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- International Journal of Management (IJM) Volume 11, Issue 5, May 2020, pp. 195-202, Article ID: IJM_11_05_019 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijm/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=11&IType=5 Journal Impact Factor (2020): 10.1471 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 0976-6510 DOI: 10.34218/IJM.11.5.2020.019 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed THE MOROCCAN WOMEN'S COOPERATIVE IN RESPONSE TO LASTING IMPACTS: SOCIAL COHESION, SOLIDARITY AND INCLUSION Malak Bouhazzama PhD Student, National School of Commerce and Management of Tangier, Morocco Ahmed Guenaoui PhD Student, Ibn Tofail University in Kenitra, Morocco ABSTRACT Faced with unprecedented challenges, linked to inequalities, exclusion, access to resources and services, the social and solidarity economy (SSE) combines productive activities, ecological, civic and social objectives. Indeed, the cooperative, which relaunched the SSE, is a vector of democratic solidarity close to territories and communities. It thus generates social cohesion and inclusion make it possible to combine social innovation for sustainable development and participatory governance for plural efficiency in order to meet the needs of the population of all ages, regardless of gender or income. In Morocco, the female cooperative worker has gone beyond the quest for empowerment to be an essential vector of sustainable development. In this study, Key words: sustainable development, women, cooperative, governance, Morocco Cite this Article: Malak Bouhazzama and Ahmed Guenaoui, The Moroccan Women's Cooperative in Response to Lasting Impacts: Social Cohesion, Solidarity and Inclusion. International Journal of Management, 11 (5), 2020, pp. 195-202. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=11&IType=5 1. INTRODUCTION The current crisis of capitalism has made it possible to learn about the social and solidarity economy (SSE), an open SSE, which works for its development while questioning its practices and which aims at a complete transformation of the global economy, in alliance with all actors in society. The SSE is not only a response to various crisis situations, but an opening to move towards a more united, fairer and more responsible economy. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 195 editor@iaeme.com
- Malak Bouhazzama and Ahmed Guenaoui 1.1. Origins of the ESS Neither in the public sector nor in the capitalist field, the SSE, combining modernity and originality, encompasses an immense diversity of economic initiatives where profit is not an end in itself but rather a means serving the actors of ESS or more of any responsible citizen. Despite their diversity, SSE organizations share several characteristics: a purpose of social utility as an economic purpose; a project management based on the followers of good governance as well as ethical management; amcivic commitment focusing on a territorial anchoring. Environmental protection and contribution to sustainable development. The companies of the SSE favor the active participation of all citizens to leave no one on the economic road and to get involved in the economic game while having a double quality of contributor and beneficiary of economic, social and environmental. At this stage, the person becomes an actor in the economy and the economy serving people. However, the SSE is not the miracle and instant solution to all the problems of the economic system. It must gradually go beyond a simple speech of recognition to bring a global vision of economic transformation.[1] 2. HETEROGENEOUS CONCEPT OF THE ESS Admittedly, one cannot enumerate the whole of the definitions of the SSE, but one can be satisfied with some expressing different points of view with a different geography. John Hopkins, expressing the Anglo-Saxon vision, is based on a third sector which he defines as "all the organizations which simultaneously meet the following criteria: formality of the organization, membership of the private sector, non-distribution of profits to members and presence of a certain level of voluntary participation ”(M. Nyssens). J. Defourny expresses the French point of view by using the name of social economy based on three pillars: mutuals, associations and cooperatives. According to Sarria Icaza and Tiriba represent the American-Latin philosophy by speaking of the popular economy which they define by “the whole of the economic activities and social practices developed by the popular groups in order to guarantee, by the use of their own work force and available resources, satisfaction of basic needs, material as well as intangible ”. As mentioned in the SSE guide published by the ILO (2010), these definitions finally represent different points of view which make it difficult to reconcile professional organizations, public authorities and academics around a single concept of the ESS. However, the three main functions of the SSE, via its principles and values, which are solidarity, democracy and economic development, make it possible to group the principles of the SSE around three pillars: Social innovation for sustainable development Participatory governance for plural efficiency Universality of united satisfaction of the needs of the population of the five continents. 3. SSE CHALLENGES FACING ENTREPRENEURSHIP There is a diversity of scientific trends in entrepreneurship (Low and MacMillan, 1988; Aldrich, 2000; Low, 2001), hence the multitude of theoretical and methodological contributions[2] (Gartner et al., 2006; Cornélius et al., 2006; Grégoire et al., 2006) and http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 196 editor@iaeme.com
- The Moroccan Women's Cooperative in Response to Lasting Impacts: Social Cohesion, Solidarity and Inclusion paradigms[3] (Verstraete and Fayolle, 2005) which identify four generic paradigms: value creation, innovation, business opportunity and organizational creation. In SSE, the notion of entrepreneurship has flourished thanks to various empirical research (Peredo and Chrisman, 2006; Cornwall, 1998; Dana, 1995; Flora, 1998; Lucas, 2001; Enjolras, 2002; Laville and Nyssens, 2001 ; Gardin, 2006) aberrating the only market view of the economy[4]. Thus, new associative and cooperative entrepreneurial dynamics have been developed by various actors in civil, political and economic societies. According to Bruyat (1993), generally research devalues the SSE and projects find it difficult to develop because of problems linked to financing, which leads us to invest more in the link between capital and the investor in social economy enterprises (Bouchard and Rondeau, 2003). Table 1 The domain of validity of the model proposed by Bruyat Strong validity of the model Low validity of the model Single player or small team Group or coalition of different actors Strong personal involvement and low reversibility Low involvement and high reversibility of of the actor the actor Micro-activity Salaried or unemployed creator New activity Dependent company Private market sector Non-profit project (non-profit sector) Mainly economic project Mainly political or social project As for Young (1983), he defines SSE entrepreneurship in relation to innovation, the actors of which foster cooperation and co-production processes (Alter, 2002) and (Gadrey, 1996, 2004). It would then be useful to be interested in studying the forms of innovation and innovation processes within the SSE. According to CRISES[5], social innovation has been defined by "intervention initiated by social actors, to respond to an aspiration, provide for a need, provide a solution or take advantage of an opportunity for action, in order to modify social relationships, to transform a framework for action or to propose new cultural orientations ”. However, social innovation in SSE projects can appear in several facets by presenting a service model in which the producer and the user are combined: for example in parental crèches, the user parents are at the same time producers service alongside professionals. The innovation may also concern the way in which the service is delivered: for example, a childcare service which is no longer conventionally offered in a childcare structure such as a crèche, but which results in the provision of a home care adapted to parents' atypical hours. It can lie in the entrepreneur's way of seeking funds, in the hybridization or even the mixing of the resources used, for example by making volunteers and employees cooperate in the same activity. 4. THE SSE: EFFECTIVE AND SUSTAINABLE RESPONSES TO THE NEEDS OF POPULATIONS An increased demand for pluralism in the economic field has thus emerged with a societal and humanist vision placing economic activity at the service of people. Indeed, since the work of Polyani K. (1983) and the relay taken by the thinkers of the new social economy1, the need to http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 197 editor@iaeme.com
- Malak Bouhazzama and Ahmed Guenaoui give new meaning, to reaffirm the social in the economy, the territory in globalization, is modeled. These challenges have also been gradually integrated into international agendas, foremost among which are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted in 2015 by the international community. More recently, the New Urban Agenda has devoted Social and Solidarity Economy[6] (Habitat III Conference[7], Quito 2016). On the five continents, social and solidarity initiatives are asserting themselves in the face of the excesses of world finance and its repercussions on the real economy as well as the degradation of the environment combined with the increase in inequalities4. If, historically, the mutualist, associative and cooperative tradition demonstrates that entrepreneurship is a collective citizen construct vector of plural efficiency through the creation and sharing of more sustainable wealth, more recently, social and collective enterprise tends to develop initiatives in new sectors with innovative and alternative potential. Quasi-stationary global growth[8], the challenges linked to the decline in productivity, despite technological innovations, the socio-economic crisis with a deterioration in employment and working conditions and a rise in inequality constitute the general context in which the SSE operates. It is necessary to discuss how it mobilizes populations in the North, as in the South, to find adequate and lasting solutions. Constantly called upon to measure its effectiveness, in particular social and united, the SSE must find there new evaluation mechanisms allowing to highlight its unique model. 5. THE SSE: EFFECTIVE RESPONSES TO LASTING IMPACTS: SOCIAL COHESION, SOLIDARITY AND INCLUSION Faced with unprecedented challenges, linked to inequalities, exclusions, access to resources and services, the SSE combines productive activities and societal expectations, ecological, civic and social objectives. The SSE is a vector of democratic solidarity close to territories and communities. It thus generates social cohesion and inclusion. Today, it is not only a question of fighting extreme poverty, but also of inequality and economic insecurity. Due to its local and regional roots, the SSE is able to contribute to establishing sustainable development that meets these needs. The SSE is mobilized for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular with regard to housing, food, environmental protection, local development, advancement of women, l , health and energy transition, the transformation of financing methods[9]. In all of these areas, the SSE offers quality services, the effectiveness of which is often enhanced through the notion of trust, civic engagement and the general interest. Much more, it offers solutions, resulting from the mobilization of mixed resources, public, private, common, making real proposals for solutions to these major public challenges. The SSE acts for solidarity development through the development of human capital and economic opportunities created by the mobilization of local resources. The issue of the impact of the SSE in achieving these objectives is concomitant with questions of sustainability and human well-being. Indeed, these, whether related to training, health, sufficient income, working conditions, participation in social and civic life, but also to the creative and cultural development of individuals and collectives, cannot be measured solely by macroeconomic growth indicators or those relating to conventional businesses. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 198 editor@iaeme.com
- The Moroccan Women's Cooperative in Response to Lasting Impacts: Social Cohesion, Solidarity and Inclusion 6. ELEMENTS FOR A COMMON UNDERSTANDING OF THE SSE It is a question of sketching the model of the SSE like another economy, which could take different configurations according to the variation of its basic elements and their links between them. Our point of view is therefore that of the economist who characterizes an economy rather than that of the manager who characterizes economic organizations as is the case from the point of view chosen by the ITC-ILO in its guide to the SSE. Finally, in the field of economists, our point of view belongs to the institutionalist tradition which brings into its definition of economy the institutions which build it. By economic model, we thus understand the symbolic system of relationships between production and consumption where these relationships are the product of a coupling between institutions and behaviors. We thus avoid the bias of the individualist approach to economics. According to this, individual behaviors are defined first outside institutions by taking as a reference rational behavior in the face of nature (cf. M. Aoki, 2006). We also avoid the bias of holistic approaches where individual behaviors are mechanically derived from institutions as in the approach of PA Hall and D. Soskice [2001] where structure determines strategy. What should be thought of is neither the determination of institutions by behavior nor the reverse, but rather the dynamic coupling between institutions and behaviors. To put it another way, according to our institutionalist approach, any economy is made up of social relationships whose institutions offer individuals symbolic resources (in terms of rights in particular). Furthermore, interactions between individuals can lead to institutions evolving when the results do not conform to expectations and beliefs. The social and solidarity economy, in this perspective, is characterized by specific social relationships whose system is then different from other economic systems. Finally, and more specifically, the social and solidarity economy is modeled as a subsystem of a larger economic system. Indeed, it is neither possible nor, moreover, desirable to think of the social and solidarity economy as an isolated whole, trapped in a closed chamber, creating the illusion of a false autonomy. On the contrary, it should be thought of by relating it to the whole of the economy in which it is part (cf. Ph. Frémeaux, 2011). The institutionalist model of coupling represents the economy as the coordination instituted between productive units whose purpose is to ensure an economic objective, ultimately a consumption of goods or services. His method consists in extracting from empirical realities salient features which he recomposes into an “ideal-typical” model according to the words of Max Weber. As such, the latter believes that "we obtain an ideal- type by unilaterally accentuating one or more points of view and by chaining a multitude of phenomena given in isolation, diffuse and discrete, which we find sometimes in large numbers, sometimes in small numbers and in places not at all, that one orders according to the points of view chosen unilaterally ”. Indeed, cooperatives, a strong link in the SSE, constitutes the empirical field of application of this study based on performance indicators for cooperative management which unfortunately remains a poorly exploited mine and little recognized in the Moroccan economic arsenal. This study does not have the ambition to resolve all the difficulties posed today by the establishment of the ESS in Morocco. However, there are tensions, especially between dreamed and practiced projects (Desroche, 1976). cooperatives must both be efficient but also satisfy the collective interest of their members. For some authors (Baret, 2006; Reynaud, 2003) it is "the aggregation of economic, social and environmental performance" As for (Germain and Trébucq, 2004) it is formed "by the combination of financial performance, social performance and societal performance ”. These evaluative approaches relating to social utility (Duclos, 2007) lead to the study of the concept of value. Therefore, it is necessary to think of new tools to give back http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 199 editor@iaeme.com
- Malak Bouhazzama and Ahmed Guenaoui the power to act to the citizens. "Regarding the public authorities,[10] according to Mann CL, Chief Economist of the OECD. 7. METHODOLOGY Any research process proceeds according to several important stages: the description of the phenomenon studied, the understanding and the explanation (Giroux and Tremblay, 2002) and, in some cases, it continues in the search for decision-making tools (Wacheux, 1996; Dupriez, 2005). The description consists in drawing up an inventory of the characteristics of a phenomenon, without even asking the question of reasons or causes. The description concerns raw facts which at this stage must be avoided to interpret. When we are interested in the cultural dimension, Regarding the relationship between culture and management, as in the case of our research object, the object of research is complex. It aims at the same time to fill the gaps in the theories so as to explain the reality, to identify concepts allowing to understand the reality and to propose decision support tools in order to change this reality. In his general ambition, he seems to proceed simultaneously from the three paradigms mentioned. Insofar as it is a question of trying to fill the gaps in existing theories in cooperative thinking in Morocco, the researcher will adopt a positivist perspective. As is often the case in the study of the cultural dimension of management, we seek to "grasp a phenomenon from the perspective of the individuals participating in its creation, therefore according to their own languages, representations, motivations and intentions" (Allard-Poesi and Maréchal, in Thiétart, 1999), it will be an interpretative approach that perfectly matches the problematic of this work where the human dimension embodied in the stakeholders takes a real impetus in this research. The validity of the research is due to the consistency of the explanation, not only with the facts, but also with the experience of the actors. Thus, when he wants to approach the field in all its complexity, a scientific work can be brought to favor an abductive approach because according to Charles Sanders Peirce, abductive inference is identified by as a reasonable explanatory intuition. As Michel Balat specifies[11] abduction is the mode of production of the hypothesis and constitutes its conclusion as possible ”, whereas“ induction, whose conclusion, which is a rule, is probable, and deduction whose conclusion is certain. In this context, we opted for the qualitative method by case study, because it will allow us to understand, to analyze female cooperative management thanks to its exploratory nature. 8. RURAL OUAZZANI WOMEN AT THE HEART OF RURAL COOPERATIVES The data were collected after a long period of familiarization with cooperatives spanning a year where meetings were multiplied. After this period of observation and discovery, 5 all- female cooperatives located in distant rural areas were selected. We have chosen to carry out a qualitative analysis through semi-structured interviews. The interviews lasted from 30 to 45 minutes with the presidents of the cooperatives were not interrupted and ended at their will. The participants were ready to exchange and did not find it difficult to express themselves and readily shared their experiences with ease. However, the comparison of cooperatives between them was not possible since each appropriated a different activity from the others, In fact, all of the cooperators, the number of which varied between 10 and 50 at the level of each cooperative, succeeded in developing their own social enterprise and doubling or even tripling their turnover in a single year despite a rate of illiteracy extending to 95% by showing http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 200 editor@iaeme.com
- The Moroccan Women's Cooperative in Response to Lasting Impacts: Social Cohesion, Solidarity and Inclusion human values and good faith while preserving their sustainability which is very important in the cooperative field because several cooperatives give up halfway after obtaining external funds or following internal conflicts without having a long-term vision based on the principles of sustainable development. 9. CONCLUSION The State of course has a role to play in supporting women cooperators, with equitable access to markets and public partnerships, as well as through non-reimbursable financial support which provides leverage for creating capacity and female activity especially in rural areas. Although the issues are different between the social and solidarity economy and the female cooperative, the objective is to find a natural way to promote endogenous, democratic, united and sustainable growth, in order to have a real impact on development. serving the female and male populations. The effectiveness of the SSE therefore rests on another vision of the world where performance is also qualitative and no longer solely quantitative and monetary. It is thus plural: social, environmental, civic but also economic. The effectiveness of the SSE therefore rests on a plural mobilization for socio-economic development, by leaning on and making visible all the initiatives, formal or informal, civic, popular, community, entrepreneurial, by building or reconstructing the productive and local consumption networks, by including these practices in a territorial, economic, social, political and cultural development project. KEY NOTES 1. Cl Claude Alphandéry, in collaboration with Laurent Fraisse and Tarik Ghezali, "The social and solidarity economy: an entrepreneurial and political response to the crisis", April 2009. 2. A special issue of the American journal Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (vol 30, n ° 3, published in May 2006) was devoted to understanding the scientific structure of research in entrepreneurship. Several articles use bibliometric approaches to study this structure. 3. Here we use the term Paradigm used by Verstraete and Fayolle (2005) 4. The market logic is only one of the tools of the substantive economy in the sense of K. Polanyi. The substantive economy, "an institutionalized process of interaction between man and his environment which results in the continuous supply of material means allowing the satisfaction of needs" (Polanyi, 1957/1975, p. 242), is opposed to Robbins' formal definition (1932): "Economy is the science that studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means for alternative use" 5. The Research center on social innovations in social economy 6. ESS Forum International, organized there, on behalf of the International Pilot Group of the Social and Solidarity Economy, a side-event dedicated to the role of the SSE in the implementation of the New Urban Agenda demonstrating that the SSE constitutes a response to urban challenges and contributes to the transformation of cities. 7. OECD, World Economic Outlook, November 2016 8. See UN Interagency Task Force on SSE, Social and Solidarity Economy and the Challenge of Sustainable 9. OECD 2016, Global growth remains sluggish and requires urgent policy response 10. Michel Balat, "From Peirce and Freud to Lacan", S-European Journal of Semiotics, 25 pp. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 201 editor@iaeme.com
- Malak Bouhazzama and Ahmed Guenaoui REFERENCES [1] Giordano Y., et al. (2003). Conduct a research project, a qualitative perspective. EMS Edition, 318 p. [2] Hlady Rispal M., (2002). The case method. Application to management research. Brussels: De Boeck Université, 256 p. [3] Draperi, JF. (2007). Understanding the social economy, foundations and challenges, Paris, Dunod. [4] Duclos, H. (2007). “Evaluate the social utility of its activity. Carry out a self-assessment process”, Cahier de l'AVISE n ° 5. [5] GADREY J. and F. Jany-Catrice (2005). New wealth indicators, Paris, La Découverte. [6] Harisson, D. and J.-L. Klein (dir.) (2007). Social innovation, emergence and effects on the transformation of societies, Quebec, PUQ. [7] The City JL (2000) The solidarity economy, an international perspective, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer. [8] Levesque B. (2007) A century and a half of social economy in Quebec: several configurations involved (1850-2007), Montreal, Cahiers du CRISE, UQAM, pp. 79. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 202 editor@iaeme.com
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