Xem mẫu
- KHOI NGHIR TI-PO-NI-CO-RO
H g a y t t f d a u the k y 16, In-dd-ne-xia, "dat ntfdc
n g a n dao" da b i thtfc dan H a L a n x a m ltfpc.
Stf cai t r i t a n bao ciia thtfc dan H a L a n da k h i e n cho
n h a n d a n d i a p h t f d n g d day ndi day dau t r a n h gay
gat. Ho k h d n g n g t f n g k h d i n g h i a chdhg H a L a n ,
t r o n g dd p h a i ke den cudc k h d i n g h i a ciia Ti-pd-ni-
cd-rd.
T r e n dao Gia-va ciia In-dd-ne-xia cd mdt vtfdng
qudc nhd goi l a Gitf-dtfa. T h a i ttf Gitf-dtfa l a Ti-pd-ni-
cd-rd (viet gon la Ti-pd-ni) cam t h u thtfc dan H a L a n
den t a n x t f d n g t u y .
"Tai sao c h u n g t a l a i p h a i chiu stf sap dat ciia bon
da trang? C h u n g t a p h a i dudi c h u n g nd di!" Ti-pd-ni
thd' Id suy n g h i ciia m i n h vdi bd ha. O n g b i mat xay
d t f n g m d t ddi q u a n d mdt ndi cd ten l a Dd-ca-le, de
c h u a n bi k h d i n g h i a v u trang. K h d n g ngd viec nay b i
bai Id. Thtfc dan H a L a n ttfc gian, t r u a t quyen t h t f a
ke ngdi v u a cua dng.
T h a i t i i T i - p d - n i v a n k i e n quyet ndi: "Ta da quyet
r d i , k h d n g sd g i stf de doa cua H a Lan!"
268
- M o t ngay vao 7 n a m 1825, T i - p o - n i n h a n dtfdc thtf
cua Cook, t d n g doc H a L a n . X e m thtf, ong bong doc to
len: " B a n t h a n men, x i n ngai hay t r d ve v t f d n g quoc,
k h o n g n e n h o a n g p h i t u o i t r e ciia m i n h d De-ca-le".
"A ha!... D a y l a a m m t f u cua bon da t r a n g , d i n h
ltfa t a , d i n h g i a m sat t a a, htf! d a u co de the!" O n g
biet ro r i n g btfc thtf nay c h i l a m o t d a u h i e u b i o
trtfdc n h t f n g t r d h u n g h a n da m a n se tiep theo ngay.
L u c dd, t t f x a v o n g l a i h a n g loat t i e n g s u n g n d ren,
m d t n g t f d i l i n h n h a y bd vao phong: " T h t f a t h a i t i i
dien ha, n g t f d i H a L a n d a n h den r d i ! "
"Dtfdc! Ctf de bon c h i i n g den day". T i - p d - n i dtfdn
ddi l o n g may, t a y v u n g l e n n d i : "Tap hdp ddi n g u , d i
c h u y e n ngay!"
Tiep sau l a n h t f n g t i e n g t r u y e n l e n h r d n r i p , Ti-pd-
n i n h a y l e n m i n h ngtfa, d a n q u a n ve p h i a xa.
Cudc k h d i n g h i a chdhg H a L a n cua "Dat ntfdc
n g a n d i o " da b i t d i u nhtf vay. Q u a n k h d i n g h i a da
d i chuyen den v u n g K h a - r i - x d - k h d . T i n n a y t r u y e n
den v t f d n g qudc G i t f - d t f a , m o i n g t f d i d day t a p nap
keo n h a u ve c h i e n k h u Kha-ri-xd-vd. Q u a n khdi
n g h i a t a n g l e n n h a n h chdng.
" N h a n d i p nay, s i k h i cdn d a n g h a n g h a i , x i n T h a i
t i i r a l e n h cho keo q u a n ve G i t f - d t f a , t i e u d i e t q u a n
H a L a n ! " N h t f n g n g t f d i k h d i n g h i a , n d n g l o n g bao t h u
r d a h a n , de n g h i d a n h ngay.
269
- "Khong! Ti-po-ni lac dau, dtfa m i t n h i n h a n g
quan, b i n h t i n h noi: "Chung t a t u y dong ngtfdi,
n h t f n g t r a n g b i v u k h i cdn r a t kem, k h d n g cd den mdt
k h a u d a i phao, l a m sao d a n h dtfdc vao den sao huyet
cua bon H a Lan?"
"The t h i l a m sao bay gid?" "Trtfdc het hay den Xla-
r a n da, d day c h i each Gitf-dtfa cd mtfdi may cay sd. Ta
d do t a n cdng c h u n g hen tuc, k h i e n chung met mdi
k i e t sdc m d i thdi!" Ti-pd-ni vdi c i i n h i n k i e n quyet,
long d l y t i n t t f d n g n d i vdi cac chien si cua m i n h .
Sau dd, T d n g ddc H a L a n lien tiep n h a n dtfdc t i n
dau d i u : Q u a n k h d i n g h i a t a n cdng k h u n h a d cua
ngtfdi H a L a n ; D t f d n g giao thdng t t f Gitf-dtfa r a ngoai
bi cat rdi!; D d i t i i t h t f d n g b i tap k i c h v.v...
"Giet! Giet het! Giet t a t ca l u chung nd d i ! " Cook
het len, h i n ttfc do n g l u con mat, lap ttfc dieu ddng
may n g a n b i n h m a keo theo may chuc k h a u p h i o ldn,
t i e n den X l a - r a n .
" H t f m ! T h d x e m Ti-pd-ni chay d i dau!" Tdng ddc
Cook d i e y n d i .
" T h t f a q u a n T d n g ddc, X l a - r a n k h d n g cdn a i ca.
K h d n g biet Ti-pd-ni bien dau m a t rdi", t h i m t d cua
H a L a n v d i v a n g chay ve bao c i o vdi Cook.
" C i i gi? T h a n h t r d n g a? Ti-pd-ni d i n h gid t r d g i
day?" Cook t h d dai, le nao t a p h a i r u t ve t a y khdng?
H i n tdc g i i n d i e n cuong t h e t len: "Khdng! Dot! H a y
dot t r u i X l a - r a n cho ta!"
270
- N g o n Ida t o i ac da b u n g len, Cook 16 r a mot n u
cUdi g i a n h i e m , de l a i m o t doi quan g i i t h a n h , con
h a n u n g d u n g ve P h u T d n g doc.
N i a dem h o m do, T i - p o - n i d a n quan bat ngd t r d ve
X l a - r a n , q u a n H a L a n g i i t h a n h b i d a n h t d i bdi. D e n
k h i d i n h dtfdc t h a n , to' chtfc dtfdc doi n g u t h i q u a n
cua T i - p o - n i da b i e n d a u het.
Cach d a n h d u k i c h cua Ti-po-ni r a t cd h i e u qua.
Q u a n k h d i n g h i a ngay cang dong. H o suy t o n Ti-po-
n i l a m vua.
K h o n g t r a n ap dtfdc q u a n k h d i n g h i a b a n g v u lUc,
Cook t h a y ddi t h u doan. H i n ctf g i a n te l o t vao q u a n
k h d i n g h i a , t u n g t i n t h a t t h i e t , gay c h i a re, 161 keo
m u a chudc n h t f n g t u t r t f d n g , q u y toe dao dong,
k h i e n cho doi n g u q u a n k h d i n g h i a b i p h a n hoa.
T r o n g m o t t r a n c h i e n d a u , con t r a i cua T i - p d - n i b i
quan H a L a n b i t .
"Neu k h d n g h i n g , t a se giet con m i ! " Cook v i e t thtf
de doa T i - p d - n i .
T i - p d - n i r u n n g t f d i len, r i n g n g h i e n c h i t "Con h a y
To qudc?", net m a t d a n h l a i , dng xe n a t btfc t h t f , n d i
ldn: " Q u i n i n ctfdp, c h u n g m i y cd the giet con tao
n h t f n g k h d n g the giet h e t dtfdc d i n Gia-va!"
Bdc h i n g k h d n g dtfdc, Cook da gid m d t t h u doan
x i ' u x a . D i u n i m 1830, h i n y e u c i u k h d i n g h i a g i a n g
hoa. K h i T i - p d - n i c d n g v d i c i c chien si cua m i n h den
p h o n g hop, dot n h i e n p h a t h i e n t h i ' y cd phuc b i n h
271
- cua H a L a n , bon l i n h l a m l a m tay sung, ong biet
ngay m i n h b i Ida.
"Nao, k i n h chao T h a i t i i , N g a i co yeu cau gi x i n cii
noi." Cook gia n h a n gia n g h i a n o i .
"Yeu cau cua t o i r a t ddn gian, t o i c h i mong xay
d u n g mot vtfdng quoc h o i giao doc lap 6" Gia-va. Do la
viec ciia n h a n d a n Gia-va c h i i n g t o i , khong lien quan
gi den cac ong, c h i n g co g i c i n p h a i ban". Ti-po-ni
t h i n g t h i n tra ldi.
N e t m i t Cook chdt t h a y ddi h i n . H i n chum moi
h u y t sao, q u a n H a L a n , sung 6hg d i y ngtfdi, ap vao
b i t T i - p o - n i va c i c chien si cua ong, r d i dem giam 6"
Vang-ca-xi thuoc dao Xu-la-ve-xi (Sulawesi). Quan
k h d i n g h i a m a t l a n h t u , t h i e u stf l a n h tao da tan ra
n h a n h chong.
K h d i n g h i a Ti-po-ni la m o t t r a n g sii ve vang ciia
n h a n d a n In-dd-ne-xia dau t r a n h chong xam ltfdc.
Cuoc k h d i n g h i a keo dai 5 n a m nay da md man cho
cuoc d a u t r a n h g i a i phong d a n toe chau A vao giiia
t h e k y 19.
272
- C f l C H M 0 N G CHflCJ 0CI 1848
N a m 1848 l a n a m r u n g c h u y e n ca chau A u .
N a m do L u - y P h i - l i p ciia ntfdc Phap n h u k i e n
t r e n chao l t f a , d i n g n g o i k h o n g y e n nha't l a sau k h i
t i n ve cuoc k h d i n g h i a v u t r a n g no' r a d Pa-lec-md,
t h u p h u ciia X i - x i n , d a n den each m a n g ca nUdc I - t a - l y
t r u y e n r a , ong cang c a m t h a y sd h a i , t t f d n g c h i n g
n h u t i n h h i n h v o n da k h o n g y e n o n d Phap, cuoc k h d i
n g h i a do se t h u c day cho t i n h h i n h x a u t l i e m . L i e
nay, o n g d a n g n o n g r u d t chd d d i k e t q u a d a m p h a n
cua t h u t u d n g G h i - d d v d i n g t f d i cua p h a i Cdng hoa l a
L a - m a c - t i n v a L d - d d - r u y Rd-lanh.
Cudc d a m p h a n nhu" v a y da d i e n r a m a y l a n r d i .
L a n nay, p h i a Cdng hoa v a n y e u cau eai each xa hdi;
ddi p h d t h d n g d a u p h i e u t h a n h lap che dd Cdng hoa,
t h a i dd cua ho ngay cang c d n g rhn. C u n g nhu" m a y
l a n trtfdc, cudc d a m p h a n c h i a t a y k h d n g v u i ve. T h u
t t f d n g G h i - d d cudi c u n g l a n h l i n g v d i p h i a Cdng hoa:
" N i d c P h a p k h d n g cd cai each, k h i nao cac dng g i a u
cd, cac d n g se dtfdc q u y e n b a u c i " .
18 - 105SKNT 273
- Ld-dd-ruy R6-lanh nghe vay, bUc qua noi: "Ngay
19 t h a n g 1, chung t o i se t d chile mot buta tiec ldn d
Pa-ri, x i n mdi Dtfc V u a va T h u tudng den dtf!"
Ghi-dd cam dau d i t h i n g .
L u - y Phi-lip vdi r a lenh tang ctfdng bao ve. Pa-ri
t r a n ngap b i u k h d n g k h i cang t h i n g .
T i i t h a n g 7 n a m 1847, phe Cdng hoa nUdc Phap,
de c h u a n b i cho "biia tiec", c i c n d i deu t d chtfc mit-
t i n h , hd hao cai c i c h che' dd b i u cii, nen r a t dtfdc
l o n g d a n chiing. H o chuan b i ngay 19 t h a n g 1 se t d
chtfc "biia tiec" r a t ldn, n h t f n g b i c h i n h quyen can
t r d , n e n p h a i hoan den ngay 22 t h a n g 2. Sang h d m
dd, cdng n h a n v a n h a n dan Pa-ri, bat chap l d i canh
cao cua c h i n h p h i i , tap nap keo n h a u den quang
t r t f d n g Ma-dd-len. H o h a t vang bai "Mac-xay-e", hd
l d n " C i i each m u d n nam", " D i dao Ghi-dd". Cudc
xud'ng dtfdng bieu t i n h t h i u y b i t d i u . K h i doan
b i e u t i n h d i den g i n cung Budc-bdng, q u a n c h i n h
p h i i x o n g r a g i a i t a n doan bieu t i n h . Q u i n chiing
p h a n r a cac phd', ho chat dd cay, xay chie'n l u y , phat
ddng k h d i n g h i a v u t r a n g . N g a y 23, b i t d i u chie'n
d a u d cac chie'n l u y , den sang ngay 24, q u a n k h d i
n g h i a da k i e m soat dtfdc cac t r a i l i n h va c i c ctf diem
chie'n ltfdc, ddng t h d i chie'm gitf d i e n T u y - l d - r i . V u a
L u - y P h i - l i p t h a y k h d n g on, d a n h p h a i t u y e n bd'
t h o a i v i v a t r d n k h d i Pa-ri, sau dd i t l a u sang song
lUu vong d A n h . Cach m a n g l i n nay t r o n g l i c h sxi goi
274
- l a "cuoc each m a n g t h a n g H a i " . Phe Cong hoa t u san
da t h a n h l a p C h i n h p h u l a m t h d i , den t h a n g 7,
vUdng t r i e u sup dd, l a p n e n nUdc Cong hoa Phap.
D a y l a n e n Cong hoa thu h a i t r o n g l i c h s d Phap.
1
G i a i cap t u san sau k h i l e n n a m c h i n h quyen, bat
d a u q u a y l a i t a n cong vao g i a i cap cong n h a n . T h a n g
6 n a m do, cong n h a n t i e n h a n h k h d i n g h i a v d i k h a u
h i e u "Nude cong hoa d a n c h u x a h o i " n h i i n g b i t h a t
b a i d i i d i sdc t r a n ap m a n h cua c h i n h q u y e n t u san,
h d n 11000 ngUdi b i giet.
T i n ve cuoc Cach m a n g t h a n g H a i d Pa-ri da t r u y e n
sang Ddc, day len cuoc each m a n g cua n h a n d a n Ba-
den v a Ba-va-ria (Bayern). T h a n g 3 n a m 1848, n d n g
d a n d cac v u n g n a y cam v u k h i dap p h a cac t r a n g t r a i ,
x u a d u d i bon t h a n hao, d i a chu, dot cac v a n khe, cac
giay td; n h a n d a n t h a n h phd' dieu h a n h t h i uy. D a u
t h a n g 3, n d i cac p h a n ddng d Ba-den sup dd, t h a n h lap
n d i cac m d i cd stf t h a m gia cua phe ttf do cua giai cap
tU san. C h i n h quyen d cac n d i khac c u n g tiep tuc
c h u y e n vao t a y giai cap tu* san t u do.
T r u n g t u a n t h a n g 3, d V i e n , t h u dd niidc A o , v a
Bec-lin, t h u dd cua Phd, c u n g n d r a each m a n g .
N g a y 13 t h a n g 3, cdng n h a n , hoc s i n h v a n h a n d a n
t h u do V i e n xud'ng d t f d n g b i e u t i n h chd'ng c h i n h p h u ,
h d l d n : " D a dao M e t - t e c - n i c h , c h i n h p h u l a p h i e n
m u d n n a m ! " K h i M e t - t e c - n i c h d i e u q u a n d e n de t r a n
ap, n h a n d a n da x a y d t f n g cac chie'n l u y , p h a t d d n g
275
- k h d i n g h i a v u t r a n g . Met-tec-nich t h a y k h o n g on,
p h a i dong gia l a m dan ba, t r d n sang A n h . Stf t h d n g
t r i cua h a n sup dd d Ao, Hoang de Fec-di-nan bat
buoc p h a i t h i a n h a n t u do ngon l u a n cua n h a n dan
va t r i e u tap n o i cac t u y e n bd lap h i e n v a t u y e n cu".
T i n da l a t do Mec-tec-nich t h d i thuc phong trao d
Bee-lin. Ltfc ltfdng each m a n g d Bec-lin c h u yeu la
cdng n h a n , qua cudc dau t r a n h dam m a u da thuc day
t i e n t r i n h d a n chu hoa d ntfdc m i n h . N h t f n g the ltfc
p h o n g k i e n d Phd va Ao k h d n g cam t a m c h i u that
bai, c h u n g quay t r d l a i d a n ap het stfc da man, khdi
phuc l a i stf t h d h g t r i phong k i e n .
Bao tap each mang 1848 cung cudh h u t dat ntfdc
H u n g - g a - r i . Ngay 15 t h a n g 3 Bu-da-pet n d r a cudc
k h d i n g h i a chdhg stf cai t r i cda Ao. T r o n g l a n k h d i
n g h i a nay, n h a t h d each m a n g Pe-td-phi da cd v u
cudc dau t r a n h cda n h a n dan bang n h t f n g v a n thd
"Bai ca d a n tdc". Ngay 18 t h a n g 3, Qudc h d i H u n g -
ga-ri t h d n g qua Phap l e n h 35 dieu, v a n dtfdc goi l a
"Phap l e n h n a m 1848", t h u dtfdc t h a n g l d i ldn, q u a n
t r o n g . H o a n g de Ao p h a i cau ctfu Sa hoang ntfdc N g a .
N g a y 15 t h a n g 6 n a m 1849, ntfdc N g a can t h i e p q u a n
stf vao H u n g - g a - r i . Q u a n Ao l d i d u n g t h d i cd dd t a n
cdng H u n g - g a - r i . H d n 15 v a n quan H u n g b i 2 m a t
q u a n A d N g a vdi 37 v a n q u a n ep l a i . Ngay 27 t h a n g
9, ctf d i e m cud'i cung cua Hung-ga-ri d Kd-ma-nd
276
- ( K o m a r n o ) b i t h a t t h u , cuoc d a u t r a n h g i a n h doc lap
cua H u n g - g a - r i t h a t bai.
N h a n d a n Tiep K h l c ciing k h d i nghia chong Ao doi
doc lap vao t h a n g 3 n a m 1848. T h a n g 6, n h a n dan Pra-
ha noi day, n h t f n g b i quan A n h t r a n ap ac het.
N h t f n g n g t f d i k h o i n g h i a sdm n h a t n a m 1848 d Pa-
lec-md, t r a i q u a chien d a u g i a n khd" da dudi dtfdc
quan n h a v u a , t h u dtfdc t h i n g ldi, x a y d t f n g t r e n dao
X i - x i n m o t c h i n h p h d l a m t h d i cua phe t t f do ttf san.
K h d i n g h i a Pa-lec-md da d i n dat cac v u n g d I - t a - l y
ndi day d a u t r a n h . M i - l a n , Vd-ni-dd d a u dau c u n g
b u n g len n g p n I d a dau t r a n h g i a i p h d n g d a n tdc.
N h d n g n g t f d i k h d i n g h i a cam l a y v u k h i chien d a u
d u n g c a m chd'ng l a i q u a n A o . T h a n g 9, phong t r a o
each m a n g d I - t a - l y da l e n t d i cao trao. N g a y 15 t h a n g
11, n h a n d a n t h a n h L a M a c u n g gitf dng cao ngon cd
k h d i n g h i a , n g a y h d m sau da d a n h vao c u n g d i n h cua
Giao h o a n g Pi-d I V . B a n t h a n Giao hoang p h a i cai
t r a n g t r d n d i . N g a y 9 t h a n g 2 n a m 1849, L a M a t h a n h
lap ntfdc Cdng hoa, t h t f c h i e n n h t f n g c h i n h sach t i e n
bd. Giao h o a n g Pi-d I da cau k e t v d i q u a n Phap can
thiep, ta'n cdng vao ntfdc Cdng hoa L a M a . Q u a n Phap
da dd bd vao I - t a - l i ngay 25 t h a n g 4 t a i cang X i - v i -
ta-vec-chia (Civitavecchia) da b i q u a n t i n h n g u y e n
cua G a - r i - b a n - d i d a n h b a i m d t each n h a n h chong.
T h a n g 6, q u a n P h a p l a i t a n cdng vao L a M a . Luc do,
q u a n A o c u n g d a n h vao ntfdc Cdng hod L a M a . N g a y
277
- 3 t h a n g 7, q u a n Phap chiem dUdc t h a n h L a M a ,
c h i n h quyen cua Giao hoang l a i dtfdc t h i e t lap dtfdi
stf che chd cua q u a n Phap. Cach m a n g I-ta-ly cung
d a n d a n b i t h a t b a i d cac ndi.
H a n g ldat cuoc each m a n g nd r a 6" chau A u nam
1848 l a n h i i n g cuoc each m a n g d a n c h i i t t f san vdi
quy md r d n g k h a p v a to l d n n h a t t r o n g l i c h s i i chau
A u can dai. Cach m a n g l a n nay t u y t h a t bai, nhtfng
d a cd tac d u n g t h u c day stf p h a t t r i e n ciia chu nghia
ttf b a n d cac ntfdc c h a u A u .
278
- TUYEN NGON 0 0 N G CQNG SflN
D a u n a m 1848, mot v a n k i e n l i c h su" chan dong
the gidi da r a ddi. Do l a ban "Tuyen ngon
D a n g Cong san" n d i t i e n g . N o i ve ban t u y e n ngon
nay, x i n hay quay ve t h d i k y do.
N h i i n g n a m 30 cua t h e k y 19, phong t r a o cong
n h a n d cac nUdc c h a u A u p h a t trien rat nhanh,
n h i i n g chua h i n h t h a n h mot khdi thdhg nhat, ciing
c h t f a co sU l a n h dao cua m o t c h i n h d a n g each m a n g
279
- dtfdc v u t r a n g bang c h u n g h i a Cong san khoa hoc.
G i a i cap vo san c h t f a h i e u r o l y t h u y e t k h o a hoc ve
n g u o n goc b i bdc lot, ve stf m e n h l i c h su" v a ve con
d t f d n g t t f g i a i p h o n g cho m i n h . Do do cuoc dau t r a n h
cua ho l u d n b i t h a t b a i . G i a i cap vo san l a m the nao
de g i a i phong cho m i n h ? N g t f d i t h a y each m a n g v i d a i
M a c va A n g - g h e n , t r e n cd sd t d n g k e t k i n h n g h i d m
cua p h o n g t r a o cong n h a n da t i e n h a n h n g h i e n c i i u l y
l u a n k h o a hoc va l i e n he r d n g r a i v d i n h t f n g doan the
cong n h a n cua cac ntfdc. Cac dng d i e bidt c h u t r o n g
den "Ddng m i n h n h t f n g ngtfdi c h i n h n g h i a " dtfdc xay
d t f n g t r o n g phong t r a o cdng n h a n Ddc. "Ddng m i n h
n h t f n g ngtfdi c h i n h n g h i a " l a mdt doan the each
m a n g b i m a t cua n h t f n g cdng n h a n t h u cdng Dtfc
song l t f u v o n g lap n e n d P a - r i . Sau nay P a - r i t r d
t h a n h t r u n g t a m r d i c h u y e n sang L u a n D d n , t t f dd
p h a t t r i e n cac c h i bd t a i T h u y Si, Dtfc v a Phap, bat
d a u t r d t h a n h mdt t d chtfc cdng n h a n m a n g t i n h chat
qudc te. N h a n v a t d a i b i e u cua D d n g m i n h l a Vai-td-
l i n . O n g c u n g la ngtfdi Dtfc, k h i cdn t r e da t d n g l a m
t h d may, r a t cam g i a n c h u n g h i a ttf ban, c h u t r t f d n g
l a t dd bang bao ltfc, n h t f n g dng mud'n t h t f c h i e n mot
" C h u n g h i a Cdng san b i n h quan", v a h y v o n g cd the
d t f a vao a m m t f u b i m a t bao d d n g cua m o t sd i t ngtfdi
de t h t f c h i e n d i e u do. T t f t t f d n g n a y cd a n h h t f d n g ra't
l d n vao t h d i dd. M a c va A n g - g h e n t h a y r a n g , m u d n
280
- cho "Dong m i n h n h t f n g ngtfdi c h i n h nghia" p h u hdp
vdi y e u cau d a u t r a n h each m a n g ciia giai cap vo san,
can p h a i dtfdc cai tao ve cd ban, trtfdc het p h a i t h u y e t
phuc dtfdc V a i - t d - l i n t t f bd q u a n d i e m ciia c h i i n g h i a
cdng san k h d n g t t f d n g ciia dng.
M u a x u a n n a m 1846, V a i - t d - l i n den Bruc-xen, t h u
dd ntfdc B i da g i p Mac, h i e n dang ctf t r u t a i dd.
V a i - t d - l i n gkp Mac da t r i n h bay q u a n d i e m cua
m i n h : " T d i cho r a n g stf ttf do t t f d n g a i cua ngtfdi t a l a
cd sd cua x a h d i cdng san, c h i can c h u n g t a cd m d t
p h t f d n g a n n h t f vay de m o i ngtfdi l a m theo l a dtfdc."
Mac nghe dng n d i vay, m i m ctfdi t r a l d i "V&y l a m
the' nao de d a n h dd' che dd x a h d i cu? O n g k h d n g p h a i
c h u t r t f d n g d u n g bao ltfc day tf? V a i - t d - l i n diem n h i e n
t r a l d i r a n g : "Chuyen dd de bon an may, bon ke ctfdp
va bon t d i p h a m l a m , cdn cdng n h a n c h i can td' chtfc
cd cau phuc l d i va n h a an chung, xay d t f n g cdng x a ttf
do t t f d n g a i , k h i e n m o i ngtfdi deu b i n h dang. D d l a
q u a n d i e m cua t d i , cho nen ngon cd cua "Dong m i n h
nhtfng ngtfdi chinh nghia" mdi viet k h a u hieu: "Moi
ngtfdi deu l a a n h em".
T d i biet r a t n h i e u ngtfdi t r o n g "Dong m i n h n h t f n g
ngtfdi c h i n h n g h i a " t i n vao c h u n g h i a cdng san b i n h
q u a n c u a dng, n h t f n g dng cd t h e t h u y e t phuc g i a i cap
ttf san d e m t a i san va q u y e n ltfc cua m i n h p h a n phd'i
deu cho m o i n g t f d i khdng? t d i x i n n d i ngay r a n g dd l a
281
- ao ttfdng". Mac t r d nen nghiem tuc, cang n o i cang xuc
dong: " H i e n nay, cai ma cong n h a n can l a ly lu&n
c h i n h xac v a dtfdng ldi c h i n h xac chtf k h o n g p h a i la
t i n h cam v a nguyen vong. C h i co t i e n h a n h each
m a n g vo san mdi lat do dtfdc che dd ttf ban. D a y la
con dtfdng d u y nha't dung dan.
Mac va V a i - t d - l i n khac n h a u ve mkt ly l u a n ttf
ttfdng, h a i ben k h d n g the d i den thdhg nha't, khien
cho cudc g&p chia t a y k h d n g v u i ve.
M a y t h a n g sau, Mac va Ang-ghen t h a n h lap b
Bruc-xen " U y b a n Thdng t a n Cdng san". U y ban da
lien lac v d i n h i e u chi bd ciia "Ddng m i n h nhiing
ngtfdi c h i n h nghia". T r o n g mdt cudc hop ciia i i y ban,
Mac va V a i - t d - l i n da t r a n h l u a n cdng k h a i . K h i khai
mac cudc hop, Ang-ghen chii t r i da t u y e n bd: "Can
p h a i cd m o t l u a n diem chung l a m can ctf cho hanh
dong cua n h t f n g ngtfdi Cdng san". Vai-td-lin nghe
xong lap ttfc d t f n g len phat bieu: "Tdi cho r a n g phai
lap ttfc ddng v i e n cdng nhan, t u y e n t r u y e n l y luan
k h o n g p h a i l a chuyen quan trong".
Mac n g a n g dau len chat van: "Vai-td-lin, dng to
mom ndi p h a i ddng vien, vay thtf hdi dng, dng can ctf
vao dau de c h t f n g m i n h hoat ddng ciia dng la dung, va
can ctf vao dau de xac m i n h hoat ddng sau nay?"
M a y cau h d i k h i e n V a i - t d - l i n lap bap m a i k h d n g
282
- the t r a l d i dtfdc, mot liic sau m d i ndi: "Tdi ttfdng... ctf
cd' ddng r d i cdng n h a n khac m d m i t ra..."
L u c bay gid Mac m d i d t f n g day n d i mdt each
n g h i e m tuc: "Cai m a g i a i cap vd san can la l y l u a n
k h o a hoc, chtf k h d n g p h a i l a t i n h cam ngay thd". O n g
d t f n g l a i m d t lat, n h i n k h i p h d i t r t f d n g mdt ltfdt, n d i
tiep: "Tdi mud'n nhac n h d m o i ngtfdi r a n g cdng tac
q u a n t r o n g nha't cua c h u n g t a la d u n g l y l u a n d u n g
d i n , k h o a hoc de v u t r a n g cho cdng n h a n . C h i cd nhtf
vay m d i l a m cho ho n h i n r d n h t f n g c h u t r t f d n g sai
l i m , ke ca cai " C h u n g h i a Cdng san b i n h quan" cua
dng V a i - t d - l i n day". Nghe n d i den dd, ca h d i t r t f d n g vd
t a y n h i e t liet, bieu t h i stf ddng t i n h vdi quan d i e m
cua M i c .
M u a x u a n n a m 1848, "Ddng m i n h n h t f n g ngtfdi
c h i n h n g h i a " d L u a n D d n mdi M a c v i Ang-ghen r a
n h a p D d n g m i n h v a ddng y theo y k i e n cua cac dng
cai t d D d n g m i n h . I t l a u sau, D d n g m i n h t r i e u t i p
D a i h d i dai b i e u l a n thtf nha't. T a i D a i h d i nay, c i n ctf
vao de n g h i ciia M a c va Ang-ghen, "Ddng m i n h
n h t f n g n g t f d i c h i n h n g h i a " ddi t h a n h "Ddng m i n h
n h t f n g n g t f d i Cdng san", t h d n g qua ctfdng l i n h m d i ,
lay k h a u h i e u "Vd san t o a n the gidi l i e n hiep l a i "
t h a y the' cho k h a u h i e u cu k y , m d hd: " M o i ngtfdi deu
l i a n h em".
283
- M u a t h u n a m do, "Dong m i n h n h i i n g ngtfdi Cdng
san" t r i e u tap D a i hdi dai bieu l a n thtf h a i . Cac dai
bieu deu t h a y can p h a i cd h i n h thtfc t u y e n ngon l a m
ctfdng l i n h h a n h ddng cho Dong m i n h . M o i ngtfdi
quyet d i n h m d i Mac v a Ang-ghen chap b u t viet ban
T u y e n ngon nay. Sau k h i D a i h d i k e t thuc, i t l a u sau,
t h a n g 1 n a m 1848, Mac va Ang-ghen da hoan t h a n h
v a n b a n " T u y e n ngon D a n g Cong san". T h a n g 2,
T u y e n ngon c h i n h thtfc r a m a t t a i L u a n D d n .
Su r a ddi cua b a n "Tuyen ngon D a n g Cdng san" da
gay chan ddng toan the gidi. "Tuyen ngon" da t r i n h
bay mdt each cd he thdhg n h i i n g nguyen l i cd ban ciia
c h u n g h i a Cdng san, da chtfng m i n h quy l u a t tat yeu
che do ttf ban se b i diet vong va che' dd Cdng san se
t h i n g l d i . T u y e n ngon long trong t u y e n bd' trtfdc toan
the gidi: M u c t i e u cudi cung cua n h t f n g ngtfdi cdng san
la thtfc h i e n c h i i nghia Cdng san t r e n toan the gidi,
t r o n g cudc each m a n g nay, giai cap vd san chi mat di
xieng xich, cai m a ho t h u dtfdc se l a toan the gidi.
284
- I
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6 fiN D O
mot ngay vao thang 2 nam 1857, trtfdc doanh
t r a i q u a n A n h d l a n g T a - m u - t a m , gan Can-
c u t - t a (Calcutta), m o t l i n h ddng A n D d dang m a n g
mdt b i n h b a n g ddng, gap m d t cdng n h a n a n m i c l a m
I d . N g t f d i cdng n h a n x i n ntfdc udhg. N g t f d i l i n h ddng
theo t a p q u a n dang cap k h d n g cho, cdn quat: " K h d n g
dtfdc, m i l a t i e n dan, k h d n g dtfdc d u n g vao cac thtf
cua d i n g cap khac". N g t f d i cdng n h a n n a y ttfc g i a n
ndi: " M a y t h i h d n g i , do a n md bd, m d l d n ! Cai thtf bdi
d a n ay l a h a i thtf cho m a y an!" N g t f d i l i n h nghe vay,
sd x a n h x a m ca m i t may, v t f t b i n h ntfdc xud'ng day
r d i chay ve doanh t r a i . L i n h ddng t r o n g t r a i biet
chuyen, a i n a y deu c i u t i e t .
L i n h ddng l a l i n h chieu m d cua q u a n A n h t a i d i a
p h t f d n g A n D d . P h a n l d n l a ho deu theo A n D d giao
hoac theo I - x l a m . C h i h u y cua ho deu l a n g t f d i A n h ,
bdn n a y t h a h d c h d i bdi, d a n h dap l i n h ddng, k h d n g
he t o n t r o n g t a p q u a n d a n tdc va t i n h cam t o n giao
c u a n g t f d i A n D d , k h i e n cho l i n h ddng r a t c a m g i a n .
285
- N a m 1857, c h i n h quyen thtfc dan A n h phat cho Hnh
dong loai sung En-pheo-dd (Enfield) t h a y cho loai
sung k i p . D a n cho loai sung nay p h a i boi dau md cho
k h o i r i . K h i nap dan, p h a i lay r a n g c i n chat vien
dan, de h a i t a y keo khoa nong. L d n l a thu" ngiidi theo
dao I - x l a m p h a i kieng, con bo l a i l a t h a n v a t cua A n
Do giao. Su d u n g loai sung En-pheo-dd nay ro r a n g la
da xuc p h a m den t i n h cam ton giao ciia l i n h dong A n
Do. Sau k h i loai sung nay dUa vao quan doi vdi cai
each nap d a n n h u vay, da b i l i n h ddng phan doi
quyet liet n h t f n g b i bon si quan A n h b i t budc t h a m
c h i a i chd'ng l a i se b i x d ban, n e n ho danh p h a i n h i n
nhue c h i u dUng.
N g a y 9 t h a n g 5, l i n h ddng d t h a n h M i - r a t g i n De-
l i (Delhi) p h i i r a thao trtfdng, bon si quan A n h dan
85 ngtfdi b i t r d i r a dd, ho deu l a n h t f n g ngtfdi l i n h
ddng t t f chdi k h d n g c h i u sii d u n g n h t f n g v i e n dan bdi
d i u md, t u y e n bd phat ho t t f 8 den 10 n a m t u giam,
r d i lot het q u a n t r a n g cua ho, t d n g giam ngay, trtfdc
m a t sd l i n h dong cdn l a i . L i n h ddng A n Dd k h d n g the
n h a n n h i n dtfdc n i i a , lap ttfc quyet d i n h v u n g len
k h d i n g h i a v u t r a n g . H d m sau, vao liic 5 gid chieu,
t i e n g chudng n h a t h d vang len, bon si quan A n h
d a n g c i u nguyen, bdng t i e n g sung vang t r d i . T e n nao
chay r a k h d i n h a t h d deu b i b i n guc. C i c cdng sd cua
c h i n h q u y e n thtfc dan deu b i d a n h chiem, 85 ngtfdi
286
- l i n h b i g i a m diidc t h a r a . D t f d n g day dien b i cat.
D t f d n g sat b i phong toa. L i n h dong A n Do dtfdc n h a n
d a n t r o n g t h a n h phd v a nong dan q u a n h v u n g u n g
ho. H o ho ldn: " H a y d a n h vao De-li!" va ngay dem do
ho t i e n ve p h i a De-li.
Sang ngay 11 t h a n g 5, k h i q u a n k h d i n g h i a d M i -
r a t den ndi, l i n h dong d o n t r u d co' do De-li da h t f d n g
tfng ngay, ho giet cac si q u a n ngtfdi A n h , md t o a n g
ciia t h a n h . Sau 6 ngay chien dau, den ngay 16, q u a n
k h d i n g h i a da k i e m soat t o a n t h a n h De-li. H o d t f a
H o a n g de' Ba-ha-dun X a I I b i phe trua't l e n l a m l a n h
t u d a n h n g h i a ciia q u a n k h d i n g h i a , t h a n h lap c h i n h
quyen cua m i n h . Sau k h i c h i n h quyen k h d i n g h i a De-
l i dtfdc t h a n h lap, n g o n l t f a dau t r a n h theo gid l a n r a
k h a p A n Do. R a t n h i e u q u y tdc A n bat m a n vdi c h i n h
sach ciia thuc d a n A n h c u n g p h a t cd k h d i n g h i a , tao
r a mdt cudc k h d i n g h i a l d n chong A n h cua toan d a n
tdc A n Dd, r i m r a p t r o n g ca ntfdc.
Cudc k h d i n g h i a t u y g i a n h dtfdc t h a n g l d i h u y
hoang t r o n g mdt t h d i g i a n ngan, n h t f n g v i k h d i n g h i a
d cac n d i t h i e u stf l a n h dao t h d n g nha't, k h d n g t h t f a
t h a n g t r u y k i c h t i e u d i e t s i n h ltfc dich, k h i e n cho
thtfc d a n A n h d a n d a n h d i phuc t i n h t h a n , c h i i n g
dieu q u a n t t f M i - a n - m a ( M i e n Dien), Xri-lan-ca (Xay
l a n ) v a M a - l a i - x i a , l a i t h e m ca mdt ddi q u a n A n h
c h u a n b i x a m n h a p vao T r u n g Qudc dang cd m i t t a i
287
nguon tai.lieu . vn