THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2005 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b t d † ∂ c Ô k g q G / Nasal m M n = ≠ N – Trill ı r R Tap or Flap | « Fricative F B f v Lateral fricative Approximant √ T D s z S Z ß Ò L ® Ω C J x V X ‰ © ? h H ’ j  Lateral approximant l  ¥ ˚ Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) Clicks > Bilabial Voiced implosives ∫ Bilabial Ejectives ` Examples: ñ Dental Î Dental/alveolar p` Bilabial < (Post) alveolar ˙ Palatal t` Dental/alveolar ¯ Palato alveolar Ñ Alveolar lateral ƒ Velar Ï Uvular k` Velar s` Alveolar fricative (Continued on inside back cover) Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 31269_00_IFC_PP.indd Sec1:2 11/20/09 7:36:58 PM A Course in Phonetics Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 31269_00_FM_ppi-xiv pp2.indd i 11/20/09 9:23:41 PM Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 31269_00_FM_ppi-xiv pp2.indd ii 11/20/09 9:23:42 PM A Course in Phonetics Sixth Edition PETER LADEFOGED Late, University of California, Los Angeles KEITH JOHNSON University of California, Berkeley Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 31269_00_FM_ppi-xiv pp2.indd iii 11/20/09 9:23:42 PM ... - tailieumienphi.vn