ng already cã thÓ ®øng
ngay sau have vµ còng cã thÓ ®øng ë cuèi c©u.
Dïng víi yet trong c©u phñ ®Þnh, yet th−êng xuyªn ®øng ë cuèi c©u.
Dïng víi yet trong c©u nghi vÊn
Ex: Have you written your reports yet?
Trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ë phñ ®Þnh, yet cã thÓ ®øng ngay sau have nh−ng
ph¶i thay ®æi vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p: not mÊt ®i vµ PII trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã
to.
to
Ex: John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learnt the material yet.
Dïng víi now that (giê ®©y khi mµ...)
that...
Ex: Now that you have passed the TOEFL test successfully, you can apply...
Dïng víi mét sè phã tõ nh− till now untill now so far (cho ®Õn giê). Nh÷ng
now, now,
thµnh ng÷ nµy cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu c©u hoÆc cuèi c©u.
Ex: So far the problem has not been resolved.
Dïng víi recently lately (gÇn ®©y) nh÷ng thµnh ng÷ nµy cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu
recently,
hoÆc cuèi c©u.
Ex: I have not seen him recently.
Dïng víi before ®øng ë cuèi c©u.
Ex: I have seen him before.
V-
4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing
Dïng gièng hÖt nh− Present Perfect nh−ng hµnh ®éng kh«ng chÊn døt ë
hiÖn t¹i mµ vÉn tiÕp tôc tiÕp diÔn, th−êng xuyªn dïng víi since for + time
since,
Ph©n biÖt c¸ch dïng gi÷a hai thêi:
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Present Perfect Present Perfect Progressive
Hµnh ®éng ®· chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i do Hµnh ®éng vÉn tiÕp diÔn ë hiÖn t¹i,
®ã ®· cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÖt. cã kh¶ n¨ng lan tíi t−¬ng lai do ®ã
Ex I've waited you for half an hour (and
Ex: kh«ng cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÖt.
now I stop working because you didn't Ex: I've been waiting for you for half an
come). hour (and now I'm still waiting, hoping
that you'll come)
2. Past
V-
1) Simple Past: V-ed
Mét sè ®éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh cã c¶ d¹ng Simple Past vµ Past Perfect
b×nh th−êng còng nh− ®Æc biÖt. Ng−êi Anh −a dïng Simple past chia b×nh
th−êng vµ P2 ®Æc biÖt lµm adj hoÆc trong d¹ng bÞ ®éng
Ex: To light
lighted/lighted: He lighted the candles in his birthday cake.
lighted/lighted
lit/ lit: From a distance we can see the lit restaurant.
lit
Nã diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra ®øt ®iÓm trong qu¸ khø, kh«ng liªn
quan g× tíi hiÖn t¹i, thêi diÓm trong c©u ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh râ rÖt b»ng mét sè
c¸c phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh− yesterday at that moment last + time
yesterday, moment,
V-
2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing
Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë vµo mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt
®Þnh cña qu¸ khø. Thêi diÓm ®ã ®−îc diÔn ®¹t cô thÓ = ngµy, giê.
Nã dông kÕt hîp víi mét simple past th«ng qua 2 phã tõ chØ thêi gian lµ
when vµ while ®Ó chØ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang tiÕp diÔn trong qu¸ khø th× mét
while,
hµnh ®éng kh¸c chen ngang vµo (khi ®ang... th× bçng...).
Subject + Simple Past – while - Subject + Past
Progressive
Ex: Smb hit him on the head while he was walking to his car
Subject + Past Progressive - when - Subject + Simple
Past1
Ex: He was walking to his car when Smb hit him on the head
MÖnh ®Ò cã when & while cã thÓ ®øng bÊt k× n¬i nµo trong c©u nh−ng sau
when ph¶i lµ simple past vµ sau while ph¶i lµ Past Progressive
Progressive.
Nã diÔn ®¹t 2 hµnh ®éng ®ang cïng lóc x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø.
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