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42 Processes in Conversational English
nasal is thought to be the source of the phonemically nasal vowels of French (e.g. beau/bon) and Portuguese (se/sim [si/sH]) where it is said to be ‘phonologized’ because the distinction has formally passed from the consonant to the vowel. Clearly, English can not be said to have gone that far phonologically.
It is striking that, at least in English, this process does not seem to occur before voiced stops: words like ‘band, around’ are much more likely to be realized without the final [d] (in final position or before another consonant) than without the nasal segment. The voiced alveolar sequences thus follow the pattern of the labial and velar ‘bomb’, ‘limb’, ‘tomb’, ‘sing’ sequences in most accents in non-pronunciation of the final stop, though they are not yet stand-ard pronunciation.
2.4.5 Syllable shape again
Below is the citation form of a sentence collected from one of my Am. speakers (‘And the scientists are always saying that there’s no life on Mars’), followed by the actual realization:
ændÎvcsa}vnt÷stswflÑlw}zcsy}÷ºÎætÎyflzno¤cla}fwnmwflz VCCCVVCCVCCCVCVCCVCCVCVC CVCCVC CVCC
nvcsa}nvsflÑ}csy}nvttyflsno¤cla}fwmwflz CVCVCVCCVCVCV CVCCCV CVCVCVCC
In the former, there are eight consonant clusters, six of two con-sonants and two of three consonants. In the latter, we see three consonant clusters, two of two consonants and one of three. The movement towards a CVCV structure is clear, though not complete.
2.5 Other Processes
These can be roughly described as processes which operate at the beginnings of words and which primarily affect short, closed-class words.
Processes in Conversational English 43
2.5.1 Ú-reduction
This is the process whereby initial [Î] in words such as ‘the, this, that’ becomes assimilated to a previous alveolar consonant (cf. Lodge, 1984; Manuel, 1995). Several different phonetic realizations are possible, ranging from moving the tongue forward from alveolar to dental while maintaining the other characteristics of the alveolar consonant:
what the heck run the mile
w∞t:vc∂yk flvnsvibc∂ley:kw
as well as manner flvmasyfl wg:vt ckÑfls:y} cwv<
nguon tai.lieu . vn