The Birth of Yugoslavia, Volume 2

Birth of Yugoslavia, Volume 2, by Henry Baerlein 1 Part I. p. Birth of Yugoslavia, Volume 2, by Henry Baerlein Project Gutenberg`s The Birth of Yugoslavia, Volume 2, by Henry Baerlein This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Birth of Yugoslavia, Volume 2 Author: Henry Baerlein Release Date: March 8, 2008 [EBook #24781] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BIRTH OF YUGOSLAVIA, VOLUME 2 *** Produced by Jason Isbell, Irma Spehar and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net TRANSCRIBER`S NOTES Obvious printer`s errors have been fixed. See the end of the project for the more detailed list. Birth of Yugoslavia, Volume 2, by Henry Baerlein 2 The formatting of the project has been reproduced as true to the original images as possible. THE LEGEND FOR NON-LATIN-1 CHARACTERS [`c], [`C] c with acute [vc], [vC] c with caron [vs], [vS] s with caron [vz], [vZ] z with caron d[vz], D[vz] d and z with caron THE BIRTH OF YUGOSLAVIA BY HENRY BAERLEIN VOLUME II LONDON LEONARD PARSONS DEVONSHIRE STREET First Published 1922 [All Rights Reserved] LEONARD PARSONS LTD. CONTENTS OF VOLUME II PAGE VI. YUGOSLAVIA`S FIRST YEAR OF LIBERTY (AUTUMN 1918 TO AUTUMN 1919) 7 VII. FURTHER MONTHS OF TRIAL (1919-1921) 208 VIII. YUGOSLAVIA`S FRONTIERS (1921) 272 IX. CONCLUSION: A FEW NATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 392 INDEX 411 MAP OF YUGOSLAVIA THE BIRTH OF YUGOSLAVIA VI YUGOSLAVIA`S FIRST YEAR OF LIBERTY NEW FOES FOR OLD--ROUMANIAN ACTIVITIES--THE ITALIAN FRAME OF MIND--SENSITIVENESS WITH RESPECT TO THEIR ARMY--AN UNFORTUNATE NAVAL AFFAIR--WHAT WAS HAPPENING AT POLA--THE STORY OF THE "VIRIBUS UNITIS"--HOW THE ITALIANS LANDED AT POLA--THE SEA-FARING YUGOSLAVS--WHO SET A STANDARD THAT WAS TOO HIGH--AN ELECTRICAL ATMOSPHERE AND NO PRECAUTIONS--ITALIANS` MILDNESS ON THE ISLE OF VIS--THEIR TRUCULENCE AT KOR[VC]ULA--AND ON HVAR--HOW THEY WERE RECEIVED AT ZADAR--WHAT THEY DID THERE--PRETTY DOINGS AT KRK--UNHAPPY POLA--WHAT ISTRIA ENDURED--THE FAMOUS TOWN OF RIEKA--THE DRAMA BEGINS--THE I.N.C.--THE CROATS` BLUNDER--MELODRAMA--FARCE--PAROLE Birth of Yugoslavia, Volume 2, by Henry Baerlein 3 D`HONNEUR--THE POPULATION OF THE TOWN--THE TALE CONTINUES ON THE NORTHERN ISLES--RAB IS COMPLETELY CAPTURED--AVANTI SAVOIA!--THE ENTENTE AT RIEKA--A CANDID FRENCHMAN--ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS--THE TURNCOAT MAYOR--HIS FERVOUR--THREE PLEASANT PLACES--ITALY IS LED ASTRAY BY SONNINO--THE STATE OF THE CHAMBER--THE STATE OF THE COUNTRY--A FOUNTAIN IN THE SAND--THOSE WHO HELD BACK FROM THE PACT OF ROME--GATHERING WINDS--WHY THE ITALIANS CLAIMED DALMATIA--CONSEQUENCES OF THE TREATY OF LONDON--ITALIAN HOPES IN MONTENEGRO--WHAT HAD LATELY BEEN THE FATE OF THE AUSTRIANS THERE--AND OF THE NATIVES--NOW NIKITA IS DEPOSED--THE ASSEMBLY WHICH DEPOSED HIM--NIKITA`S SORROW FOR THE GOOD OLD DAYS--THE STATE OF BOSNIA--RADI[`C] AND HIS PEASANTS--THOSE WHO WILL NOT MOVE WITH THE TIMES--THE YUGOSLAV POLITICAL PARTIES--THE SLOVENE QUESTION--THE SENTIMENTS OF TRIEST--MAGNANIMITY IN THE BANAT--TEME[VS]VAR IN TRANSITION--A SORT OF WAR IN CARINTHIA--YUGOSLAVIA BEGINS TO PUT HER HOUSE IN ORDER--THE PROBLEM OF AGRARIAN REFORM--FRENZY AT RIEKA--ADMIRAL MILLO EXPLAINS THE SITUATION--HIS MISGUIDED SUBORDINATES AT [VS]IBENIK--THE ITALIANS WANT TO TAKE NO RISKS--YET THEY ARE INCREDIBLY NONCHALANT--ONE OF THEIR VICTIMS--SEVEN HUNDRED OTHERS--A GLIMPSE OF THE OFFICIAL ROBBERIES--AND HARSHNESS AND BRIBERY--THE ITALIANS IN DALMATIA BEFORE AND DURING THE WAR--CONSEQUENT SUSPICION OF THIS MINORITY--ALLIED CENSURE OF THE ITALIAN NAVY--NEVERTHELESS THE TYRANNY CONTINUES--A VISIT TO SOME OF THE ISLANDS--WHICH THE ITALIANS TRIED TO OBTAIN BEFORE, BUT NOT DURING, THE WAR--OUR WELCOME TO JEL[VS]A--PROCEEDINGS AT STARIGRAD--THE AFFAIRS OF HVAR--FOUR MEN OF KOMI[VZ]A--THE WOMEN OF BI[VS]EVO--ON THE WAY TO BLATO--WHAT THE MAJOR SAID--THE PROTEST OF AN ITALIAN JOURNALIST--INTERESTING DELEGATES--A DIGRESSION ON SIR ARTHUR EVANS--THE DUPES OF NIKITA IN MONTENEGRO--ITALIAN ENDEAVOURS--VARIOUS BRITISH COMMENTATORS--THE MURDER OF MILETI[`C]--D`ANNUNZIO COMES TO RIEKA--THE GREAT INVASION OF TROGIR--THE SUCCESSION STATES AND THEIR MINORITIES--OBLIGATIONS IMPOSED ON THEM BECAUSE OF ROUMANIAN ANTISEMITISM. NEW FOES FOR OLD With the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian army, the Serbs and Croats and Slovenes saw that one other obstacle to their long-hoped-for union had vanished. The dream of centuries was now a little nearer towards fulfilment. But many obstacles remained. There would presumably be opposition on the part of the Italian and Roumanian Governments, for it was too much to hope that these would waive the treaties they had wrung from the Entente, and would consent to have their boundaries regulated by the wishes of the people living in disputed lands. Some individual Italians and Roumanians might even be less reasonable than their Governments. If Austria and Hungary were in too great a chaos to have any attitude as nations, there would be doubtless local opposition to the Yugoslavs. And as soon as the Magyars had found their feet they would be sure to bombard the Entente with protestations, setting forth that subject nationalities were intended by the Creator to be subject nationalities. A large pamphlet, The Hungarian Nation, was issued at Buda-Pest in February 1920. It displayed a very touching solicitude for the Croats, whom the Serbs would be sure to tyrannize most horribly. If only Croatia would remain in the Hungarian State, says Mr. A. Kovács, Ministerial Councillor in the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, then the Magyars would instantly bestow on her both Bosnia (which belonged to the Empire as a whole) and Dalmatia (which belonged to Austria). That is the worst of being a Ministerial Statistical Councillor. Another gentleman, Professor Dr. Fodor, has the bright idea that "the race is the multitude of individuals who inhabit one uniform region." ... Passing to Yugoslavia`s domestic obstacles, it was impossible to think that all the Serbs and Croats and Slovenes would forthwith subscribe to the Declaration of Corfu and become excellent Yugoslavs. Some would be honestly unable to throw off what centuries had done to them, and realize that if they had been made so different from their brothers, they were brothers still. For ten days there was a partly domestic, partly foreign obstacle, but as the Birth of Yugoslavia, Volume 2, by Henry Baerlein 4 King of Montenegro did not take his courage in both hands and descend on the shores of that country with an Italian army, he lost his chance for ever. ROUMANIAN ACTIVITIES There was indeed far less trouble from the Roumanian than from the Italian side. On October 29, 1918, one could say that all military power in the Banat was at an end. The Hungarian army took what food it wanted and made off, leaving everywhere, in barracks and in villages, guns, rifles, ammunition. Vainly did the officers attempt to keep their men together. And scenes like this were witnessed all over the Banat. Then suddenly, on Sunday, November 3, the Roumanians, that is the Roumanians living in the country, made attacks on many villages, and the Roumanians of Transylvania acted in a similar fashion. With the Hungarian equipment and with weapons of their own they started out to terrorize. Among their targets were the village notaries, in whom was vested the administrative authority. At Old Moldava, on the Danube, they decapitated the notary, a man called Kungel, and threw his head into the river. At a village near Anina they buried the notary except for his head, which they proceeded to kick until he died. Nor did they spare the notaries of Roumanian origin, which made it seem as if this outbreak of lawlessness--directed from who knows where--had the high political end of making the country appear to the Entente in such a desperate condition that an army must be introduced, and as the Serbs were thought to be a long way off, with the railways and the roads before them ruined by the Austrians, it looked as if Roumania`s army was the only one available. On the Monday and the Tuesday these Roumanian freebooters, who had all risen on the same day in regions extending over hundreds of square kilometres, started plundering the large estates. Near Bela Crkva, on the property of Count Bissingen-Nippenburg, a German, they did damage to the sum of eight and a half million crowns. At the monastery of Me[vs]ica, near Ver[vs]ac, the Roumanians of a neighbouring village devastated the archimandrate`s large library, sacked the chapel and smashed his bee-hives, so that they were not impelled by poverty and hunger. In the meantime there had been formed at Ver[vs]ac a National Roumanian Military Council. The placard, printed of course in Roumanian, is dated Ver[vs]ac, November 4, and is addressed to "The Roumanian Officers and Soldiers born in the Banat," and announces that they have formed the National Council. It is a Council, we are told, in which one can have every confidence; moreover, it is prepared to co-operate in every way with a view to maintaining order în l[)a]untra [s,]i în afar[)a] (both internal and external). The subjoined names of the committee are numerous; they range from Lieut.-Colonel Gavriil Mihailov and Major Petru Jucu downwards to a dozen privates. The archimandrate, who fortunately happened to be at his house in Ver[vs]ac, begged his friend Captain Singler of the gendarmerie to take some steps. About twenty Hungarian officers undertook to go, with a machine gun, to the monastery on November 7; at eleven on the previous night Mihailov ordered the captain to come to see him; he wanted to know by whom this expedition had been authorized. The captain answered that Me[vs]ica was in his district, and that he had no animus against Roumanians but only against plunderers. After his arrival at Me[vs]ica the trouble was brought to an end. Nor was it long before the Serbian troops, riding up through their own country at a rate which no one had foreseen, crossed the Danube and occupied the Banat, in conjunction with the French. The rapidity of this advance astounded the Roumanians; they gaped like Lavengro when he wondered how the stones ever came to Stonehenge.... When the Serbian commandant at Ver[vs]ac invited these enterprising Roumanian officers to an interview he was asked by one of them, Major Iricu, whether or not they were to be interned. "What made you print that placard?" asked the commandant; and they replied that their object had been to preserve order. They had not imagined, so they said, that the Serbs would come so quickly. "I will be glad," said the commandant, "if you will not do this kind of thing any more." THE ITALIAN FRAME OF MIND Italy was not in a good humour. She was well aware that in the countries of her Allies there was a marked tendency to underestimate her overwhelming triumphs of the last days of the War. Perhaps those exploits would have been more difficult if Austria`s army had not suffered a deterioration, but still one does not take 300,000 prisoners every day. Some faithful foreigners were praising Italy--and she deserved it--for having persevered at all after Caporetto. That disaster had been greatly due to filling certain regiments with several Birth of Yugoslavia, Volume 2, by Henry Baerlein 5 thousand munition workers who had taken part in a revolt at Turin, and then concentrating these regiments in the Caporetto salient, which was the most vulnerable sector in the eastern Italian front. How much of the disaster was due to the Vatican will perhaps never be known. But as for the uneducated, easily impressed peasants of the army, it was wonderful that all, except the second army and a small part of the third, retreated with such discipline in view of what they had been brooding on before the day of Caporetto. They had such vague ideas what they were fighting for, and if the Socialists kept saying that the English paid their masters to continue with the War--how were they to know what was the truth? The British regiments, who were received not merely with cigars and cigarettes and flowers and with little palm crosses which their trustful little weavers had blessed, but also with showers of stones as they passed through Italian villages in 1917, must have sometimes understood and pardoned. Then the troops were in distress about their relatives, for things were more and more expensive, and where would it end? In face of these discouragements it was most admirable that the army and the nation rallied and reconstituted their morale. SENSITIVENESS WITH RESPECT TO THEIR ARMY Of course one should not generalize regarding nations, except in vague or very guarded terms; but possibly it would not be unjust to say that the Italians, apart from those of northern provinces and of Sardinia, have too much imagination to make first-class soldiers. And they are too sensitive, as you could see in an Italian military hospital. Their task was also not a trifling one--to stand for all those months in territory so forbidding. And there would have been more sympathy with the Italians in the autumn of 1918 if they had not had such very crushing triumphs when the War was practically over. What was the condition of the Austrian army? About October 15, in one section of the front--35 kilometres separating the extreme points from one another--the following incidents occurred: the Army Command at St. Vitto issued an order to the officers invariably to carry a revolver, since the men were now attacking them; a Magyar regiment revolted and marched away, under the command of a Second-Lieutenant whom they had elected; at Stino di Livenza, while the officers were having their evening meal, two hand grenades were thrown into the mess by soldiers; at Codroipo a regiment revolted, attacked the officers` mess, and wounded several of the people there, including the general in command. Such was the Austrian army in those days; and it was only human if comparisons were made--not making any allowances for Italy`s economic difficulties, her coal, her social and her religious difficulties--but merely bald comparisons were made between these wholesale victories against the Austrians as they were in the autumn of 1918 and the scantier successes of the previous years. In September 1916 when the eighth or ninth Italian offensive had pierced the Austrian front and the Italians reached a place called Provachina, Marshal Boroevi[`c] had only one reserve division. The heavy artillery was withdrawn, the light artillery was packed up, the company commanders having orders to retire in the night. Only a few rapid-fire batteries were left with a view to deceiving the enemy. But as the Italians appeared to the Austrians to have no heart to come on--there may have been other reasons--the artillery was unpacked and the Austrians returned to their old front. In May 1917, between Monte Gabriele and Doberdo, Boroevi[`c] had no reserve battalion; his troops, in full marching kit, had to defend the whole front: they were able to do so by proceeding now to this sector and now to that. No army is immune from serious mistakes--"We won in 1871," said Bismarck, "although we made very many mistakes, because the French made even more"--but the Yugoslavs in the Austrian army could not forget such incidents as that connected with the name of Professor Pivko. This gentleman, who is now living at Maribor, was made the subject of a book, Der Verrath bei Carzano ("The Treachery near Carzano"), which was published by the Austrian General Staff. His battalion commander was a certain Lieut.-Colonel Vidale, who was a first cousin of the C.O., General Vidale; and when an orderly overheard Pivko, who is a Slovene, and several Czech officers, discussing a plan which would open the front to the Italians, he ran all the way to the General`s headquarters and gave the information. The General telephoned to his cousin, who said that the allegation was absurd and that Pivko was one of his best officers. The orderly was therefore thrown into prison, and Pivko, having turned off the electricity from the barbed wires and arranged matters with a Bosnian regiment, made his way to the Italians. The suggestion is that, owing to the lie of the land and the weak Austrian forces, it was possible for the Italians to reach Trent; anyhow the Austrians were amazed when they ceased to advance and the German regiment which was in Trent did not have to come out to defend it. Everyone in the Austrian army recognized that the Italian artillery ... - tailieumienphi.vn