The University in Development

Case Studies of Use-Oriented Research David Cooper Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za First published 2011 ISBN (soft cover) 978-0-7969-2347-9 ISBN (pdf) 978-0-7969-2348-6 ISBN (e-pub) 978-0-7969-2349-3 © 2011 Human Sciences Research Council The views expressed in this publication are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Human Sciences Research Council (‘the Council’) or indicate that the Council endorses the views of the author. In quoting from this publication, readers are advised to attribute the source of the information to the individual author concerned and not to the Council. Copyedited by Lee Smith and Karen Press Typeset by Robin Yule Cover artwork by Marko Petrik Cover design by Nicole de Swardt, Flycreative Printed by [Name of printer, city, country] Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477; Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) Tel: +44 (0) 17 6760 4972; Fax: +44 (0) 17 6760 1640 www.eurospanbookstore.com Distributed in North America by River North Editions, from IPG Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741; Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 www.ipgbook.com Contents Tables and figures v Preface vii Abbreviations and acronyms ix Part 1 A global second academic transformation: In symbiosis with a third capitalist industrial revolution Introduction: Investigating Western Cape university research groupings 3 New issues and perspectives: Their unfolding in the research process 5 Towards a new theoretical framework 20 The organisation of the book 24 1 A post-1970s second academic transformation: Questions and evidence 28 Etzkowitz’s hypotheses regarding a third university mission 28 Some pointers to the ‘new university mission’ 31 Cautionary remarks about a global second academic transformation 47 2 Use-inspired basic research and the third mission: Some cases of early developments 60 Pasteur’s Quadrant and UIBR 61 Embedding a third university mission linked to UIBR at MIT before the Second World War 65 An academic turning point: The Second World War and UIBR in the USA 73 The consolidation of UIBR at Stanford after 1945 80 3 The spread of a second academic transformation in the last quarter of the twentieth century: A critical assessment 91 A third capitalist industrial revolution: The underpinning of the second academic transformation 92 The importance of a fourth helix 104 Emergence of larger research centres linked to the third university mission 115 Part 2 Case studies at the universities in the Western Cape Introduction: A short overview of South African research and innovation 149 The evolving systems of research and innovation in South Africa 149 R&D indicators: Selective insights into our national system 158 4 Use-oriented research: ‘Model types’ of research groupings in the universities 170 Case 0: The ‘traditional’ Model T structure, exemplified by the Science Unit 171 Case 1: Model A, use-oriented research, exemplified by the Agriculture Centre 178 Case 2: Model B, use-oriented research, exemplified by the Genes Unit 200 Case 3: Model C, use-oriented research, exemplified by the Space Lab 213 5 Case studies of research groupings in between the traditional Model T and the new Models A, B and C 237 Research groupings in transition between Model T and Model B 238 Research groupings in transition between Model T and Model A 251 Research groupings in transition between Model T and Model C 271 Part 3 Drawing together the threads from the 11 case studies 6 Interpreting the data from 10 use-oriented research groupings 305 Another look at the second academic transformation 305 Internal modes of research organisation: Findings from the cases studies 310 Factors enhancing and inhibiting use-oriented research: Findings from the case studies 323 7 The idea of a second academic transformation: Implications for new concepts and new policies 349 Missing discourses and absent concepts 349 Some new policy implications 356 Appendix 1: Research methodology employed in the study 362 Appendix 2: The case studies 367 References 368 Index 379 Tables and figures Tables Table i.1 Table i.2 Table 3.1 Table ii.1 Table ii.2 able ii.3 able ii.4 able ii.5 Table A2.1 Figures Figure i.1 Figure i.2 Figure i.3 Figure i.4 Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 Figure ii.1 Figure ii.2 Figure ii.3 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 The three major industrial revolutions 22 The structure of the book 24 Conceptualisation of capitalist very long waves: Technological forces and socio-economic relations of production 93 Ratio of South African GERD to GDP, 2001–06 158 A global snapshot of overall and business investment in national R&D, 2005 159 Main performers of R&D (2005/06) by source of R&D funding 160 R&D researchers (FTE), 1992 and 2005 161 Higher education research-related indicators, 2005 165 The case studies: Model type, pseudonyms and mode of internal organisation of each case 369 The ‘orphan’ U–CS link, alongside the U–I–G triple helix 11 Research model types as hypothesised after the first phase of interviews 13 Research model types as hypothesised after the second phase of interviews 15 A proposed typology of the 11 cases 16 Stokes’s quadrant model of scientific research 61 The ‘investigation work spectrum’: Regions of use-oriented work and new knowledge (i.e. research) production 64 Research model types of the first and second academic transformations 133 A shift to use-oriented research: Maintaining the core internal organisational structure of the small PI-unit 135 A radically new internal organisational structure of a ‘real’ centre 137 A network of PI-units (research subgroups): A new ‘virtual’ structure combining features of both a small unit and a large centre 140 Full-time equivalent researchers per 1 000 total employment 162 Researchers by institutional type, race, dominant age and gender 163 PhD graduates per million population, 2005 164 ransformation of traditional Model T into new Model A, or B or C 170 Personnel structure of the Agriculture Centre in 2000 179 v ... - tailieumienphi.vn